地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (5): 739-750.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201505006
张威1,2(), 付延菁1, 刘蓓蓓2, 刘亮1, 崔之久2, 师源凰1, 王斯文1
收稿日期:
2015-02-08
修回日期:
2015-03-25
出版日期:
2015-05-20
发布日期:
2015-05-20
作者简介:
作者简介:张威(1969-), 男, 吉林松原人, 教授, 博士生导师, 中国地理学会会员(S110008848M), 主要从事环境与灾害地貌研究。E-mail:
基金资助:
Wei ZHANG1,2(), Yanjing FU1, Beibei LIU2, Liang LIU1, Zhijiu CUI2, Yuanhuang SHI1, Siwen WANG1
Received:
2015-02-08
Revised:
2015-03-25
Published:
2015-05-20
Online:
2015-05-20
Supported by:
摘要:
阿尔泰山喀纳斯河流域在第四纪期间发生过多次冰川进退,丰富的侵蚀与堆积地貌为区域地貌演化过程分析提供了重要依据,同时,该区的第四纪冰川作用对全球环境变化研究具有重要的科学意义。通过对喀纳斯湖口以下主谷内古冰川地貌的实地考察,测定不同地段多级U型谷底(台地)的海拔高度以及冰川漂砾的上限与分布位置,并对主谷内不同地段不同期次的冰碛物进行电子自旋共振(ESR)测年,研究发生在主谷内的古冰川作用系列、规模及演化过程。结果表明:喀纳斯湖到驼颈湾地区的谷地中主要发生过4次冰川作用,时代分别对应中梁贛冰期(MIS12)、MIS8/10、倒数第二次冰期(MIS6)以及末次冰期。末次冰期冰川作用又可细分为3个阶段,分别对应MIS4、MIS3中期与MIS2;根据三级U型谷的分布特征推断,古冰川作用规模呈现渐次变小的规律,自冰川站至下游接近冰川末端,中梁贛冰期时冰川厚度达50~395 m,覆盖范围包括主谷及两侧的山梁和支谷,延伸的长度和宽度都最大,MIS8/10以及倒二冰期时的厚度分别在102~199 m和88~269 m之间,冰川末端到达驼颈湾附近;鸭泽湖附近坡地上保存完好的多级台地,说明发生在河谷内的古冰川活性大,流动性和连续性较强,具有温冰川的性质;喀纳斯主谷有明显的不对称性,与局部小气候和地形对冰川的发育影响有关。
张威, 付延菁, 刘蓓蓓, 刘亮, 崔之久, 师源凰, 王斯文. 阿尔泰山喀纳斯河谷晚第四纪冰川地貌演化过程[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(5): 739-750.
Wei ZHANG, Yanjing FU, Beibei LIU, Liang LIU, Zhijiu CUI, Yuanhuang SHI, Siwen WANG. Geomorphological process of late Quaternary glaciers in Kanas river valley of the Altay Mountains[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5): 739-750.
表1
喀纳斯河谷第四纪冰川沉积物ESR测年结果
实验室号 | 野外编号 | 采样地点 | 经纬度坐标/N、E | 海拔/m | 物质 | U | Th | K | 含水量/% | 年剂量/GY/Ka | 古剂量/GY | 年龄/Ka |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14042 | KE13-03 | 湖口滞碛 | 48°42'41.21"87°1'21.42" | 1375 | 细砂 | 3.35 | 18.5 | 1.80 | 0.12 | 4.06 | 116±17 | 28±4 |
14043 | KE13-04 | 冰水平原 | 48°41'21.82"87°0'42.02" | 1380 | 细砂 | 5.12 | 45.9 | 1.68 | 0.18 | 6.35 | 518±120 | 81±18 |
14044 | KE13-05 | 七级平台 | 48°41'31.54"87°3'23.75" | 1615 | 细砂 | 4.24 | 18.9 | 1.66 | 0.10 | 4.18 | 916±184 | 219±44 |
14045 | KE13-06 | 七级平台 | 48°41'31.15"87°3'0.13" | 1575 | 细砂 | 3.72 | 15.7 | 2.20 | 0.06 | 4.33 | 332±71 | 76±16 |
14046 | KE13-07 | 花楸谷 | 48°35'25.76"87°4'22.33" | 1310 | 细砂 | 3.43 | 17.0 | 1.82 | 0.15 | 4.00 | 786±146 | 196±36 |
表2
喀纳斯河谷冰碛物测年数据及邻近地区最老冰期
地区 | 测年地点 | 方法 | 年代/ka | MIS | 来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
白湖高侧碛垄 | OSL | 27.2±2.0 16.1±1.5 | MIS2 | [34] | |
湖口第一组终碛垄 | OSL ESR | 28.2±3.3 28±4 | MIS2 MIS4 | [32] 本文 | |
湖口第二组终碛垄 | OSL | 34.3±4.2 38.1±4.5 | MIS 3a | [32] | |
阿尔泰山 | OSL | 43.6±6.7 52.1±7.8 | MIS 3 | [33] | |
湖口第三组终碛垄 | OSL | 49.9±5.4 | MIS 3b | [32] | |
OSL ESR | 73.1±6.6 76±16 | MIS 4 | [33] 本文 | ||
驼颈湾终碛垄 花楸谷侧碛垄 老图瓦村侧碛垄 | ESR ESR ESR | 125±12 156±15 196±36 219±44 | MIS 6 | [32] 本文 | |
蒙古阿尔泰山 | TL | 467±51 | MIS12 | [47] | |
天山 | 乌鲁木齐河河源 | ESR | 459.7 477.1 a | MIS12 | [48] |
托木尔河 | ESR | 418.9±40.2 | MIS12 | [49] | |
阿特奥依纳克河 | ESR | 453.0±45.3 440.6±41.7 | MIS12 | [36] | |
祁连山 | 摆浪河 | ESR | 462.9 | MIS12 | [50] |
昆仑山 | 昆仑山垭口 | ESR | 710±228 | MIS16 | [51] |
表3
喀纳斯河谷台地测量点参数
考察地点 | 编号 | 纬度(N) | 经度(E) | 高度(m) | 宽度(m) | 相对高度(m) | 总厚度(m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
冰川站 | A3 | 48°43' 49.79" | 87°3' 24.67" | 2165 | 5280 | 395 | 772 |
A2 | 48°43' 44.18" | 87°2' 56.89" | 1770 | 4010 | 199 | ||
A1 | 48°43' 32.39" | 87°2' 22.80" | 1571 | 3090 | 178 | ||
A0 | 48°43' 17.23" | 87°1' 48.89" | 1393 | ||||
七级台地 | B3 | 48°42' 22.54" | 87°3' 40.90" | 2160 | 360 | 764 | |
B2 | 48°41' 1.37" | 87°3' 44.40" | 1800 | 135 | |||
B1 | 48°41' 35.78" | 87°3' 22.58" | 1665 | 269 | |||
B0 | 48°41' 35.39" | 87°2' 4.12" | 1396 | ||||
鸭泽湖 | C3 | 48°40' 9.77" | 87°2' 42.14" | 1862 | 4240 | 151 | 465 |
C2 | 48°40' 14.74" | 87°2' 32.86" | 1711 | 3670 | 127 | ||
C1 | 48°40' 15.28" | 87°2' 9.02" | 1584 | 2520 | 187 | ||
C0 | 48°40' 11.14" | 87°1' 42.28" | 1397 | ||||
卧龙湾 | D3 | 48°37' 24.78" | 87°3' 56.77" | 1743 | 2560 | 68 | 373 |
D2 | 48°37' 21.79" | 87°3' 32.36" | 1675 | 1890 | 115 | ||
D1 | 48°37' 17.58" | 87°3' 17.06" | 1560 | 1250 | 190 | ||
D0 | 48°37' 10.28" | 87°3' 6.84" | 1370 | ||||
驼颈湾 | E3 | 48°33' 24.73" | 87°8' 49.85" | 1450 | 1160 | 50 | 240 |
E2 | 48°33' 22.68" | 87°8' 45.71" | 1400 | 945 | 102 | ||
E1 | 48°33' 13.75" | 87°8' 39.01" | 1298 | 413 | 88 | ||
E0 | 48°32' 58.08" | 87°8' 45.85" | 1210 |
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