中国道路网络的通达性评价与演化机理

doi:10.11821/dlxb201410009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

现代交通方式产生之前,传统道路设施及道路运输是主要交通方式,成为各历史时期社会经济联系的主要途径,本文力图探究道路设施网络的长期演化规律。为此,本文以具有国家意义的“国道”为研究对象,以商周以来3500年为时间尺度,设计了道路网发育指标和可达性—最短距离模型;刻画了中国道路网的拓展和演化过程,总结各时期的发展特征、空间格局及模式,揭示演变规律;评价了道路网的结构特征、成熟水平与连通性,分析各时期的可达性格局及演变,识别可达性优势与劣势区域;考察了道路网演变与中国社会—经济系统的关系机制。研究发现,中国道路网遵循了“内陆扩张”模式尤其从内陆向边疆拓展,可达性形成明显的“核心—边缘”中心圈层格局,并同国防建设和国家集权、邮驿系统、贸易运输有紧密关系。

关键词: 中国, 道路网络, 可达性, 演化, 发展机制

Abstract:

Before the emergence of modern transport modes, the traditional road infrastructure and road transport (carriage) was a widely used land transport mode, and became a major approach to complete the nationwide social and economic exchanges throughout all historical periods. But the long-term evolution of transport infrastructure is an important studying topic, which has received little research attention. Under this background, this paper, choosing the national road as the studying subject, and taking 3500 years from 1600 BC to 1900 AD as the studying period and designing the model of shortest distance path, aims to examine the developing regularities of traditional road network in a long-term dimension, involving the expansion of spatial network, network structure and accessibility, and developing dynamics. Our analysis reveals long-term regularities: the continuously expanding road network, which experiences four phases with different developing features and spatial pattern, follows a path of inland expansion especially to border areas and brings the peripheral region much closer to the core area of China's homeland, but its coverage and accessibility is characterized by 'concentric rings' and 'core-peripheral' configuration, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has been the core region. The development and evolution of traditional road network has close relationship with the national defense and warfare, centralization of national power around the capital, homeland governance, the postal transport, and specialized cargo and trade transport. This research pays attention to a long-term pattern and attempts to fill the gap of extant literatures, to deeply and better understand the evolving regularities of transport infrastructure network and China's homeland development.

Key words: China, road network, evolution, accessibility, dynamics

王成金, 王伟, 张梦天, 程佳佳. 中国道路网络的通达性评价与演化机理[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(10): 1496-1509.

Chengjin WANG, Wei WANG, Jingjuan JIAO, Jiajia CHENG. Evolution, accessibility of road networks in China and dynamics:From a long perspective[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(10): 1496-1509.

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指标		商代	西周	春秋	秦朝	西汉	东汉	魏晋	唐代	宋代	元代	明代	清代
县城	线路数/e	180	140	291	333	548	674	722	831	927	808	754	901
	节点数/v	175	133	276	321	526	629	666	758	843	738	678	815
	节点比重/%	7.54	5.73	11.89	13.82	22.65	27.09	28.68	32.64	36.3	31.78	29.2	35.1
	连接率/β	1.029	1.053	1.054	1.037	1.042	1.072	1.084	1.096	1.1	1.095	1.112	1.106
	环路指数/μ	6	8	16	13	23	46	57	74	85	71	77	87
	实际成环率/α	0.017	0.031	0.029	0.02	0.022	0.037	0.043	0.049	0.051	0.048	0.057	0.054
	服务国土/%	2.31	1.68	3.74	5.37	18.47	19.79	23.31	29	29.49	27.16	23.41	34.47
地级城市	节点数/v	39	28	66	79	127	162	141	185	194	190	160	140
	节点比重/%	11.68	8.38	19.76	23.65	38.02	48.5	42.22	55.39	58.08	56.89	47.9	41.92
	线路数/e	75	39	106	100	171	266	256	314	403	300	279	301
	连接率/β	1.923	1.393	1.606	1.266	1.346	1.642	1.816	1.697	2.077	1.579	1.744	2.150
	实际成环率/α	0.507	0.235	0.323	0.144	0.181	0.329	0.419	0.356	0.548	0.296	0.381	0.589
省会城市	线路数/e	9	2	21	39	57	131	115	200	256	187	253	263
	节点数/v	7	3	8	12	18	22	20	24	26	28	27	26
	连接率/β	1.286	0.667	2.625	3.25	3.167	5.955	5.750	8.333	9.846	6.679	9.37	10.115
	实际成环率/α	0.333		1.273	1.474	1.29	2.821	2.743	4.116	4.915	3.137	4.633	5.064

指标		商朝	周朝	春秋战国	秦朝	西汉	东汉	魏晋朝	隋唐	宋朝	元朝	明朝	清朝
总旅行距离/万km		2227	979	6320	13439	42618	57833	63590	91601	105788	86579	67555	111474
平均旅行距离/万km		727	553	830	1304	1540	1462	1434	1594	1489	1590	1470	1678
最大旅行距离/万km		28.3	11.6	43.8	77.0	202.3	254.8	253.5	298.7	299.9	308.5	239.7	315.7
最小旅行距离/万km		7.8	5.0	16.5	26.1	50.0	56.9	61.5	78.6	83.8	78.1	66.9	90.8
边缘	名称	五原	高密	通化	高阳	疏附	阿图什	阿图什	阿图什	和田	喀什	和田	岳普湖
边缘	区位系数	2.223	1.574	1.914	1.839	2.497	2.772	2.655	2.472	2.39	2.63	2.406	2.308
核心	名称	偃师	洛阳	济南	洛阳	洛阳	洛阳	洛阳	洛阳	开封	郑州	郑州	郑州
核心	区位系数	0.615	0.685	0.719	0.623	0.617	0.619	0.645	0.65	0.668	0.666	0.671	0.664
AC_i<1	节点数量	107	77	179	194	333	400	410	498	493	466	381	526
AC_i<1	节点比重	4.61	3.32	7.71	8.35	14.34	17.23	17.66	21.45	21.23	20.07	16.41	22.65
AC_i>1	节点数量	68	56	97	127	193	229	256	260	350	272	297	289
AC_i>1	节点比重	2.93	2.41	4.18	5.47	8.31	9.86	11.02	11.2	15.07	11.71	12.79	12.45