基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201509012

地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (9): 1503-1515.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201509012

基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究

高海东¹(), 李占斌^1,²(), 李鹏¹, 贾莲莲³, 徐国策¹, 任宗萍¹, 庞国伟⁴, 赵宾华¹

1. 西安理工大学西北旱区生态水利工程国家重点实验室培育基地,西安 710048
2. 黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,杨凌 712100
3. 黄河水利委员会黄河上中游管理局,西安 710021
4. 西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127

收稿日期:2015-02-04 修回日期:2015-06-08 出版日期:2015-09-20 发布日期:2015-10-29
作者简介:
作者简介：高海东(1983-), 男, 内蒙古乌审旗人, 博士后, 讲师, 研究方向为土壤侵蚀与水土保持。E-mail: hdgao@xaut.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41401305, 41330858)；黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室开放基金(K318009902-14);National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401305, No.41330858;The open foundation of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, No.K318009902-14

The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

Haidong GAO¹(), Zhanbin LI^1,²(), Peng LI¹, Lianlian JIA³, Guoce XU¹, Zongping REN¹, Guowei PANG⁴, Binhua ZHAO¹

1. State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
3. Upper and Middle Yellow River Bureau, Yellow River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Xi'an 710021, China
4. College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China

Received:2015-02-04 Revised:2015-06-08 Online:2015-09-20 Published:2015-10-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以整个黄土高原为研究对象,首先将水土保持措施容量定义为某一区域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量。根据梯田、林地和草地的适宜布设区域,在地理信息系统（GIS）软件的支持下,确定了黄土高原的水土保持措施容量。使用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）,计算了最小可能土壤侵蚀模数和2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数,并将水土保持措施容量下的最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数之比定义为土壤侵蚀控制度。随后使用土壤侵蚀控制度,对黄土高原水土流失治理潜力进行了研究。结果显示：黄土高原2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数为3355 t·km^-2·a^-1,最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为1921 t·km^-2·a^-1,土壤侵蚀控制度为0.57,属于中等水平。相比于现状条件,在水土保持措施容量条件下,微度侵蚀区比例从50.48%提高至57.71%,林草覆盖率从56.74%增加至69.15%,梯田所占比例由4.36%增加到19.03%,人均粮食产量可从418 kg·a^-1提高至459 kg·a^-1。研究成果对于黄土高原生态文明建设具有一定的指导意义。

关键词: 黄土高原, 土壤侵蚀控制度, 治理潜力, 修正通用土壤流失方程

Abstract:

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the rate of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus were 3355 t·km^-2·a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t·km^-2·a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) on the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zones, the control degree was relatively high in the valley plain zones, soil and rock mountainous zones, and windy sand zones, but relatively low in the soil and rock hilly forest zones, hilly gully zones and plateau gully zones. In terms of river basins, the soil erosion control degree was relatively high in the Dahei River, Huangfu River, Qingshui River, Kuye River and Pianguan River basins, but relatively low in the Qingjian River, Wuding River, Jialu River, and Yanhe River basins. The rate of erosion zones with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t·km^-2·a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, ratio of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain yield rose from 418 kg·a^-1 to 459 kg·a^-1 under the soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions.

Key words: Loess Plateau, soil erosion control degree, control potential of soil erosion and water loss, RUSLE

高海东, 李占斌, 李鹏, 贾莲莲, 徐国策, 任宗萍, 庞国伟, 赵宾华. 基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.

Haidong GAO, Zhanbin LI, Peng LI, Lianlian JIA, Guoce XU, Zongping REN, Guowei PANG, Binhua ZHAO. The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.

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植被覆盖度(%)	0~20	20~40	40~60	60~80	80~100
林地	0.25	0.12	0.06	0.02	0.004
草地	0.45	0.24	0.15	0.09	0.043

分区	现状土壤侵蚀模数(t·km^-2·a^-1)	最小可能土壤侵蚀模数(t·km^-2·a^-1)	降幅(%)
河谷平原区	1377	978	28.98
风沙区	465	311	33.12
黄土土石丘陵林区	3436	1863	45.78
黄土丘陵沟壑区	4997	2477	50.43
黄土高塬沟壑区	5417	2611	51.80
土石山区	3824	2650	30.70
全区	3355	1921	42.74

分区	现状条件下(%)			水土保持措施容量条件下(%)
分区	微度侵蚀区		轻度及以上侵蚀区	微度侵蚀区	轻度及以上侵蚀区
河谷平原区	72.89	27.11		75.90	24.10
风沙区	87.27	12.73		90.38	9.62
土石丘陵林区	45.16	54.84		52.77	47.23
丘陵沟壑区	31.66	68.34		43.57	56.43
高塬沟壑区	37.38	62.62		46.58	53.42
土石山区	40.81	59.19		46.94	53.06
全区	50.48	49.52		57.71	42.29

河流	现状土壤侵蚀模数(t·km^-2·a^-1)	最小可能土壤侵蚀模数(t·km^-2·a^-1)	土壤侵蚀控制度
祖厉河	5050	3134	0.62
清水河	2718	1849	0.68
大黑河	1802	1536	0.85
偏关河	5358	3496	0.65
岚漪河	5132	3209	0.63
蔚汾河	5452	2834	0.52
皇甫川	2287	1710	0.75
孤山川	3175	1916	0.60
窟野河	1911	1300	0.68
秃尾河	2192	1079	0.49
佳芦河	4356	1767	0.41
无定河	2597	1011	0.39
清涧河	8230	3128	0.38
延河	9531	3871	0.41
北洛河	5292	2877	0.54
泾河	6345	3189	0.50
渭河	4603	2161	0.47
汾河	3486	1808	0.52

土地利用类型	现状条件下			水土保持措施容量条件下
土地利用类型	面积(万hm²)		比例(%)	面积(万hm²)	比例(%)
水田	58.75	0.91		58.74	0.91
水浇地	288.72	4.47		288.72	4.47
坝地	28.63	0.44		28.63	0.44
梯田	281.85	4.36		1229.31	19.03
坡耕地	1443.91	22.35		0.00	0.00
林地	968.28	14.99		1248.72	19.33
草地	2697.69	41.75		3219.16	49.82
其它	693.63	10.73		388.18	6.01

基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究

The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

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河流(水文站)	输沙量(万t)	沉积量(万t)	侵蚀量(万t)	泥沙输移比
秃尾河(高家川)	1713.51	271.09	1984.60	0.70
大理河(绥德)	2174.56	1119.47	3294.03	0.56
佳芦河(申家湾)	875.37	223.42	1098.79	0.64
岔巴沟(曹坪)	71.75	131.40	203.15	0.33
无定河(白家川)	4930.95	5555.41	10486.36	0.44
孤山川(高石崖)	1208.44	298.25	1506.70	0.59
皇甫川(皇甫)	3203.57	193.59	3397.16	0.87
窟野河(温家川)	6779.99	274.16	7054.15	0.82

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