基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201507001

地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (7): 1027-1040.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201507001

• 生态与环境 • 下一篇

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

张镱锂^1,²(), 胡忠俊^1,², 祁威^1,²(), 吴雪^1,², 摆万奇¹, 李兰晖^1,^2,³, 丁明军^1,³, 刘林山¹, 王兆锋¹, 郑度¹

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟院重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3. 江西师范大学地理与环境学院鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,南昌 330022

收稿日期:2015-03-20 修回日期:2015-05-25 出版日期:2015-07-20 发布日期:2015-07-20
作者简介:
作者简介：张镱锂(1962-), 男, 研究员, 博士生导师, 中国地理学会会员(S110001007M), 主要从事综合自然地理、生物地理和土地变化研究。E-mail: zhangyl@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB03030500);国家科技支撑项目(2012BAC06B02);国家自然科学基金项目(41201095, 41171080)

Assessment of protection effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large-sample-comparison method

Yili ZHANG^1,²(), Zhongjun HU^1,², Wei QI^1,²(), Xue WU^1,², Wanqi BAI¹, Lanhui LI^1,^2,³, Mingjun DING^1,³, Linshan LIU¹, Zhaofeng WANG¹, Du ZHENG¹

1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Key Lab of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China

Received:2015-03-20 Revised:2015-05-25 Published:2015-07-20 Online:2015-07-20
Supported by:
Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.XDB03030500;National Key Technology Research and Development Program, No.2012BAC06B02;National Nature Sciences Foundation of China, No.41201095, No.41171080

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在青藏高原选择11个代表性自然保护区,基于高寒草地植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Production,简写NPP）变化过程数据,比较分析了自然保护区与其相邻等面积区域的NPP变化差异;采用样区对比法,在自然保护区内外选取21组对比样区,比较自然保护区建立前后及其内外的生态状况,评估了自然保护区的保护成效。研究表明：1. 1982-2009年间,82%的代表性自然保护区NPP比保护区周邻区域及青藏高原的平均水平低,反映了自然保护区的生态系统状况更为脆弱;2. 在代表性自然保护区中,曼则塘自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最为明显,塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最弱;除色林错自然保护区外,以草甸和湿地为主的自然保护区NPP增速明显高于以草原与荒漠草地为主的自然保护区;3. 代表性样区的研究发现：① 自然保护区内76%以上的样区和国家级保护区内82%以上的样区NPP增加幅度明显高于保护区外对应样区的增幅;② 取得明显保护效果的有中昆仑、长沙贡玛、若尔盖和色林错等自然保护区;曼则塘自然保护区的东南部边缘地区和塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的北部边缘地区的效果不明显,可能与保护区及其周邻地区人类扰动增强密切相关;③ 高寒草甸类型自然保护区的保护效果最为显著,高寒草原类型自然保护区的保护效果较差。本研究展示了样区对比法在评估大区域生态变化中所具有的独特优势,其关键在于科学设计样区并进行合理的空间抽样。

关键词: 自然保护区, 保护效果, 样区对比法, 净初级生产力, 青藏高原

Abstract:

A total of 21 typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas in the nature reserves and their surroundings on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) with large-sample-comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the protection effectiveness of the nature reserves, we compared the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples and analyzed the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas. The results show that: (1) In view of alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of their surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the TP. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend of NPP in Manzetang is the most significant, while in Taxkorgan, the trend is not obvious. Moreover, with the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in nature reserves covered by meadow and herbaceous wetland is higher than that in nature reserves consisting of steppe and desert grassland. (3) Some notable findings existed in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of nature reserves, the annual NPP increase rate in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves are apparently higher than that of corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The ecological protection effectiveness in Central Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige Wetland, and Siling Co nature reserves is significant; in most parts of the Three Rivers' Source and Qiangtang nature reserves, the protection effectiveness is relatively significant, while in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan, the protection effectiveness is not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness is significant in nature reserves consisting of meadow; however, it is weak in nature reserves covered by steppe.

Key words: nature reserve, protection effectiveness, large-sample-comparison method, net primary production, Tibetan Plateau

张镱锂, 胡忠俊, 祁威, 吴雪, 摆万奇, 李兰晖, 丁明军, 刘林山, 王兆锋, 郑度. 基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(7): 1027-1040.

Yili ZHANG, Zhongjun HU, Wei QI, Xue WU, Wanqi BAI, Lanhui LI, Mingjun DING, Linshan LIU, Zhaofeng WANG, Du ZHENG. Assessment of protection effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large-sample-comparison method[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1027-1040.

图/表 8

表1

表2

图1

图2

表3

图3

图4

表4

参考文献 47

[1]	Zheng Yaomin.Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(4): 207-230.
	[郑姚闽. 中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估. 科学通报, 2012, 57(4): 207-230.]
[2]	Ma Jianzhang.Science of Nature Conservation. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press, 1992.
	[马建章. 自然保护区学. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学出版社, 1992.]
[3]	Wang Xianpu, Cui Guofa.Nature Reserve Construction and Management. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2003.
	[王献溥, 崔国发. 自然保护区建设与管理. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2003.]
[4]	Cui Guofa.Special research fields and hot spots in science of nature reserves. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2004, 26(6): 102-105.
	[崔国发. 自然保护区学当前应该解决的几个科学问题. 北京林业大学学报, 2004, 26(6): 102-105.]
[5]	Chen Jiakuan, Lei Guangchun, Wang Xuelei.Analysis of Ten Effective Management Case in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2010.
	[陈家宽, 雷光春, 王学雷. 长江中下游湿地自然保护区: 有效管理十佳案例分析. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2010.]
[6]	Chen Jiakuan.Insights into the history of conservation of natural wetlands in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(4): 205-206.
	[陈家宽. 揭开中国自然湿地保护历史的新篇章. 科学通报, 2012, 57(4): 205-206.]
[7]	Zhang Yili, Li Bingyuan, Zheng Du.A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China. Geographical Research, 2002, 21(1): 1-8.
	[张镱锂, 李炳元, 郑度. 论青藏高原范围与面积. 地理研究, 2002, 21(1): 1-8.]
[8]	Sun Honglie, Zheng Du, Yao Tandong, et al.Protection and construction of the national ecological security shelter zone on Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2012, 67(1): 3-12.
	[孙鸿烈, 郑度, 姚檀栋, 等. 青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设. 地理学报, 2012, 67(1): 3-12.]
[9]	Zhang Yili, Wang Zhaofeng, Wang Xiuhong, et al.Land cover changes in the key regions and self reflection on ecological construction of the Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2013, 35(3): 187-192.
	[张镱锂, 王兆锋, 王秀红, 等. 青藏高原关键区域土地覆被变化及生态建设反思. 自然杂志, 2013, 35(3): 187-192.]
[10]	Mittermeier R A, Turner W R, Larsen F W, et al.Global biodiversity conservation: The critical role of hotspots//Zachos F E, Habel J C. Biodiversity Hotspots. Berlin& Heidelberg: Springer, 2011: 3-22.
[11]	Nan Wenyuan.On the unification of Qinghai-Tibet High Plateau nature and ecology projection. Tibetan Studies, 2013, (4): 44-51.
	[南文渊. 论青藏高原自然与文化生态保护区的一体性. 西藏研究, 2013, (4): 44-51.]
[12]	Zhang Yili, Wu Xue, Qi Wei, et al.Characteristics and protection effectiveness of the nature reserves in Tibetan Plateau, China. Resources Science, 2015, 37(7).
	[张镱锂, 吴雪, 祁威, 等. 青藏高原自然保护区特征与保护成效简析. 资源科学, 2015, 37(7).]
[13]	Zheng Yunwen, Xue Dayuan, Zhang Gengsheng.Study on ecological evaluation criteria and standards for nature reserves in China. Rural Eco-Environment, 1994, 10(3): 22-25.
	[郑允文, 薛达元, 张更生. 我国自然保护区生态评价指标和评价标准. 农村生态环境, 1994, 10(3): 22-25.]
[14]	Ewers R M, Rodrigues A S.Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2008, 23(3): 113-116.
[15]	Yan Yuying, Yang Daode, Deng Jiao, et al.Construction of an indicator system for evaluating the projection efficacy of national nature reserves in China: A case study on terrestrial vertebrates (excluding migratory birds). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, (5): 1.
	[晏玉莹, 杨道德, 邓娇, 等. 国家级自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系构建: 以陆生脊椎动物(除候鸟外)类型为例. 应用生态学报, 2015, (5): 1.]
[16]	Victoria C J, Cheng M S, Chen X.The development of landscape analysis of wetland function (LAWF): A GIS-based wetland functional assessment tool. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2002, (7): 418-424.
[17]	Shao Quanqin, Fan Jiangwen, et al.Integrated Monitoring and Assessment of Ecosystem in the Source Regions of Three Rivers, China. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.
	[邵全琴, 樊江文, 等. 三江源区生态系统综合评估监测与评估. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.]
[18]	Bureau of Quality and Technology Supervision of Qinghai Province. Local Standard of Qinghai Province-Technical Specification for Evaluation on Ecological Effect of Ecological Protection and Construction of Three-Rivers Nature Reserve (DB63/ T1342-2015), 2015.
	[青海省质量技术监督局. 青海省地方标准: 三江源生态保护和建设生态效果评估技术规范(DB63/ T1342-2015), 2015.]
[19]	Curran L M, Trigg S N, McDonald A K, et al. Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science, 2004, 303(5660): 1000-1003.
[20]	Andam K S, Ferraro P J, Pfaff A, et al.Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008, 105(42): 16089-16094.
[21]	Wang W, Pechacek P, Zhang M, et al.Effectiveness of nature reserve system for conserving tropical forests: A statistical evaluation of Hainan Island, China. PloS One, 2013, 8(2): e57561.
[22]	Bruner A G.Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 2001, 291(5501): 125-128.
[23]	Naughton-Treves L, Holland M B, Brandon K.The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2005, 30: 219-252.
[24]	Caro T, Gardner T A, Stoner C, et al.Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas: Paradoxes call for pluralism in evaluating conservation performance. Diversity and Distributions, 2009, 15(1): 178-182.
[25]	Underwood F M.A framework for adapting survey design through time for wildlife population assessment. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2012, 19(3): 413-436.
[26]	Naidoo R, Balmford A, Ferraro P J, et al.Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2006, 21(12): 681-687.
[27]	Yan Yuying, Deng Jiao, Zhang Zhiqiang, et al.Research progress in the projection efficacy evaluation of wildlife nature reserves. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014, 33(4): 1128-1134.
	[晏玉莹, 邓娇, 张志强, 等. 野生动物类型自然保护区保护成效评估研究进展. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(4): 1128-1134.]
[28]	Radeloff V C, Stewart S I, Hawbaker T J, et al.Housing growth in and near United States protected areas limits their conservation value. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107(2): 940-945.
[29]	Liu J, Linderman M, Ouyang Z, et al.Ecological degradation in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science, 2001, 292(5514): 98-101.
[30]	Mas J.Assessing protected area effectiveness using surrounding (buffer) areas environmentally similar to the target area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2005, 105(1-3): 69-80.
[31]	Deng Maolin.The changes of landscape at Zoige plateau wetland reserve in Sichuan, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 2010, (2): 240-246.
	[邓茂林. 高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化. 山地学报, 2010, (2): 240-246.]
[32]	Melillo J M.Global climate-change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature, 1993, 363(6426): 234-240.
[33]	Running S W, Nemani R R, Heinsch F A, et al.A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. Bioscience, 2004, 54(6): 547-560.
[34]	Shvidenko A Z, Schepashchenko D G, Vaganov E A, et al.Net primary production of forest ecosystems of Russia: A new estimate. Doklady Earth Sciences, 2008, 421(2): 1009-1012.
[35]	Crabtree R, Potter C, Mullen R, et al.A modeling and spatio-temporal analysis framework for monitoring environmental change using NPP as an ecosystem indicator. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2009, 113(7): 1486-1496.
[36]	Zhang Yili, Qi Wei, Zhou Caiping, et al.Spatial and temporal variability in the net primary production (NPP) of alpine grassland on Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2009. Acta of Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(9): 1197-1211.
	[张镱锂, 祁威, 周才平, 等. 青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异. 地理学报, 2013, 68(9): 1197-1211.]
[37]	Potter C S, Randerson J T, Field C B, et al.Terrestrial ecosystem production-a process model-based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1993, 7(4): 811-841.
[38]	Zhang Wei.Research of land use/cover classification and carbon stocks: A case study on Tibetan Plateau [D]. Beijing: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007.
	[张玮. 土地利用/覆被分类与碳储量研究:以青藏高原为例[D]. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2007.]
[39]	Zhang Rongzu.Regional System of Natural Reserves in China. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012.
	[张荣祖. 中国自然保护区区划系统研究. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2012.]
[40]	Yue Pichang, Dai Jian, Li Dongli, et al.Major issues and countermeasure in the husbandry evelopment in Tashikuergan County. Grass-Feeding Livestock, 2011, (4): 21-23.
	[岳丕昌, 戴健, 李东丽, 等. 新疆塔什库尔干县畜牧业发展存在的主要问题与对策. 草食家畜, 2011, (4): 21-23.]
[41]	Zhang Hezhen, Lu Hongya, Hong Jianchang, et al.Climate change and its effect on steppe animal husbandry in Northwest Tibet. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(2): 308-314.
	[张核真, 路红亚, 洪健昌, 等. 藏西北地区气候变化及其对草地畜牧业的影响. 干旱区研究, 2013, 30(2): 308-314.]
[42]	Yang Rurong.Present situation of grassland degeneration and prevention measure in Ali Region, Xizang. Grassland of China, 2002, 24(1): 62-68.
	[杨汝荣. 西藏阿里地区草地退化现状与防治措施. 中国草地, 2002, 24(1): 62-68.]
[43]	Chang Huiqin, Xu Wenyong, Yuan Jie, et al.Current situation of grassland resources and grazing capacity in Ali, Tibet. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(11): 1660-1664.
	[畅慧勤, 徐文勇, 袁杰, 等. 西藏阿里草地资源现状及载畜量. 草业科学, 2012, 29(11): 1660-1664.]
[44]	Dai Lidong, Min Hongxiang.Countermeasures on the sustainable development of Manzetang wetland nature reserve in Sichuan. Sichuan Forestry Exploration and Design, 2009, (4): 39-42.
	[代立东, 闵泓翔. 四川阿坝曼则塘湿地自然保护区可持续发展对策. 四川林勘设计, 2009, (4): 39-42.]
[45]	Liu Jiyuan, Shao Quanqin, Fan Jiangwen.Ecological construction achievements assessment and its revelation of ecological project in Three Rivers Headwaters Region. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2013, 35(1): 40-46.
	[刘纪远, 邵全琴, 樊江文. 三江源生态工程的生态成效评估与启示. 自然杂志, 2013, 35(1): 40-46.]
[46]	Glindermann T, Wang C, Tas B M, et al.Impact of grazing intensity on herbage intake, composition, and digestibility and on live weight gain of sheep on the Inner Mongolian steppe. Livestock Science, 2009, 124: 142-147.
[47]	Chen B X, Zhang X Z, Tao J, et al.The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 189: 11-18.

序号	保护区简称^*	面积(km²)	草地占比(%)^**	保护区类型	级别	建立时间/年月日
藏36	羌塘	300000.0	78.31	荒漠生态	国家级	19930709
青05	三江源	150000.0	84.42	内陆湿地	国家级	20000523
新09	阿尔金山	45000.0	36.69	荒漠生态	国家级	19830101
青07	可可西里	45000.0	56.13	野生动物	国家级	19951008
藏37	色林错	20323.8	68.92	野生动物	国家级	19930101
甘22	盐池湾	13600.0	47.03	野生动物	国家级	19820401
川135	长沙贡玛	6698.0	91.07	野生动物	国家级	19971208
川99	若尔盖	1665.7	86.25	内陆湿地	国家级	19941118
新10	中昆仑	32000.0	21.82	野生动物	省级	20010101
新14	塔什库尔干	15000.0	28.07	野生动物	省级	19840508
川95	曼则塘	3658.8	64.83	内陆湿地	省级	20010608

	代表性自然保护区^**		自然保护区周邻区域	青藏高原^[36]
	国家级		自然保护区周邻区域	省级
荒漠草地	43.50±61.11	12.58±4.74	41.05±56.57	41.12±52.74
草原	33.48±38.18	19.71±16.46	74.51±98.52	55.86±81.40
草甸	169.2±105.2	301.9±188.7	232.4±178.9	188.7±156.0
高山稀疏植被	38.43±44.50	11.68±6.15	36.95±50.90	34.49±40.89
湿地	108.1±126.1	15.12±2.64	218.4±219.2	147.2±163.6
平均值	87.33	93.95	157.86	120.8

样区		各时段样区NPP平均变化率			保护变幅/P_k	保护增幅比/P_r	自然保护区简称	植被类型
编号	样区组				保护变幅/P_k	全时段(1982-2009)/k	第一阶段^* /k_p1或k_n1	第二阶段^*/k_p2或k_n2
01	区内	0.1	0.24	0.1	-1.66	-1.09	塔什库尔干	草原
01	区外	0.31	-1.22	0.31	-1.66	-1.09	塔什库尔干	草原
02	区内	0.14	0.13	0.45	0.16	0.97	中昆仑	荒漠草地
02	区外	0.05	0.11	0.28	0.16	0.97	中昆仑	荒漠草地
04	区内	0.06	-0.01	0.1	-0.09	-0.47	羌塘	荒漠草地
04	区外	0	-0.19	-0.003	-0.09	-0.47		荒漠草地
03	区内	0	0.09	-0.02	-0.11	-105.5		草原
03	区外	0.04	0.11	0.11	-0.11	-105.5
05	区内	0.11	0.13	0.06	-0.03	-0.78
05	区外	0.1	0.07	0.03	-0.03	-0.78
06	区内	0.1	0.2	0.11	0.1	0.54
06	区外	-0.08	-0.03	-0.21	0.1	0.54
07	区内	-0.01	0.3	-0.2	0.16	0.24
07	区外	-0.05	0.37	-0.29	0.16	0.24
08	区内	0.17	0.2	0.11	0.29	0.77
08	区外	0.03	0.15	-0.23	0.29	0.77
09	区内	0.13	0.4	0.03	0.11	0.23	色林错	草原
09	区外	-0.05	0.15	-0.32	0.11	0.23		草原
10	区内	0.16	-0.42	-0.05	0.42	9.17		草甸
10	区外	0.1	-0.2	-0.25	0.42	9.17		草甸
20	区内	1.1	-0.94	8.76	-1.94	-0.17	三江源	草原
20	区外	1.16	-1.05	10.6	-1.94	-0.17		草原
11	区内	0.1	0.17	1.79	0.01	0.01		草甸
11	区外	0.08	0.1	1.71	0.01	0.01
12	区内	-0.13	-0.38	1.4	0.33	0.23
12	区外	0.13	-0.01	1.44	0.33	0.23
13	区内	0.52	-0.29	5.64	3.5	1.44
13	区外	0.54	0.32	2.74	3.5	1.44
14	区内	0.64	0.09	0.92	1.35	2.57
14	区外	0.65	0.48	-0.05	1.35	2.57
16	区内	0.72	-0.13	1.09	0.43	0.54
16	区外	0.74	-0.17	0.63	0.43	0.54
18	区内	1.29	1.59	-1.83	1.29	0.27
18	区外	1.37	2.08	-2.63	1.29	0.27
19	区内	0.81	0.53	-1.47	0.78	0.28
19	区外	0.62	0.72	-2.07	0.78	0.28
15	区内	1.43	-0.29	2.49	2.31	5.01	长沙贡玛	草甸
15	区外	0.96	-0.57	-0.11	2.31	5.01	长沙贡玛	草甸
17	区内	0.99	0.34	-0.58	-3.27	-1.39	曼则塘	草甸
17	区外	1.27	0.32	2.68	-3.27	-1.39	曼则塘	草甸
21	区内	0.97	-0.58	2.51	3.74	5.7	若尔盖	湿地
21	区外	0.87	1.37	0.72	3.74	5.7	若尔盖	湿地

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

Assessment of protection effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large-sample-comparison method

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 47

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

样区编号	自然保护区	植被类型	样区内/外有效像元数^*	样区编号	自然保护区	植被类型	样区内/外有效像元数^*	样区编号	自然保护区	植被类型	样区内/外有效像元数^*
01	塔什库尔干	草原	87/102	08	羌塘	草原	86/97	15	长沙贡玛	草甸	90/110
02	中昆仑	荒漠草地	34/63	09	色林错	草原	51/79	16	三江源	草甸	115/145
03	羌塘	草原	54/71	10	色林错	草甸	77/147	17	曼则塘	草甸	46/113
04	羌塘	荒漠草地	62/66	11	三江源	草甸	70/95	18	三江源	草甸	125/94
05	羌塘	草原	102/84	12	三江源	草甸	132/98	19	三江源	草甸	77/80
06	羌塘	草原	80/88	13	三江源	草甸	148/95	20	三江源	草原	70/70
07	羌塘	草原	91/93	14	三江源	草甸	115/106	21	若尔盖	湿地	37/50

[1]	侯光良, 兰措卓玛, 朱燕, 庞龙辉. 青藏高原史前时期交流路线及其演变[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(5): 1294-1313.
[2]	张涵, 黎夏, 石洪, 刘晓娟. 基于倾向得分匹配方法的中国自然保护区缓解人类活动压力评估[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(3): 680-693.
[3]	黄海, 田尤, 刘建康, 张佳佳, 杨东旭, 杨顺. 藏东地区斜坡土壤冻融侵蚀力学机制及敏感性分析[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(1): 87-100.
[4]	封志明, 李文君, 李鹏, 肖池伟. 青藏高原地形起伏度及其地理意义[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1359-1372.
[5]	孙思奥, 王晶, 戚伟. 青藏高原地区城乡虚拟水贸易格局与影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1346-1358.
[6]	梁馨月, 徐梦珍, 吕立群, 崔一飞, 张风宝. 基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1373-1385.
[7]	冯雨雪, 李广东. 青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响关系分析[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1386-1405.
[8]	许珺, 徐阳, 胡蕾, 王振波. 基于位置大数据的青藏高原人类活动时空模式[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1406-1417.
[9]	王楠, 王会蒙, 杜云艳, 易嘉伟, 刘张, 涂文娜. 青藏高原人口流入流出时空模式研究[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1418-1431.
[10]	戚伟, 刘盛和, 周亮. 青藏高原人口地域分异规律及“胡焕庸线”思想应用[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(2): 255-267.
[11]	孙晶, 刘建国, 杨新军, 赵福强, 覃驭楚, 姚莹莹, 王放, 伦飞, 王洁晶, 秦波, 刘涛, 张丛林, 黄宝荣, 程叶青, 石金莲, 张劲松, 唐华俊, 杨鹏, 吴文斌. 人类世可持续发展背景下的远程耦合框架及其应用[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(11): 2408-2416.
[12]	范科科, 张强, 孙鹏, 宋长青, 余慧倩, 朱秀迪, 申泽西. 青藏高原土壤水分变化对近地面气温的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(1): 82-97.
[13]	高星, 康世昌, 刘青松, 陈鹏飞, 段宗奇. 1899—2011年青藏高原南部枪勇错沉积物磁性矿物的环境意义[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(1): 68-81.
[14]	郭超,蒙红卫,马玉贞,李丹丹,胡彩莉,刘杰瑞,雒聪文,王凯. 藏南羊卓雍错沉积物元素地球化学记录的过去2000年环境变化[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(7): 1345-1362.
[15]	高兴川,曹小曙,李涛,吕敏娟. 1976-2016年青藏高原地区通达性空间格局演变[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(6): 1190-1204.