1972-2012年青藏高原中南部内陆湖泊的水位变化

doi:10.11821/dlxb201407011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原的湖泊水位变化能够清晰的记录湖泊波动,分析近几十年来气候变暖背景下青藏高原典型湖泊水位的动态变化,对理解全球变化的区域响应特征和规律有重要意义。本文利用多源遥感数据,获取1972-2012年青藏高原南部地区5个典型湖泊的面积与水位序列,并分析了40年来湖泊水位的变化特征。研究结果表明,1972-2012年,普莫雍错,塔若错,扎日南木错水位呈上升趋势,分别上升了0.89 m、0.70 m、0.40 m;同期,佩枯错与玛旁雍错的水位呈下降趋势,分别下降了1.70 m、0.70 m。总体来看,五个湖泊在1990s-2012年的变化比1970s-1990s的变化更剧烈,从空间变化看,处于青藏高原边缘地带的佩枯错与玛旁雍错发生的变化呈现一致性,而位于中部地带的塔若错与扎日南木错的变化也呈现一致性。

关键词: 青藏高原, 湖泊水位, 动态变化, 遥感

Abstract:

The changes of lake levels could keep a record of lake variation on the Tibetan Plateau. Under the background of global warming in recent years, it is of importance to understand regional responses to climate changes by revealing the lake level variation of the inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. The paper obtained the time-series of the five typical lake areas and levels from 1972 to 2012 in the south-central Tibetan Plateau, and used the multi-sensor remote sensing data to analyze the variation of lake levels in recent 40 years. The results show that the three inland lakes (Pumo Yumco, Taro Co and Zhari Namco) expanded by 0.89 m, 0.70 m and 0.40 m in water level, respectively, while the two lakes (Peiku Co and Mapang Yumco) presented a decreasing tendency in water level. On the whole, the period 2000-2012 experienced remarkable changes compared with the preceding period (1976-1999). In term of spatial changes, the lakes of Peiku Co and Mapang Yumco, located in south fringe of the Tibetan Plateau, have shown the consistency in lake level changes, and so are the lakes of Taro Co and Zhari Namco in the southwestern part of central Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, lake level, spatial-temporal change, remote sensing

张鑫, 吴艳红, 张鑫. 1972-2012年青藏高原中南部内陆湖泊的水位变化[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 993-1001.

Xin ZHANG, Yanhong WU, Xin ZHANG. Water level variation of inland lakes on the south-central Tibetan Plateau in 1972-2012[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 993-1001.

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湖泊名称	年均气温 (^oC)	年均降水 (mm)	集水面积 (km²)	补给系数	补给方式	地貌特征
普莫雍错	2.0~4.0	300	1323.9	4.2	湖面降水、冰雪融水	喜马拉雅山北坡山间盆地
扎日南木错	0	250	15433.2	15.5	湖面降水、地表径流	山间断裂带
玛旁雍错	2.0	168.6	4148.0	10.0	湖面降水、地表径流	南北高山相隔东西阶地分布
佩枯错	2.0	300~400	1980.0	6.9	湖面降水、冰雪融水	喜马拉雅山北坡断裂盆地
塔若错	0~0.2	200	6929.4	14.2	湖面降水、地表径流	冈底斯北麓山间盆地

湖泊名称	位置	面积遥感数据		水位遥感数据 ICESat
湖泊名称	位置	Landsat		MODIS
普莫雍错	28°30′~28°38′N 90°13′~90°33′E	1972-2011年 35景	2001-2012年 552景	2003-2009年 14个时段
扎日南木错	30°44′~31°05′N 85°20′~85°54′E	1976-2012年 48景	2001-2012年 552景	2003-2009年 19时段
玛旁雍错	30°34′~30°47′N 81°22′~81°27′E	1972-2012年 39景	2001-2012年 552景	2003-2009年 19个时段
佩枯错	28°46′~29°02′N 85°30′~85°42′E	1976-2012年 27景	2001-2012年 552景	2003-2009年 18个时段
塔若错	31°03′~31°13′N 83°55′~84°20′E	1976-2012年 40景	2001-2012年 552景	2003-2009年 12个时段

湖泊名称	回归方程	R²	显著性水平
普莫雍错	Y = ln(x)*661.509-3468.351	0.721	α = 0.05
玛旁雍错	Y = ln(x)*242,184-1051.499	0.765	α = 0.05
塔若错	Y = ln(x)*1429.233-8369.144	0.762	α = 0.01
佩枯错	Y = ln(x)*411.402-2035.593	0.670	α = 0.05
扎日南木错	Y = ln(x)*678.377-3682.608	0.492	α = 0.05

湖泊名称	回归方程	R²	显著性水平
普莫雍错	Y = ln(x)*16.289-4918.349	0.433	α = 0.05
玛旁雍错	Y = ln(x)*19.660-4468.897	0.632	α = 0.01
塔若错	Y = ln(x)*30.442-4380.375	0.575	α = 0.01
佩枯错	Y = ln(x)*32.735-4396.264	0.481	α = 0.01
扎日南木错	Y = ln(x)*15.181-4508.691	0.656	α = 0.01

湖泊名称	1972-1999年				2000-2012年
	面积		水位		面积		水位
	变化率 (km²/a)	变化面积 (km²)	变化率 (m/a)	变化水位 (m)	变化率 (km²/a)	变化面积 (km²)	变化率 (m/a)	变化水位 (m)
普莫雍错	0.056	1.504	0.005	0.207	0.463	4.630	0.061	0.612
玛旁雍错	-0.120	-3.250	-0.003	-0.093	-0.234	-2.571	-0.007	-0.074
塔若错	-0.322	-7.42	-0.003	-0.061	1.004	11.046	0.200	2.195
佩枯错	-0.221	-5.085	-0.039	-0.894	-0.206	-2.470	-0.038	-0.457
扎日南木错	-0.737	-16.950	-0.008	-0.190	3.526	38.788	0.038	0.416