地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (7): 1149-1164.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201507011
吴立1,2,3, 朱诚3(), 李枫4, 马春梅3, 李兰5, 孟华平6, 刘辉6, 王晓翠4, 谭艳3, 宋友桂2
收稿日期:
2015-03-17
修回日期:
2015-04-21
出版日期:
2015-07-20
发布日期:
2015-07-20
作者简介:
作者简介:吴立(1985-), 男, 博士, 中国地理学会会员(S110008501M), 主要研究方向为地貌学与第四纪环境考古。
基金资助:
Li WU1,2,3, Cheng ZHU3(), Feng LI4, Chunmei MA3, Lan LI5, Huaping MENG6, Hui LIU6, Xiaocui WANG4, Yan TAN3, Yougui SONG2
Received:
2015-03-17
Revised:
2015-04-21
Online:
2015-07-20
Published:
2015-07-20
Supported by:
摘要:
通过野外考古调查研究,利用对钟桥遗址疑似古洪水层和研究区现代洪水沉积物的锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等地球化学指标的比较、AMS14C技术和考古器物断代,发现钟桥遗址在4800~4597 cal. a BP、4479~4367 cal. a BP和4168~3850 cal. a BP分别经历了三次古洪水事件并相应堆积了古洪水沉积层;结合江汉平原及其周边地区众多遗址的古洪水沉积层时代对比证据,揭示了屈家岭文化中晚期(4900~4600 cal. a BP)和石家河文化末期至夏代(4100~3800 cal. a BP)两次大洪水事件在江汉平原地区非常普遍。对史前洪水发生环境背景的进一步分析,反映江汉平原在5000~4500 a BP及4000 a BP前后的时段气候表现得不稳定,古洪水事件与气候环境变化驱动的江汉平原湖群扩张存在一定的联系,并影响区域新石器文化兴衰过程。同时,其它证据也表明该区社会发展过程和环境变化过程特别是古水文过程的矛盾在石家河文化末期已特别突出,发现具有全球意义的4000 a BP前后气候异常引起的大洪水事件是江汉平原地区石家河文化消亡的重要环境因素;而石家河文化末期该区内部或同中原以及其它地区间的冲突,都加速了石家河文化的崩溃。这些研究成果,提供了可靠的大禹时代史前洪水证据来说明其对新石器文化兴衰的社会影响,对于揭示4000 a BP气候事件中区域气候水文变化的响应规律,亦具有重要的科学意义。
吴立, 朱诚, 李枫, 马春梅, 李兰, 孟华平, 刘辉, 王晓翠, 谭艳, 宋友桂. 江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(7): 1149-1164.
Li WU, Cheng ZHU, Feng LI, Chunmei MA, Lan LI, Huaping MENG, Hui LIU, Xiaocui WANG, Yan TAN, Yougui SONG. Prehistoric flood events recorded at the Zhongqiao Neolithic Site in the Jianghan Plain, Central China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1149-1164.
表1
钟桥遗址T0405探方剖面疑似古洪水层与一般文化层特征比较"
层位编号 | 层位属性 | 距地表 深度(m) | 根据出土器物确定的考古学地层年代 | 地层特征 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 耕土层 | 0.30 | 近现代时期 | 灰棕色粘土夹浊棕色砂质土,性质混杂,多植物根系,含许多草木灰、炭屑等 |
2a | 明清文化层 | 0.40 | 明清时期 | 灰黄棕夹浊黄棕色粘土,夹极少量棕灰色斑粘土,极多植物根系,含青花瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片、锈斑及少量有机质 |
2b | 明清文化层 | 0.51 | 明清时期 | 浊黄棕夹灰黄棕色团块粉砂质粘土,含植物根系、较多锈斑、青花瓷片及碎红色陶片等 |
3 | 唐宋文化层 | 0.80 | 唐宋时期 | 灰黄棕色粉砂质粘土,含植物根系及锈斑,较多有机质,出土宋代瓷片、碎灰黑色陶片等 |
4 | 石家河文化层 | 1.19 | 石家河文化晚期 | 棕灰色夹灰棕色粘土质粉砂,颜色质地混杂,含植物根系、碎红色陶片等,文化遗迹少,有团粒结构 |
5 | 疑似古洪水层 | 1.53 | 石家河文化晚期 | 灰黄棕色夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物种子结核状锈斑、虫孔等,扰动波纹大 |
6 | 石家河文化层 | 2.05 | 石家河文化中晚期 | 黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,有虫孔、锈斑、大量红或红棕色碎陶片等文化遗迹 |
7 | 疑似古洪水层 | 2.49 | 石家河文化中期 | 灰黄棕色夹浊黄棕色粘土质粉砂,植物、有机质、虫孔较多,含大量锈斑及结核,有扰动波纹 |
8 | 石家河文化层 | 2.87 | 石家河文化早中期 | 棕色夹棕灰色粘土,植物、有机质多,有虫孔,锈斑多且有少量结核,多红或红棕色碎陶片 |
9 | 石家河文化层 | 3.30 | 石家河文化早期 | 黑棕色粘土质粉砂,含植物及大量有机质,虫孔多,有锈斑和结核,出土红或红棕色碎陶片 |
10 | 疑似古洪水层 | 3.55 | 屈家岭文化晚期 | 灰黄棕夹棕灰色粉砂质粘土,含植物,有虫孔,有机质多,有锈斑和结核,水份极多,未见底 |
表2
钟桥遗址文化层炭屑样品AMS14C测年数据与年代校正"
采样位置 | 深度(cm) | 测试编号 | 14C年代(a BP) | 1s树轮校正年代(BC) | 2s树轮校正年代(BC) | 1s中值年代(cal. a BP) | 2s中值年代(cal. a BP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0201-4 | 130 | GZ3854 | 3189±23 | 1462(60.30%)1435 | 1500(100%)1420 | 3399±14 | 3410±40 |
T0405-6 | 154 | GZ3855 | 3791±28 | 2283(42.95%)2248 | 2299(99.46%)2137 | 4216±18 | 4168±81 |
T0405-6 | 205 | GZ3856 | 3937±24 | 2477(49.05%)2450 | 2491(96.01%)2342 | 4414±14 | 4367±75 |
T0405-8 | 250 | GZ4102 | 4030±20 | 2534(75.67%)2493 | 2581(97.82%)2477 | 4464±21 | 4479±52 |
T0405-9 | 288 | GZ3858 | 4119±25 | 2697(57.07%)2624 | 2714(56.47%)2579 | 4611±37 | 4597±68 |
T0204-12 | - | GZ3859 | 5409±25 | 4327(76.72%)4282 | 4334(100%)4237 | 6255±23 | 6236±49 |
表3
钟桥遗址T0405探方西壁剖面沉积物与长江现代洪水沉积物样品锆石晶体微形态分析结果"
编号 | 深度(m) | 浑圆柱状 | 浑圆状 | 四方双锥 | 复四方双锥 | 四方柱 | 总颗粒数 | 合计(%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
颗粒数 | 百分比(%) | 颗粒数 | 百分比(%) | 颗粒数 | 百分比(%) | 颗粒数 | 百分比(%) | 颗粒数 | 百分比(%) | ||||||||
1-9 | 0.18 | 103 | 28.85 | 14 | 3.92 | 213 | 59.66 | 5 | 1.40 | 22 | 6.16 | 357 | 99.99 | ||||
2a-19 | 0.37 | 359 | 32.05 | 18 | 1.61 | 655 | 58.48 | 30 | 2.68 | 58 | 5.18 | 1120 | 100 | ||||
2b-25 | 0.49 | 172 | 30.07 | 13 | 2.27 | 369 | 64.51 | 6 | 1.05 | 12 | 2.10 | 572 | 100 | ||||
3-31 | 0.60 | 129 | 29.25 | 20 | 4.54 | 264 | 59.86 | 12 | 2.72 | 16 | 3.63 | 441 | 100 | ||||
4-51 | 0.99 | 169 | 29.96 | 22 | 3.90 | 322 | 57.09 | 9 | 1.60 | 42 | 7.45 | 564 | 100 | ||||
5-77 | 1.35 | 170 | 49.28 | 18 | 5.22 | 139 | 40.29 | 8 | 2.32 | 10 | 2.90 | 345 | 100.01 | ||||
5-84 | 1.42 | 247 | 51.14 | 22 | 4.55 | 198 | 40.99 | 3 | 0.62 | 13 | 2.69 | 483 | 99.99 | ||||
6-112 | 1.77 | 441 | 22.98 | 139 | 7.24 | 1011 | 52.68 | 150 | 7.82 | 178 | 9.28 | 1919 | 100 | ||||
7-142 | 2.19 | 162 | 46.96 | 17 | 4.93 | 152 | 44.06 | 3 | 0.87 | 11 | 3.19 | 345 | 100.01 | ||||
7-158 | 2.35 | 217 | 48.44 | 25 | 5.58 | 181 | 40.40 | 8 | 1.79 | 17 | 3.79 | 448 | 100 | ||||
8-175 | 2.56 | 101 | 30.51 | 23 | 6.95 | 171 | 51.66 | 15 | 4.53 | 21 | 6.34 | 331 | 99.99 | ||||
10-218 | 3.41 | 1011 | 45.13 | 123 | 5.49 | 911 | 40.67 | 86 | 3.84 | 109, | 4.87 | 2240 | 100 | ||||
WCJ-1 | - | 535 | 47.26 | 38 | 3.36 | 506 | 44.70 | 15 | 1.33 | 38 | 3.36 | 1132 | 100.01 | ||||
ESZ-1 | - | 779 | 48.96 | 30 | 1.89 | 713 | 44.81 | 12 | 0.75 | 57 | 3.58 | 1591 | 99.99 | ||||
ESZ-2 | - | 602 | 48.67 | 44 | 3.56 | 531 | 42.93 | 17 | 1.37 | 43 | 3.48 | 1237 | 100.01 | ||||
ZB-81 | 0.30 | 191 | 55.36 | 4 | 1.16 | 134 | 38.84 | 7 | 2.03 | 9 | 2.61 | 345 | 100 | ||||
YX-04 | - | 53 | 60.92 | 3 | 3.45 | 28 | 32.18 | 1 | 1.15 | 2 | 2.30 | 87 | 100 |
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