基于水文模型的蒸散发数据同化研究进展

doi:10.11821/dlxb201505011

地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (5): 809-818.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201505011

基于水文模型的蒸散发数据同化研究进展

占车生¹(), 董晴晴²(), 叶文², 王会肖², 王飞宇^1,³

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 北京师范大学水科学研究院,北京 100875
3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2015-01-09 修回日期:2015-04-08 出版日期:2015-05-20 发布日期:2015-05-20
作者简介:
作者简介：占车生(1975-), 男, 湖北黄冈人, 副研究员, 主要从事流域水循环模拟研究。E-mail: zhancs@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB452701);国家自然科学基金项目(41271003, 41371043)

A review on evapotranspiration data assimilation based on hydrological models

Chesheng ZHAN¹(), Qingqing DONG²(), Wen YE², Huixiao WANG², Feiyu WANG^1,³

1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2015-01-09 Revised:2015-04-08 Published:2015-05-20 Online:2015-05-20
Supported by:
National Key Basic Research Program of China (973Program), No.2015CB452701;National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41271003, No.41371043

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文系统综述了基于水文模型的蒸散发数据同化研究,阐述了蒸散发作为非状态变量构建数据同化演算关系的难点和瓶颈,并系统分析了利用当前各种通用水文模型进行蒸散发同化的可行性。基于此,尝试提出了一种易于操作且具有水循环物理机制的蒸散发同化新方案,该方案利用具有蒸散发—土壤湿度非线性时间响应关系的分布式时变增益模型（DTVGM）,并进一步完善DTVGM蒸散发机理,构建基于DTVGM水文模型的蒸散发数据同化系统。该新方案将为区域蒸散发精确模拟提供新的思路和借鉴。

关键词: 蒸散发, 数据同化, 水文模型, 非状态变量

Abstract:

This paper provided a comprehensive review of evapotranspiration data assimilation based on hydrological model. The difficulty and bottleneck for ET was elaborated to construct data assimilation relationship as a non-state variable, with a discussion and analysis about the feasibility of various hydrological models to assimilate ET. Based on this, a new evapotranspiration assimilation scheme was proposed. The scheme presented developed an improved data assimilation system that use distributed time-variant gain model (DTVGM) which contains evapotranspiration-soil humidity nonlinear time response relationship. Moreover, the evapotranspiration mechanism in DTVGM was improved to perfect the ET data assimilation system.

Key words: evapotranspiration, data assimilation, hydrological model, non-state variable

占车生, 董晴晴, 叶文, 王会肖, 王飞宇. 基于水文模型的蒸散发数据同化研究进展[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(5): 809-818.

Chesheng ZHAN, Qingqing DONG, Wen YE, Huixiao WANG, Feiyu WANG. A review on evapotranspiration data assimilation based on hydrological models[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5): 809-818.

图/表 2

表1

不同水文模型蒸散发同化可行性对比

水文模型	ET_a计算方法	构建ET_a同化的可行性	参考文献
SWAT	由冠层截留、植物蒸腾与土壤水分蒸发计算组成,属折算法	ET_a = ET_water+ f(sd,wc) + f(ET_P,LAI) , ET_a包括水面蒸发、裸地蒸发和植被蒸腾,无时间递推条件,不适合构建显式同化关系	[30]、[31]
VIC	由植被冠层截留、植被蒸腾和裸土蒸发组成,属汇总法	ET_a = E_c+ ET_veg +ET_{soil ,} ET_a由不同的植被类型决定,通过叶面积指数、植被阻抗和植被根系在土壤中的比例计算。无ET_a时间递推关系,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[32]、[33]
SHE	利用Penman-Monteith公式计算,属汇总法	$E a = R n Δ + ρ c ρ δ e r a / λ Δ + γ 1 + r c r a$ ET_a由气候条件、冠层含水量及土壤含水量等决定,无ET_a的时间递推条件,不适合构建显式同化关系	[34]、[31]
VIP	基于Penman-Monteith公式的冠层和地表双源能量平衡模拟,属汇总法	ET_a = E_c + E_s,ET_a由冠层蒸腾和地表蒸发计算,由净辐射、冠层阻力、饱和水汽压差等决定,无ET_a时间递推条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[35]、[36]、[37]
MIKE SHE	Penman-Monteith和Kristensen-Jensen方法,属汇总法	ET_a= E_c + E_soil+ E_water+ E_veg,ET_a由截留蒸发、土壤与水面蒸发和植被蒸腾计算,没有ET_a时间递推条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[31]、[38]、[39]、[40]
TOPMODEL	根据蒸发能力E_P计算,属折算法	$E a, i = E p 1 - S rz, i S max, i$ ET_a与植被根系区缺水量和最大蓄水容量、蒸发能力有关,无ET_a时间递推条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[31]、[41]、[42]、[43]
IHDM	根据土壤水势梯度求解(the EVAP routine),属折算法	$E a / E p = f ψ w, ψ s$ ,ET_a与凋萎点、缺氧点毛管势、气温和太阳辐射等有关,无ET_a时间递推条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[44]、[45]、[46]
新安江	蒸散发三层计算模式,属折算法	$EU = K × EM, EL = K × EM - EU × WL LM ED = C × K × EM - EU, E T a = EU + EL + ED$ ET_a主要与气候和下垫面条件,流域上、下层蓄水容量以及深根植物覆盖面积等相关,无ET_a递推计算条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[47]、[48]
HIMS	采用概念性模型,与土壤蓄水量和潜在蒸发有关,属折算法	$E T a t = E T p t ? 1 - 1 - W s t W sm ε$ ET_a的计算与土壤蓄水量、太阳辐射、汽化潜热和气温有关,无ET_a时间递推条件,不适合构建蒸散发的显式同化关系	[10]、[49]
DTVGM	考虑土壤湿度的改进Bagrov模型,属折算法	$A W t + 1 = P t - R S t - ET a t + 1 - K r 2 ? A W t / 1 + K r 2 ET a t + 1 = ET p t + 1 A W t + 1 WM (P t + 1 + A W t + 1 > W min) (P t + 1 + A W t + 1) ? KAW (P t + 1 + A W t + 1 ≤ W min)$ 建立了ET_a与降水、土湿和潜在蒸散发的平衡关系,可以通过土湿间接构建显式同化关系	[50]

表1

图1

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基于水文模型的蒸散发数据同化研究进展

A review on evapotranspiration data assimilation based on hydrological models

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