江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

doi:10.11821/dlxb201507011

地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (7): 1149-1164.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201507011

江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

吴立^1,^2,³, 朱诚³(), 李枫⁴, 马春梅³, 李兰⁵, 孟华平⁶, 刘辉⁶, 王晓翠⁴, 谭艳³, 宋友桂²

1. 安徽师范大学国土资源与旅游学院,芜湖 241002
2. 中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,西安 710054
3. 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京 210023
4. 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,南京 210008
5. 四川大学历史文化学院,成都 610064
6. 湖北省文物考古研究所,武汉 430077

收稿日期:2015-03-17 修回日期:2015-04-21 出版日期:2015-07-20 发布日期:2015-07-20
作者简介:
作者简介：吴立(1985-), 男, 博士, 中国地理学会会员(S110008501M), 主要研究方向为地貌学与第四纪环境考古。
基金资助:
黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLLQG1422);国家自然科学基金项目(41401216, 41371204);安徽师范大学科研培育基金项目(2014glkypy05, 2014rcpy13)

Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China

Li WU^1,^2,³, Cheng ZHU³(), Feng LI⁴, Chunmei MA³, Lan LI⁵, Huaping MENG⁶, Hui LIU⁶, Xiaocui WANG⁴, Yan TAN³, Yougui SONG²

1. College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710054, China
3. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, CAS, Nanjing 210008, China
5. School of History & Culture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
6. Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Wuhan 430077, China

Received:2015-03-17 Revised:2015-04-21 Online:2015-07-20 Published:2015-07-20
Supported by:
Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, No.SKLLQG1422;National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401216, No.41371204;Scientific Research Cultivating Foundation of Anhui Normal University, No.2014glkypy05, No.2014rcpy13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过野外考古调查研究,利用对钟桥遗址疑似古洪水层和研究区现代洪水沉积物的锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等地球化学指标的比较、AMS¹⁴C技术和考古器物断代,发现钟桥遗址在4800~4597 cal. a BP、4479~4367 cal. a BP和4168~3850 cal. a BP分别经历了三次古洪水事件并相应堆积了古洪水沉积层;结合江汉平原及其周边地区众多遗址的古洪水沉积层时代对比证据,揭示了屈家岭文化中晚期（4900~4600 cal. a BP）和石家河文化末期至夏代（4100~3800 cal. a BP）两次大洪水事件在江汉平原地区非常普遍。对史前洪水发生环境背景的进一步分析,反映江汉平原在5000~4500 a BP及4000 a BP前后的时段气候表现得不稳定,古洪水事件与气候环境变化驱动的江汉平原湖群扩张存在一定的联系,并影响区域新石器文化兴衰过程。同时,其它证据也表明该区社会发展过程和环境变化过程特别是古水文过程的矛盾在石家河文化末期已特别突出,发现具有全球意义的4000 a BP前后气候异常引起的大洪水事件是江汉平原地区石家河文化消亡的重要环境因素;而石家河文化末期该区内部或同中原以及其它地区间的冲突,都加速了石家河文化的崩溃。这些研究成果,提供了可靠的大禹时代史前洪水证据来说明其对新石器文化兴衰的社会影响,对于揭示4000 a BP气候事件中区域气候水文变化的响应规律,亦具有重要的科学意义。

关键词: 史前洪水, 钟桥遗址, 考古地层, 江汉平原, 全新世

Abstract:

Field archaeological investigations were carried out in the Jianghan Plain in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the integrated study with a comparative analysis for characteristics of the modern flood sediments, multidisciplinary approaches such as the AMS¹⁴C and archaeological dating, micromorphology of zircon, grain size, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry are conducted to identify paleoflood sediments archived at the Zhongqiao Site. The results indicate that three paleoflood events (i.e. 4800-4597 cal. a BP, 4479-4367 cal. a BP & 4168-3850 cal. a BP) occurred at the Zhongqiao Site. Comparisons of paleoflood deposit layers at numerous Neolithic sites show that two Holocene extraordinary paleoflood events occurred over the Jianghan Plain area at approximately 4900-4600 cal. a BP (i.e. mid-late Qujialing cultural period) and 4100-3800 cal. a BP (i.e. from late Shijiahe cultural period to the Xia Dynasty). Further analysis of the environmental background for the paleoflood occurrences suggested that there was great climate variability between approximately 5000-4500 a BP and ca 4000 a BP. These two paleoflood events were closely related with the expansion of Jianghan lakes driven by the climatic change, and influenced the rise and fall of regional Neolithic Culture. Other evidences also suggested that intensified discrepancy between social development and environmental change processes (especially the hydrological process) in the end of Shijiahe cultural period might be the key factor leading to the collapse of Shijiahe Culture. The severe extraordinary floods related to the climatic anomaly at ca 4000 a BP and political conflicts from internal or other cultural areas all accelerated the collapse of the Shijiahe Culture. These results gave us a better understanding of the climate change at ca 4000 a BP, and also provide evidence for the prehistoric flood events in the Great Yu age, which is considered to be the turning point from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age in China.

Key words: prehistoric floods, Zhongqiao Neolithic Site, archaeological stratum, Jianghan Plain, Holocene

吴立, 朱诚, 李枫, 马春梅, 李兰, 孟华平, 刘辉, 王晓翠, 谭艳, 宋友桂. 江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(7): 1149-1164.

Li WU, Cheng ZHU, Feng LI, Chunmei MA, Lan LI, Huaping MENG, Hui LIU, Xiaocui WANG, Yan TAN, Yougui SONG. Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1149-1164.

图/表 8

图1

表1

钟桥遗址T0405探方剖面疑似古洪水层与一般文化层特征比较"

层位编号	层位属性	距地表深度(m)	根据出土器物确定的考古学地层年代	地层特征
1	耕土层	0.30	近现代时期	灰棕色粘土夹浊棕色砂质土,性质混杂,多植物根系,含许多草木灰、炭屑等
2a	明清文化层	0.40	明清时期	灰黄棕夹浊黄棕色粘土,夹极少量棕灰色斑粘土,极多植物根系,含青花瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片、锈斑及少量有机质
2b	明清文化层	0.51	明清时期	浊黄棕夹灰黄棕色团块粉砂质粘土,含植物根系、较多锈斑、青花瓷片及碎红色陶片等
3	唐宋文化层	0.80	唐宋时期	灰黄棕色粉砂质粘土,含植物根系及锈斑,较多有机质,出土宋代瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片等
4	石家河文化层	1.19	石家河文化晚期	棕灰色夹灰棕色粘土质粉砂,颜色质地混杂,含植物根系、碎红色陶片等,文化遗迹少,有团粒结构
5	疑似古洪水层	1.53	石家河文化晚期	灰黄棕色夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物种子结核状锈斑、虫孔等,扰动波纹大
6	石家河文化层	2.05	石家河文化中晚期	黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,有虫孔、锈斑、大量红或红棕色碎陶片等文化遗迹
7	疑似古洪水层	2.49	石家河文化中期	灰黄棕色夹浊黄棕色粘土质粉砂,植物、有机质、虫孔较多,含大量锈斑及结核,有扰动波纹
8	石家河文化层	2.87	石家河文化早中期	棕色夹棕灰色粘土,植物、有机质多,有虫孔,锈斑多且有少量结核,多红或红棕色碎陶片
9	石家河文化层	3.30	石家河文化早期	黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,虫孔多,有锈斑和结核,出土红或红棕色碎陶片
10	疑似古洪水层	3.55	屈家岭文化晚期	灰黄棕夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物,有虫孔,有机质多,有锈斑和结核,水份极多,未见底

表1

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

图5

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采样位置	深度(cm)	测试编号	¹⁴C年代(a BP)	1s树轮校正年代(BC)	2s树轮校正年代(BC)	1s中值年代(cal. a BP)	2s中值年代(cal. a BP)
T0201-4	130	GZ3854	3189±23	1462(60.30%)1435	1500(100%)1420	3399±14	3410±40
T0405-6	154	GZ3855	3791±28	2283(42.95%)2248	2299(99.46%)2137	4216±18	4168±81
T0405-6	205	GZ3856	3937±24	2477(49.05%)2450	2491(96.01%)2342	4414±14	4367±75
T0405-8	250	GZ4102	4030±20	2534(75.67%)2493	2581(97.82%)2477	4464±21	4479±52
T0405-9	288	GZ3858	4119±25	2697(57.07%)2624	2714(56.47%)2579	4611±37	4597±68
T0204-12	-	GZ3859	5409±25	4327(76.72%)4282	4334(100%)4237	6255±23	6236±49

编号	深度(m)	浑圆柱状			浑圆状		四方双锥			复四方双锥			四方柱		总颗粒数	合计(%)
编号	深度(m)	颗粒数		百分比(%)		颗粒数	百分比(%)		颗粒数			百分比(%)	颗粒数	百分比(%)	颗粒数	百分比(%)
1-9	0.18	103	28.85		14	3.92	213	59.66		5	1.40		22	6.16	357	99.99
2a-19	0.37	359	32.05		18	1.61	655	58.48		30	2.68		58	5.18	1120	100
2b-25	0.49	172	30.07		13	2.27	369	64.51		6	1.05		12	2.10	572	100
3-31	0.60	129	29.25		20	4.54	264	59.86		12	2.72		16	3.63	441	100
4-51	0.99	169	29.96		22	3.90	322	57.09		9	1.60		42	7.45	564	100
5-77	1.35	170	49.28		18	5.22	139	40.29		8	2.32		10	2.90	345	100.01
5-84	1.42	247	51.14		22	4.55	198	40.99		3	0.62		13	2.69	483	99.99
6-112	1.77	441	22.98		139	7.24	1011	52.68		150	7.82		178	9.28	1919	100
7-142	2.19	162	46.96		17	4.93	152	44.06		3	0.87		11	3.19	345	100.01
7-158	2.35	217	48.44		25	5.58	181	40.40		8	1.79		17	3.79	448	100
8-175	2.56	101	30.51		23	6.95	171	51.66		15	4.53		21	6.34	331	99.99
10-218	3.41	1011	45.13		123	5.49	911	40.67		86	3.84		109,	4.87	2240	100
WCJ-1	-	535	47.26		38	3.36	506	44.70		15	1.33		38	3.36	1132	100.01
ESZ-1	-	779	48.96		30	1.89	713	44.81		12	0.75		57	3.58	1591	99.99
ESZ-2	-	602	48.67		44	3.56	531	42.93		17	1.37		43	3.48	1237	100.01
ZB-81	0.30	191	55.36		4	1.16	134	38.84		7	2.03		9	2.61	345	100
YX-04	-	53	60.92		3	3.45	28	32.18		1	1.15		2	2.30	87	100

江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China

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