黄河冲积扇发育研究述评

doi:10.11821/dlxb201501004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄河冲积扇是第四纪以来多期沉积建造的冲积扇复合体,它既是来自黄土高原的泥沙强烈堆积的地貌单元,又是历代河流决口改道的地区,也是华夏文明的发源地。在回顾了黄河冲积扇发育的研究历史的基础上,详细介绍了黄河冲积扇的形成时代、地貌类型与沉积速率,形成过程与特点等方向的研究进展,系统地论述了河道变迁、地质构造、气候变化以及人类活动等因素对黄河冲积扇形成的影响作用。并指出目前黄河冲积扇的发育研究中还存在着研究深度不够和时空的广度不完整等问题。史前黄河冲积扇的发育研究将成为今后研究中的难点。

关键词: 黄河冲积扇, 发育过程, 地貌特征, 影响因素

Abstract:

The Yellow River alluvial fan is an alluvial fan complex composed of multi-stage sediment sequences since the Quaternary. It is a geomorphic unit formed by intensive deposition of sediments eroded from the Loess Plateau, and thus a region with frequent breach and diversion. It is also the cradle of Chinese civilization. After a historical review of the development of the Yellow River alluvial fan, this paper systematically introduces the advances of studies concerning the Yellow River alluvial fan formation age, geomorphological characteristics, deposition rate, developmental process and characteristics, overviews in detail, the influence of river diversion, geological structure, climate change and human activities on the alluvial fan formation. Due to the insufficient studies of development mechanism and incomplete temporal-spatial scale at present, the research concerning the prehistoric alluvial fan development of the Yellow River will be a challenge in the future.

Key words: the Yellow River alluvial fan, developmental progress, geomorphological characteristics, influencing factors

马玉凤, 李双权, 潘星慧. 黄河冲积扇发育研究述评[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(1): 49-62.

Yufeng MA, Shuangquan LI, Xinghui PAN. A review on development of the Yellow River alluvial fan[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(1): 49-62.

图/表 2

图1

表1

黄河各期冲积扇发育情况

观点	时间		冲积扇名称		发育阶段	范围	沉积物	厚度
观点一	晚更新世	晚更新世晚期	古冲积扇		形成	见解①：以孟津为顶点,以濮阳—菏泽—商丘—周口为前缘	以黄土状沉积为主,常夹有砂层	厚10~20 m
	晚更新世	晚更新世晚期	古冲积扇		形成	见解②：西起孟津的宁咀,北靠太行山南麓,南接伏牛山北麓,前缘大体在汲县、新乡、获嘉、武陟、尉氏和扶沟一线等地	黄土类亚砂土,夹中细砂层或透镜体	开封至兰考一带黄河沿岸最厚达80 m,向两侧变薄,约40~60 m
	全新世	全新世早期	老冲积扇		范围进一步扩展	见解①：顶点在沁河口附近,前缘至河北平原中部—德州—济南—平阴—京杭运河—山东南四湖—濉溪—蒙城一带	沉积物以粉砂为主	厚达20 m以上
		全新世中期	老冲积扇		范围进一步扩展	见解②：由郑州向东可延伸至东平湖附近,冲积扇北部从西南向东北可达威县、临清一带,在南部从开封向东南延伸至徐州附近
		全新世晚期	现代复合冲积扇	滑县冲积扇		分布从武陟开始,向东延伸至河北平原中部,在鲁西北达滨州附近,西北缘大致以禹王故道为界,东南侧不出大清河
				郑州冲积扇		以郑州—原阳一带为顶点,以东平—徐州—蒙城—阜阳一线为前缘的冲积扇
				桃花峪冲积扇	黄河大冲积扇	西起桃花峪,西北沿太行山麓至馆陶、冠县和寿张一线,西南直抵临泉、太和、涡阳、永城和徐州一线,东邻梁山、郓城、嘉祥、金乡和沛县一线
				兰考冲积扇		见解①：范围至封丘、禹城、濉溪一三角地带
				兰考冲积扇		见解②：西北沿长垣、洑阳、范县至寿张一线,东南沿民权、宁陵、夏邑至徐州一线,东邻东平、梁山、嘉祥、金乡和沛县一线
				花园口冲积扇		长条状扇形地,在贾鲁河、颍河和涡河地域内	以粉砂及粘土为主	平均约2 m
观点二	中更新世		古冲积扇		形成	见解①：北达河北大名,南达河南杞县,东越开封
	中更新世		古冲积扇		初具规模	见解②：扇顶位于洛阳坡头,东缘到开封的罗王,南缘接近通许	红黄色的黄土状亚粘土	30 m多
	晚更新世	晚更新世早期			进一步发育	范围扩大,向南迁移,南缘达太康	黄土状亚砂土
	晚更新世	晚更新世晚期			发育的全盛期	南缘已达安徽淮南、蚌埠;北翼超过河南内黄、清丰,山东聊城、鄄城、东明;东翼到达山东曹县、定陶
	全新世	公元前2278- 1194年	现代冲积扇	桃花峪冲积扇			颗粒较细,除主河道相带为粉细砂外,多为粘质砂土和砂质粘土	沉积厚度6~20 m
		1494- 1855年		兰考冲积扇		范县、淮阴、长垣、封丘、兰考、睢县
		1938-1947年		花园口冲积扇		中牟、通许、太康、鹿邑一线以西,郑州祭城、中牟姚家、尉氏、扶沟、逍遥镇、商水、项城一线以东

表1

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