中国典型山地冰川平衡线的影响因素分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201407008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国典型山地无现代冰川作用区冰川平衡线高度的确定对于过去环境变化研究具有重要的科学意义。选取青藏高原边缘17个山体的28个气象站气温与降水数据,采用确定的最大降水带与经验曲线关系法 (简称MPC,下同)、确定的最大降水带与统计公式法 (MPF) 和实际气象站降水与经验公式法 (WPF),恢复了17个山地的现代理论冰川平衡线高度,并对比了三种方法的适用性;综合分析了三种方法的原理、参数选取、计算过程以及误差来源;详细讨论了冰川平衡线处气温与降水关系式、气象站的海拔高度、气温垂直递减率、降水梯度对计算现代冰川平衡线的影响。提出了无现代冰川区的现代理论冰川平衡线计算的综合因子法 (ZYZ)。

关键词: 平衡线, 青藏高原, 降水梯度, 气温, 冰川

Abstract:

It is important to reconstruct the past environmental changes for unglaciated area in the typical mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and in eastern China by using modern theoretical equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs). Based on the data from 28 meteorological stations of 17 typical mountains, the ELAs were calculated by the methods of Maximum Precipitation Zoneand Empirical Curve (MPC), Maximum Precipitation Zone and Empirical Formula (MPF) and Meteorological Precipitation and Empirical Formula (WPF). Research results show that, MPF is better than WPF through the comparison of the applicability between these two methods in the study areas. The results also indicate that the factors affecting the ELAs are precipitation, temperature, altitude of the meteorological stations and lapse rate of temperature. Based on the in-depth analysis of the principle, parameter selection, computational process and error sources, the authors put forward a newly improved method for calculating modern theoretical ELAs.

Key words: equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs), Tibetan Plateau, lapse rate of precipitation, temperature, glacier

张威, 刘蓓蓓, 崔之久, 李洋洋, 刘亮. 中国典型山地冰川平衡线的影响因素分析[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 958-968.

Wei ZHANG, Beibei LIU, Zhijiu CUI, Yangyang LI, Liang LIU. Theoretical glacial equilibrium line altitudes and their influencing factors in the typical mountains of China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 958-968.

图/表 6

图1

表1 不同方法计算的现代理论平衡线处的高度、夏季气温和年降水量对比表">

表1

不同方法计算的现代理论平衡线处的高度、夏季气温和年降水量对比表

方法						MPC			MPF			WPF
山体	地理坐标 (N,E)	气象站高度 (m)	气象站6-8月气温(^oC)	气象站年降水 (mm)	实际平衡线高度(m)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	冰川平衡线高度(m)	气温 (^oC)	降水 (mm)	气象资料来源
阿尔泰山	47°, 88°	1900	11.9	664	3320	3688	1.17	689	3750	0.8	689	3873	0.06	664	[35]
天山	43°, 86°	3539	4.3	454	4056	4239	0.1	454	4294	-0.23	454	4365	-0.66	454	[36]
长白山	42°, 128°	2624	6.9	1340		3290	2.9	1340	3364	2.46	1340	3407	2.2	1340	[1]
贺兰山	38°, 106°	2901	10.6	430.2		4654	0.08	430.2	4727	-0.36	430	4791	-0.74	430.2	[37]
玛雅雪山	37°, 102°	3045	10.3	355.4		4856	-0.57	355.4	4900	-0.83	355	4928	-1	355.4	[23]
泰山	117°, 36°	1534	16.8	1132		3867	2.8	1267	3949	2.31	1267	4072	1.57	1132	[1]
马衔山	36°, 103°	1800	19	494.8		4883	0.5	536.8	4935	0.19	537	5050	-0.5	494.8	[38]
太白山	34°, 107°	1543	19.3	752.6		4451	1.85	876	4526	1.4	876	4700	0.36	752.6	[39]
五台山	113°, 39°	2898	9.5	828.5		4198	1.7	828.5	4271	1.26	829	4380	0.61	828.5	[40]
黄山	118°, 30°	1840	16.6	2394		3906	4.2	2461	3946	3.96	2461	3756	5.1	2394	[1]
白马雪山	28°, 99°	4292	5.1	807.1	4800	4867	1.65	807.1	4942	1.2	807	5054	0.53	807.1	[34]
千湖山	27°, 99°	3276	12.9	849.8		5134	1.75	849.8	5206	1.32	850	5312	0.68	849.8	[41、42]
玉龙雪山	27°, 100°	2393	17.7	950	4800	5026	1.9	950	5076	1.6	950	5176	1	950	[43]
螺髻山	27°, 102°	2640	15.8	956		4940	2.0	956	5005	1.61	956	5103	1.02	956	*
点苍山	100°, 26°	1990	19.8	1054		4905	2.31	1054	4980	1.86	1054	5068	1.33	1054	[41]
拱王山	26°, 103°	3900	6.8	1570		4488	3.27	1570	4558	2.85	4558	4553	2.88	1570	[44]
台湾玉山	23°, 120°	3845	7.4	3054		4361	4.3	3054	4328	4.5	3054	3953	6.75	3054	[14]

表1

图2

图3

表2

图4

参考文献 46

[1]	Shi Yafeng, Cui Zhijiu, Li Jijun et al. Glaciations and Environmental Variations in East China. Beijing: Science Press, 1989: 1-462.
	[施雅风, 崔之久, 李吉均等. 中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题. 北京: 科学出版社, 1989: 1-462.]
[2]	Liu Gengnian, Li Yingkui, Chen Yixin et al. Glacial landform chronology and environment reconstruction of Peiku Gangri, Himalayas. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(5): 959-970.
	[刘耕年, Li Y K, 陈艺鑫等. 喜马拉雅山佩枯岗日冰川地貌的年代学、平衡线高度和气候研究. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(5): 959-970.]
[3]	Cui Zhijiu, Chen Yixin, Zhang Wei et al. Research history, glacial chronology and origins of Quaternary glaciations in China. Quaternary Sciences, 2011, 31(5): 749-764.
	[崔之久, 陈艺鑫, 张威等. 中国第四纪冰期历史、特征及成因探讨. 第四纪研究, 2011, 31(5): 749-764.]
[4]	Ohmura A, Kasser P, Funk M.Climate at the equilibrium line of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 1992, 38: 397-411.
[5]	Shi Yafeng, Huang Maohuan, Ren Binghui.An Introduction to the Glaciers in China Contents. Beijing: Science Press, 1988: 23-24.
	[施雅风, 黄茂桓, 任炳辉. 中国冰川概论. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988: 23-24.]
[6]	Shi Yafeng, Huang Maohuan, Yao Tandong et al. Glaciers and Their Environments in China: The Present, Past and Future. Beijing: Science Press, 2000: 1-420.
	[施雅风, 黄茂桓, 姚檀栋等. 中国冰川与环境: 现在、过去和未来. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000: 1-420.]
[7]	Su Zhen.A view on Quaternary glaciation in Lushan from the results of some modern glacial researches. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1984, 6(2): 83-88.
	[苏珍. 从我国现代冰川研究的一些结果看庐山第四纪冰川问题. 冰川冻土, 1984, 6(2): 83-88.]
[8]	Iwata S, Yagi H, Fen Yaozong.Glacial extent and ELAs during the Last Glacial period in Yunnan province, China//Proceedings of the International Symposium on Paleo-environmental change in Tropical-subtropical Monsoon Asia. Special Publication, 1995, 24: 113-123.
[9]	Benn D I, Lehmkuhl F. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments. Quaternary International, 2000, 65/66: 15-29.
[10]	Porter S C.Snowline depression in the tropics during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2001, 20: 1067-1091.
[11]	Ono Y, Aoki T, Hasegawa H. Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International, 2005, 138/139: 79-92.
[12]	Zhang Wei, Cui Zhijiu, Yan Ling.Present and Late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2009, 19(3): 373-383.
[13]	Ono Y, Shulmeister J, Lehmkuhl Fet al. Timings and causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle. Quaternary International, 2004, 118/119: 55-68.
[14]	Hebenstreit R.Present and former equilibrium line altitudes in the Taiwanese high mountain range. Quaternary International, 2006, 147: 70-75
[15]	Xu X K, Wang L Q, Yang J Q.Last glacial maximum climate inferences from integrated reconstruction of glacier equilibrium-line altitude for the head of the head of the Urumqi River. Quaternary International, 2010, 218: 3-12.
[16]	Zhang W, Niu Y B, Yan L et al. Late Pleistocene glaciations of Changbai Mountains in northeastern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53: 2672-2684.
[17]	Hebenstreit R, Bose M, Murray A.Late Pleistocene and early Holocene glaciations in Taiwanese mountains. Quaternary International, 2006, 147: 76-88.
[18]	Hebenstrieit R, Bose M.Geomorphological evidence for a Late Pleistocene glaciation in the high mountains of Taiwan dated with age estimates by optically stimulated luminescene (OSL). Zeitschrift fur Gemorphologie N F. Suppl.-Bd, 2003, 130: 31-49.
[19]	Cui Z J, Yang C F, Liu G Net al. The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas. Quaternary International, 2002, 97/98: 147-153.
[20]	Cui Zhijiu, Yang Jianfu, Liu Gengnian et al. Discovery of Quaternary glacial evidence of Snow Mountain in Taiwan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(6): 566-571.
[21]	Cui Zhijiu, Yi Chaolu, Yan Jingfu.Quaternary glaciations in the Halasi River catchment and its surroundings in the Altai Mountains in Xingjiang, China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1992, 14(4): 342-351.
	[崔之久, 易朝璐, 严竞浮. 新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域及其邻域第四纪冰川作用. 冰川冻土, 1992, 14(4): 342-351.]
[22]	Zhao Jingdong, Liu Shiyin, Wang Jie et al. Glacial advances and ESR chronology of the Pochengzi Glaciation, Tianshan Mountains, China. Science in China: Series D, 2009, 39(12): 1681-1687.
	[赵井东, 刘时银, 王杰等. 天山破城子冰期的冰进及ESR年代学研究. 中国科学: D 辑, 2009, 39(12): 1681-1687.]
[23]	Ren Binghui.On the problem of Quaternary glaciations and periglacial phenomena in mountains near Lanzhou. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1981, 3(1): 19-25.
	[任炳辉. 兰州地区附近山地第四纪冰川与冰缘问题. 冰川冻土, 1981, 3(1): 19-25.]
[24]	Zhang W, He M Y, Li Y H et al. Quaternary glacier development and the relationship between the climate change and tectonic uplift in the Helan Mountain. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57: 4491-4504.
[25]	Liu Yong, Li Jijun.Late Quaternary glaciers and environment of Maxian Mt., Gansu Province//Li Jijun. Quaternary Glacier and Environment Research in West China. Beijing: Science Press, 1991: 46-56.
	[刘勇, 李吉均. 马衔山晚第四纪冰川与环境//李吉均. 中国西部第四纪冰川与环境. 北京: 科学出版社, 1991: 46-56.]
[26]	Zhang Wei, Liu Beibei, Li Yonghua et al. Quaternary glacier development and environmental evolution in Qianhu Mountain, northwestern Yunnan Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(5): 657-670.
	[张威, 刘蓓蓓, 李永化等. 云南千湖山第四纪冰川发育特点与环境变化. 地理学报, 2012, 67(5): 657-670.]
[27]	Wu Zhonghai, Zhang Shuangyong, Hu Daogong et al. Discussion on the dynamical mechanism and effect for normal fault in late Quaternary of eastern Haba-Yulongxueshan fault. Science in China: Series D, 2008, 38(11): 1361-1375.
	[吴中海, 张永双, 胡道功等. 滇西北哈巴—玉龙雪山东麓断裂的晚第四纪正断层作用及其动力学机制探讨. 中国科学: D辑, 2008, 38(11): 1361-1375.]
[28]	Cui Zhijiu, Xie Youyu, Li Hongyun.Paleoglacial traces and series of mutiglaciation in the Luojieshan Mountain. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1986, 8(2): 107-118.
	[崔之久, 谢又予, 李洪云. 四川攀西螺髻山第四纪冰川作用遗迹与冰期系列. 冰川冻土, 1986, 8(2): 107-118.]
[29]	Yang J Q, Cui Z J, Yi C L et al. "Tali Glaciation" on Massif Diancang. Science in China: Series D, 2007, 50: 1685-1692.
[30]	Kuang Mingsheng, Li Jijun, Zhao Yu et al. A study on the Quaternary glacial relics in the Gongwang Mountains in the northeast part of Yunnan Province. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1997, 19(4): 366-372.
	[况明生, 李吉均, 赵瑜等. 云南省东北部拱王山第四纪冰川遗迹研究. 冰川冻土, 1997, 19(4): 366-372.]
[31]	Kerschner K. Quantitative paleoclimatic inferences from late glacial snowline, timberline and rock glacial data Tyrolean Alps Australia:. Zeitschrift Gletscherkunde and Glacial Geologies, 1985, Bd 21 363-369.
[32]	Lin Zhiguang, Zhang Jiacheng.Climate of China. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1985.
	[林之光, 张家诚. 中国的气候. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 1985.]
[33]	Zhao Chengyi, Shi Fengzhi, Sheng Yu et al. Regional differentiation characteristics of precipitation changing with altitude in Xinjiang region in recent 50 years. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(6): 1203-1213.
	[赵成义, 施枫芝, 盛钰等. 近50 a来新疆降水随海拔变化的区域分异特征. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(6): 1203-1213.]
[34]	Zhang Yiguang.Several issues concerning vertical climate of the Hengduan Mountains. Resources Science, 1998, 20(3): 12-19.
	[张谊光. 横断山区垂直气候的几个问题. 资源科学, 1998, 20(3): 12-19.]
[35]	Xu Xiangke.Late Pleistocene glacial geomorphology and dating in Kanas river valley, Altai Mountains [D]. Beijing: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, 2010: 1-116.
	[许向科. 阿尔泰山喀纳斯河流域晚更新世冰川地貌与冰期序列测年[D]. 北京: 中国科学院青藏高原研究所, 2010: 1-116.]
[36]	Zhang Guofei, Li Zhongqin, Wang Wenbin et al. Change processes and characteristics of mass balance of the Urumqi glacier No.1 at the headwaters of the Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains, during 1959-2009. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(6): 1301-1309.
	[张国飞, 李忠勤, 王文彬等. 天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1959-2009年物质平衡变化过程及特征研究. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(6): 1301-1309.]
[37]	Wang Bin, Chen Yaming, Zhou Zhiyu.Study of soil nitrogen mineralization at different altitudes on western slopes of Helan Mountains, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2007, 27(3): 483-490.
	[王斌, 陈亚明, 周志宇. 贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度上土壤氮素矿化作用的研究. 中国沙漠, 2007, 27(3): 483-490.]
[38]	Sun Guojun, Zhao Songling.The study on vegetation of Mahan Mountains in Gansu. Acta Botanica. Boreali.-Occidentalia. Sinica, 1995, 15(5): 115-120.
	[孙国钧, 赵松岭. 甘肃省马衔山地区植被特征分析. 西北植物学报, 1995, 15(5): 115-120.]
[39]	Dai Junhu, Cui Haiting, Tang Zhiyao et al. Characteristics of alpine physical environment on Taibai Mountain. Journal of Mountain Science, 2001, 19(4): 299-305.
	[戴君虎, 崔海亭, 唐志尧等. 太白山高山带环境特征. 山地学报, 2001, 19(4): 299-305.]
[40]	Ren Jianmei, Niu Junjie, Hu Caihong et al. Tourism climate and evaluation of comfortableness in Wutai Mountain. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(6): 856-862.
	[任健美, 牛俊杰, 胡彩虹等. 五台山旅游气候及其舒适度评价. 地理研究, 2004, 23(6): 856-862.]
[41]	Wang Yu.Introduction of the Climate Change of Yunnan. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 1996: 53-58.
	[王宇. 云南气候变化概论. 北京: 气象出版社, 1996: 53-58.]
[42]	Ming Qingzhong, Su Huai, Shi Zhengtao et al. Last five Heinrich events revealed by lacustrine sediments from Xiaozhongdian Basin in Yunnan Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(1): 123-130.
	[明庆忠, 苏怀, 史正涛等. 云南小中甸盆地湖相沉积记录最近的5次Heinrich事件. 地理学报, 2011, 66(1): 123-130.]
[43]	Li Jijun, Su Zhen.Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains. Beijing: Science Press, 1996: 1-282.
	[李吉均, 苏珍. 横断山冰川. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996: 1-282.]
[44]	Zhang Wei, Cui Zhijiu, Guo Shanli et al. Glacier and Environment during the Last Glacial of Mountain in Northeast of Yunnan Province. Beijing: Intellectual Property Publishing House, 2005: 1-228.
	[张威, 崔之久, 郭善莉等. 滇东北高山末次冰期冰川与环境. 北京: 知识产权出版社, 2005: 1-228.]
[45]	Li Jijun, Zheng Benxing, Yang Xijin et al. Glaciers of Xizang (Tibet). Beijing: Science Press, 1986: 1-352.
	[李吉均, 郑本兴, 杨锡金等. 西藏冰川. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986: 1-352.]
[46]	Geng Kan, Yang Zhirong.Climatic characteristics and climatic landforms in Helan Mountain. Yantai Teachers' College Journal: Nature Science Edition, 1990, 6(2): 49-56.
	[耿侃, 杨志荣. 贺兰山气候特征与气候地貌. 烟台师范学院学报: 自然科学版, 1990, 6(2): 49-56.]

观测站	海拔 (m)	年降水量 (mm)	夏季气温 (^oC)	现代理论平衡线处气温值 (^oC)	夏季气温递减率 (^oC/100m)	现代理论平衡线高程 (m)
奔子栏	2050	285.6	23.7	-1.3	0.75	5378
东竹林	2988	532.8	16.5	-0.4	0.78	5152
122道班	3760	946.1	10.0	1.0	0.75	4961
白马雪山垭口	4292	807.1	5.1	0.5	0.76	4893
飞来寺	3485	513.8	11.3	-0.4	0.72	5117
向阳坡	2747	410.6	17.4	-0.8	0.69	5386
日嘴	2080	425.0	21.7	-0.8	0.69	5335
布尔津	474	117.4	22.5	-1.9	0.59	4609
哈巴河	533	172.0	21.6	-1.7	0.59	4479
阿勒泰	735	174.0	21.2	-1.7	0.59	4611
富蕴	803	157.7	22.8	-1.7	0.59	4962
青河	1218	158.9	18.6	-1.7	0.59	4663
森塔斯	1900	664.0	11.9	0.1	0.59	3907