中国典型山地冰川平衡线的影响因素分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201407008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国典型山地无现代冰川作用区冰川平衡线高度的确定对于过去环境变化研究具有重要的科学意义。选取青藏高原边缘17个山体的28个气象站气温与降水数据,采用确定的最大降水带与经验曲线关系法 (简称MPC,下同)、确定的最大降水带与统计公式法 (MPF) 和实际气象站降水与经验公式法 (WPF),恢复了17个山地的现代理论冰川平衡线高度,并对比了三种方法的适用性;综合分析了三种方法的原理、参数选取、计算过程以及误差来源;详细讨论了冰川平衡线处气温与降水关系式、气象站的海拔高度、气温垂直递减率、降水梯度对计算现代冰川平衡线的影响。提出了无现代冰川区的现代理论冰川平衡线计算的综合因子法 (ZYZ)。

关键词: 平衡线, 青藏高原, 降水梯度, 气温, 冰川

Abstract:

It is important to reconstruct the past environmental changes for unglaciated area in the typical mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and in eastern China by using modern theoretical equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs). Based on the data from 28 meteorological stations of 17 typical mountains, the ELAs were calculated by the methods of Maximum Precipitation Zoneand Empirical Curve (MPC), Maximum Precipitation Zone and Empirical Formula (MPF) and Meteorological Precipitation and Empirical Formula (WPF). Research results show that, MPF is better than WPF through the comparison of the applicability between these two methods in the study areas. The results also indicate that the factors affecting the ELAs are precipitation, temperature, altitude of the meteorological stations and lapse rate of temperature. Based on the in-depth analysis of the principle, parameter selection, computational process and error sources, the authors put forward a newly improved method for calculating modern theoretical ELAs.

Key words: equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs), Tibetan Plateau, lapse rate of precipitation, temperature, glacier

张威, 刘蓓蓓, 崔之久, 李洋洋, 刘亮. 中国典型山地冰川平衡线的影响因素分析[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 958-968.

Wei ZHANG, Beibei LIU, Zhijiu CUI, Yangyang LI, Liang LIU. Theoretical glacial equilibrium line altitudes and their influencing factors in the typical mountains of China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 958-968.

图/表 6

图1

表1 不同方法计算的现代理论平衡线处的高度、夏季气温和年降水量对比表">

表1

不同方法计算的现代理论平衡线处的高度、夏季气温和年降水量对比表"

方法						MPC			MPF			WPF
山体	地理坐标 (N,E)	气象站高度 (m)	气象站6-8月气温(^oC)	气象站年降水 (mm)	实际平衡线高度(m)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	气象资料来源
阿尔泰山	47°, 88°	1900	11.9	664	3320	3688	1.17	689	3750	0.8	689	3873	0.06	664	[35]
天山	43°, 86°	3539	4.3	454	4056	4239	0.1	454	4294	-0.23	454	4365	-0.66	454	[36]
长白山	42°, 128°	2624	6.9	1340		3290	2.9	1340	3364	2.46	1340	3407	2.2	1340	[1]
贺兰山	38°, 106°	2901	10.6	430.2		4654	0.08	430.2	4727	-0.36	430	4791	-0.74	430.2	[37]
玛雅雪山	37°, 102°	3045	10.3	355.4		4856	-0.57	355.4	4900	-0.83	355	4928	-1	355.4	[23]
泰山	117°, 36°	1534	16.8	1132		3867	2.8	1267	3949	2.31	1267	4072	1.57	1132	[1]
马衔山	36°, 103°	1800	19	494.8		4883	0.5	536.8	4935	0.19	537	5050	-0.5	494.8	[38]
太白山	34°, 107°	1543	19.3	752.6		4451	1.85	876	4526	1.4	876	4700	0.36	752.6	[39]
五台山	113°, 39°	2898	9.5	828.5		4198	1.7	828.5	4271	1.26	829	4380	0.61	828.5	[40]
黄山	118°, 30°	1840	16.6	2394		3906	4.2	2461	3946	3.96	2461	3756	5.1	2394	[1]
白马雪山	28°, 99°	4292	5.1	807.1	4800	4867	1.65	807.1	4942	1.2	807	5054	0.53	807.1	[34]
千湖山	27°, 99°	3276	12.9	849.8		5134	1.75	849.8	5206	1.32	850	5312	0.68	849.8	[41、42]
玉龙雪山	27°, 100°	2393	17.7	950	4800	5026	1.9	950	5076	1.6	950	5176	1	950	[43]
螺髻山	27°, 102°	2640	15.8	956		4940	2.0	956	5005	1.61	956	5103	1.02	956	*
点苍山	100°, 26°	1990	19.8	1054		4905	2.31	1054	4980	1.86	1054	5068	1.33	1054	[41]
拱王山	26°, 103°	3900	6.8	1570		4488	3.27	1570	4558	2.85	4558	4553	2.88	1570	[44]
台湾玉山	23°, 120°	3845	7.4	3054		4361	4.3	3054	4328	4.5	3054	3953	6.75	3054	[14]

表1

图2

图3

表2

图4

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观测站	海拔 (m)	年降水量 (mm)	夏季气温 (^oC)	现代理论平衡线处气温值 (^oC)	夏季气温递减率 (^oC/100m)	现代理论平衡线高程 (m)
奔子栏	2050	285.6	23.7	-1.3	0.75	5378
东竹林	2988	532.8	16.5	-0.4	0.78	5152
122道班	3760	946.1	10.0	1.0	0.75	4961
白马雪山垭口	4292	807.1	5.1	0.5	0.76	4893
飞来寺	3485	513.8	11.3	-0.4	0.72	5117
向阳坡	2747	410.6	17.4	-0.8	0.69	5386
日嘴	2080	425.0	21.7	-0.8	0.69	5335
布尔津	474	117.4	22.5	-1.9	0.59	4609
哈巴河	533	172.0	21.6	-1.7	0.59	4479
阿勒泰	735	174.0	21.2	-1.7	0.59	4611
富蕴	803	157.7	22.8	-1.7	0.59	4962
青河	1218	158.9	18.6	-1.7	0.59	4663
森塔斯	1900	664.0	11.9	0.1	0.59	3907