基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201410006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

引入“生活质量理论”,基于乡村聚落空间与生活质量的双向循环互动机理,从乡村聚落空间功能整合、空间结构优化、空间尺度调控等三个方面研究乡村聚落空间优化问题,试图构建有效提高生活质量的乡村聚落空间优化框架与模式。研究认为：① 聚落是生活质量的空间载体,生活质量是聚落的本质内容,乡村聚落与生活质量相互促进、相互影响,构建科学合理的乡村聚落空间是提高农民生活质量的重要前提。② 乡村聚落空间功能类型可以划分为生计维持型功能、产业发展型功能与品质提升型功能,生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间功能优化,重点在于提升生计维持型功能,整合产业发展型功能,植入品质提升型功能。③ 乡村聚落空间结构优化的重点有两个方面,一是要促进居住空间、农业空间、工业空间有机集聚,社会交往空间、休闲空间、服务空间有机疏散,生活空间、生产空间、生态空间有机均衡,以实现聚落内部空间类型比例合理化与组合最优化;二是要通过聚居区位转换与聚落职能调整,移拆部分衰落村落,保留部分一般村落,扩大部分重点村落,新建部分新型村落,形成“综合村—特色村”的功能结构等级,构建以乡村公路为链接的聚落体系空间组织模式。④ RROD模式是基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化的理想模式,该模式的构建要合理确定聚落单体的规模尺度与聚落之间的距离尺度,引导形成结构合理、设施配套、功能完备、分布有序的RROD和RROD体系。

关键词: 乡村聚落, 生活质量, 空间优化, RROD模式

Abstract:

This paper introduces the "life quality theory". Based on the two-way interactive mechanism between space of rural settlements and the life quality, the paper researches the optimization mode of spatial organization of rural settlements in three aspects, which are the integration of rural settlement spatial functions, the optimization of spatial structure and the regulation of spatial scale, so as to build optimization mode and framework of spatial organization of rural settlements with high quality life. The study suggests that: (1) The settlement is the spatial carrier of life quality and the life quality is the essential content of settlements. The two mentioned above influence and improve each other. So, the reasonable rural settlement space is the important precondition for higher life quality. (2) The type of spatial function of rural settlements can be divided into livelihood maintaining, industrial developing and quality optimizing, and the optimization of spatial organization of rural settlements oriented by life quality requires promotion of livelihood maintaining, integration of industrial developing and engagement of quality optimizing. (3) There are two important aspects in the optimization of spatial organization of rural settlements. The one is to promote the organic concentration of living space, agricultural space and industrial space, the organic evacuation of social intercourse space, recreational space and services space, and the organic balance of living space, production space and ecological space, in order to realize the reasonable proportion and optimized combination of internal spatial type in settlements. And the other one is to form a functional structure level of "comprehensive village - featured village" and build spatial organization mode of settlements connected by rural roads by switching the location and adjusting the function, with the destruction of underdeveloped villages, the saving of normal villages, the enlargement of important villages, and the construction of new villages. (4) As an ideal mode of rural settlements space optimization oriented by life quality, RROD mode should be built at a rational scale of unit settlement and distance between settlements, leading to an RROD and RROD system with rational structure, auxiliary facility, fully function and well-organized distribution.

Key words: rural settlement, life quality, spatial optimization, RROD model

唐承丽, 贺艳华, 周国华, 曾山山, 肖路遥. 基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化研究[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(10): 1459-1472.

Chengli TANG, Yanhua HE, Guohua ZHOU, Shanshan ZENG, Luyao XIAO. The research on optimization mode of spatial organization of rural settlements oriented by life quality[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(10): 1459-1472.

图/表 11

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针对农民生活质量满意度的相关研究及结论

研究者	研究样区	研究时点	主要研究结论
朱艳玲等^[49]	宁夏	2008年	盐池县农民生活满意度达到比较满意和非常满意的占到了36%,比较不满意和非常不满意的占到了14%,而大部分则处在一般水平,占到了调查总数的50%。农民的生活满意度与经济收入之间达到了极显著相关。
任平等^[50]	成都	2005年	在户籍制度改革、居住条件、道路交通设施和生态环境等方面,公众满意度都很高,甚至达到40%以上。但是,在人均收入、产业发展、就业和社会保障等方面满意度不高,一般满意的比例分别是54%、48%、40%,在政策制度和医疗保险等方面,不满意达到30%以上。
李学婷等^[51]	湖北	2012年	农民对供电设施、生活饮水设施、交通设施满意程度较高,对信息通讯设施和教育医疗设施一般满意,对基础设施的维护、农田水利灌溉设施、垃圾污水处理设施和休闲娱乐设施的建设满意程度较低。
郑卫荣^[52]	浙江	2010年	一是在公共财政资源有限的前提下,农村公共服务总量不足,人均指标相对偏低,农民满意率不高;二是受到投入产出等要素制约,农村公共服务综合效率偏低,有效供给相对不足。
张德元等^[53]	安徽	2008年	农民对农村生产、生活条件还不太满意,突出表现为农村基础设施建设虽有所改善,但发展很不平衡;认为农村文化基础设施投人较少,农村金融系统对农村经济社会发展作用小;已开始意识到农村环境污染问题已有警觉,对耕地保护的前景不太乐观;认为改革开放30年来,他们的收人水平虽有所改善,但改善的程度不大。
李闻一^[54]	湖北	2012年	农村公共基础设施的农民满意度比较好,但令人非常满意的比例并不高,其原因有资金投入不足、涉农机构设置职能交叉、投资效益低下、质量不高和农民参与建设的主体作用不明显。
胡荣华等^[55]	江苏	2011年	农村居民生活满意度综合得分为3.12,即基本满意,其中,家庭关系得分最高 (3.67),经济状况得分最低 (2.09)。对提高农村居民生活满意度产生了积极影响的主要因素为人际关系和政府公共政策,而经济状况、工作和环境是阻碍其生活满意度提高的重要原因。
李飞等^[56]	广西、河南、黑龙江、江西、宁夏、四川、甘肃、安徽、云南、山东	2013年	农户生活满意度为很不满意和不太满意的比例只占18%,而比较满意和十分满意的比例占49%,整体上对生活质量感到满意。贫困户的生活满意度在总体上要低于中等户和富裕户;随着户主年龄、健康、住房面积、耐用消费品种类、道路状况、村庄民主和社会交往等方面的改善,农户生活满意度提高的可能性越高,农户生活满意度随受教育年限增加先上升后下降。
李辉等^[57]	云南、河南	2010年	农民的生活满意度在总体上处于中等水平,但下层类属群体在总体生活满意度及各个因子上的得分均显著低于其他各类属群体。

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指标名称	指标值	指标名称	指标值
农民纯收入	8896元/人	农村改水累计受益率	95.3%
恩格尔系数	39.3%	平均每乡镇老年收养性福利机构数量	0.81个
农村人均钢砖木结构住房面积	33.4 m²/人	农村居民参加新型农村合作医疗率	98.3%
义务教育生师比	15.0	卫生厕所普及率	71.7%
平均每个乡镇农民技术培训学校数量	2.69所	文教娱乐支出比重	7.5%
农村通公路行政村比例	95.5%	平均每乡镇综合文化站数量	0.84个
每千农业人口乡村医生和卫生员数量	1.25人

	RROD规模		RROD距离 (km)
	单元半径 (m)		人口规模 (人)
平原	650-800	2000-3500	4.0-5.0
丘陵	450-700	2000-3000	3.5-4.5
山区	400-600	1500-2500	4.5-5.5