地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (4): 664-677.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201504013
收稿日期:
2014-10-23
修回日期:
2014-12-23
出版日期:
2015-04-20
发布日期:
2015-04-20
作者简介:
作者简介:彭建(1976-), 男, 四川彭州人, 副教授, 中国地理学会会员(S110006685M), 主要从事景观生态与土地利用、生态系统综合评估研究。E-mail:
基金资助:
Jian PENG(), Weixiong DANG, Yanxu LIU, Minli ZONG, Xiaoxu HU
Received:
2014-10-23
Revised:
2014-12-23
Published:
2015-04-20
Online:
2015-04-20
Supported by:
摘要:
面向全球城市化进程的快速推进与生物圈环境变化的不断增强,生态风险评价能够明晰制约区域生态持续性的主要生态要素与过程,成为当前自然地理学与宏观生态学应对社会—生态系统综合管理的热点研究领域之一。景观生态学高度关注空间异质性及景观格局—过程互馈,景观生态风险评价则为这一领域提供了新的研究视角。本文明确界定了景观生态风险评价的概念内涵,系统梳理了景观生态风险评价与生态风险评价、区域生态风险评价的异同;从评价对象的类型选择、评价单元的景观意义表征、评价方法的范式统一、评价模型的指数化途径和评价指标权重设定等方面,探讨了国内外景观生态风险评价的近今进展;同时,研究还展望了景观生态风险评价的重点发展方向,即基于景观过程的生态内涵明晰、尺度推绎在风险评价中的应用、评价结果的不确定性分析、耦合非线性生态模型的风险阈值判定、生态系统服务及其价值的整合、源汇景观过程识别与模型综合集成。
彭建, 党威雄, 刘焱序, 宗敏丽, 胡晓旭. 景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(4): 664-677.
Jian PENG, Weixiong DANG, Yanxu LIU, Minli ZONG, Xiaoxu HU. Review on landscape ecological risk assessment[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(4): 664-677.
表1
景观生态风险评价与区域生态风险评价异同
相同点 | 不同点 | ||
---|---|---|---|
景观生态风险评价 | 区域生态风险评价 | ||
起源时间 | 20世纪后期 | 20世纪90年代 | 20世纪80年代 |
内涵 | 描述和评估环境污染、人为活动或自然灾害对生态系统产生不利影响的可能性和危害程度 | 运用景观生态学方法,耦合景观格局与生态过程,更加注重风险的时空异质性和尺度效应 | 集成多重地理-生态过程,侧重于综合描述多源风险对生态环境组分、结构和功能的整体影响 |
风险源 | 环境污染、自然灾害、人类活动 | 将景观作为风险综合体,集成表述多种风险源 | 分门别类表述多种风险源,对结果进行综合 |
风险受体 | 生态环境组分与结构要素 | 一种或多种景观 | 社会—生态系统或人地耦合系统 |
生态终点 | 生态退化与人类福祉下降 | 景观稳定性、连通性、多样性的降低,进而造成景观持续性的下降 | 人居环境恶化、生物多样性减少等,最终导致社会-生态系统的 崩溃 |
评价单元 | 行政区、流域、空间格网 | 以风险小区、风险栅格、小流域等为主 | 以便于表述社会经济损失的各级行政区为主 |
评价方法 | 生态灾害发生的概率乘以可能造成的损失 | 源汇景观识别与景观格局分析 | 风险源识别-受体分析-暴露与危害评价,多重风险空间叠置 |
评价模型 | 基于多重准则构建综合评价数学模型与指标体系 | 基于景观格局指数、土地利用类型赋值指数等构建准则 | 基于社会经济要素属性或具体生态模型运算结果构建准则 |
权重赋值 | 层次分析法等主观权重赋值为主 | 依据景观格局特征属性的重要性或代表性 | 依据社会与生态要素属性的重要性或代表性 |
不确定性 | 较高不确定性 | 尚鲜有研究 | 逐渐受到重视 |
结果表征 | 时空制图,高风险区域识别 | 强调景观格局对于风险的定量影响,格局是评价要素 | 关注风险的时空格局特征,格局只用于风险评价结果的展示 |
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