延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201407006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

延河流域作为典型的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失是最主要的生态环境问题,其生态环境治理能为整个黄土高原生态恢复重建提供典型范例,因此评价延河流域景观格局变化对水文过程的影响,对流域景观格局与水文过程的研究具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。本文通过利用SWAT模型模拟的延河流域的41个子流域的水文响应单元,建立延河流域的“源—汇”水文响应单元景观格局指数,通过计算不同地形条件下水文响应单元随着坡度变化的面积累积百分比,构建了新的“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 综合景观指数”。并与SWAT水文模型所模拟获得的子流域径流量、产沙量进行相关性分析,评价“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 景观指数”对水文过程的表征能力和适用性。结果表明：在子流域尺度上Slope-HRU景观指数和产沙状况存在明显的区域分异规律,而且R值空间变异情况基本上与产沙量的空间变化规律相反,即R值呈现由南向北,由东向西递增,而产沙量由南向北,由东向西递减。R值与年产沙量在数值上呈显著相关关系,相关系数为-0.60;再将Slope-HRU景观指数与所选取的7个常用景观格局指数相结合,构成新的综合景观指数,发现它们与子流域的产沙量耦合关系明确,均显著负相关,相关系数绝对值范围为0.43~0.63。

关键词: 延河流域, 景观格局, 水文过程, 水文响应单元, 景观指数

Abstract:

As a typical experimental Soil and Water Conservation District, the Yanhe River basin has long been plagued by soil erosion due to severe human disturbances. The 'Grain-For-Green' project has been practiced to increase grain yield to feed the mass population in starvation and curbed the continually deteriorating ecological situation. It is importantly scientific to explore watershed landscape pattern and hydrological processes. Exerting remote sensing and geographic information technology, this paper firstly analyzed simulated ecological hydrological process in the Yanhe River basin based on SWAT model. On this basis, it applied landscape indices method, land use change on eco-hydrological processes was quantitatively described, particularly those soil erosion influences caused by the change of landscape pattern with the complicated topography and soil type status; then we defined the landscape unit including topography, soil and land use/land cover change (LUCC) information, constructed a comprehensive landscape indices which was closely related to soil erosion, and reflected the coupling relationship between regional landscape pattern change and soil erosion. The results are as follows: (1) this paper constituted the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological response units (HRUs) by several factors such as land use type, soil type, topography, etc. At the landscape level, seven landscape indices were selected with principal component factor analysis, which are DCAD, GYRATE_SD, COHESION, SHEI, TCA, PAFRAC, IJI, etc. Coupled analysis on relationships of landscape indices, annual runoff and annual sediment in each sub-basin, the correlation coefficient of seven selected landscape indices and runoff is very small and cannot pass all significant tests. But correlation among the indices except for TCA and IJI and sediment yield is significant; the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is between 0.3 and 0.5. (2) This paper built Slope-HRU landscape index: coupling relationship between Slope-HRU landscape indices and annual sediment in each sub-basin is very comprehensible, and correlation coefficient is -0.6, which is significantly negatively correlated. Based on 'source-sink' landscape theory of soil erosion, Slope-HRU landscape index was fabricated to reflect the relationship between landscape pattern and soil erosion process to a certain extent. According to the space distribution of R value of Slope-HRU landscape index in 41 sub-basins, the results showed that: in the sub-basin scale, Slope-HRU landscape indices and annual sediment have obvious regional differentiation regularity. And R value spatial variation of Slope-HRU landscape indices and the variation of annual sediment amount were on contrary. On the other hand, the R value increased from southeast to northwest, with annual sediment decreasing from southeast to northwest.

Key words: Yanhe River basin, landscape pattern, hydrological processes, hydrological response units (HRUs), landscape index

李晶, 周自翔. 延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 933-944.

Jing LI, Zixiang ZHOU. Landscape pattern and hydrological processes in Yanhe River basin of China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 933-944.

图/表 9

图1

图2

图3

表1

表2

图4

图5

图6

表3

参考文献 27

[1]	Lu Yihe, Chen Liding, Fu Bojie.Analysis of the integrating approach on landscape pattern and ecological processes. Progress in Geography, 2007, 26(3): 1-10.
	[吕一河, 陈利顶, 傅伯杰. 景观格局与生态过程的耦合途径分析. 地理科学进展, 2007, 26(3): 1-10.]
[2]	Chen Liding, Fu Bojie, Zhao Wenwu.Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(5): 1444-1449.
	[陈利顶, 傅伯杰, 赵文武. “源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义. 生态学报, 2006, 26(5): 1444-1449.]
[3]	Zhao Wenwu, Fu Bojie, Chen Liding.The effects of grain change on landscape indices. Quaternary Science, 2003, 23(3): 327-333.
	[赵文武, 傅伯杰, 陈利顶. 景观指数的粒度变化效应. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(3): 327-333.]
[4]	Sun Ranhao, Chen Liding, Wang Wei et al. Correlating landscape pattern with total nitrogen concentration using a location-weighted sink-source landscape index in the Haihe River Basin, China. Environmental Science, 2012, 33(2): 1784-1788.
	[孙然好, 陈利顶, 王伟等. 基于“源”“汇”景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价. 环境科学, 2012, 33(2): 1784-1788.]
[5]	Liu Yu, Lu Yihe, Fu Bojie.Implication and limitation of landscape metrics in delineating relationship between landscape pattern and soil erosion. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011, 31(1): 267-275.
	[刘宇, 吕一河, 傅伯杰. 景观格局:土壤侵蚀研究中景观指数的意义解释及局限性. 生态学报, 2011, 31(1): 267-275.]
[6]	Huang C, Geiger E L, Kupfer J A.Sensitivity of landscape metrics to classification scheme. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006, 27: 2927-2948.
[7]	Saura S, Martinez M J.Sensitivity of landscape pattern metrics to map spatial extent. Photogrammetric Engineering and RemoteSensing, 2001, 67(9): 1027-1036
[8]	Evelyn U, Jri R, Blo M.Scale dependence of landscape metrics and their indicatory value for nutrient and organic matter losses from catchments. Ecological Indicators, 2005, 5(4): 350-369.
[9]	Chen Liding, Fu Bojie, Xu Jianying et al. Location-weighted landscape contrast index: A scale independent approach for landscape pattern evaluation based on “Source-Sink” ecological processes. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(11): 2406-2413.
	[陈利顶, 傅伯杰, 徐建英等. 基于“源—汇”生态过程的景观格局识别方法: 景观空间负荷对比指数. 生态学报, 2003, 23(11): 2406-2413.]
[10]	Yan Li, Zhen Lin, Xie Gaodi et al. Effects on changing grain size of landscape indices in Jinghe Watershed. Resources Science, 2007, 29(2): 183-187.
	[杨丽, 甄霖, 谢高地等. 泾河流域景观指数的粒度效应分析. 资源科学, 2007, 29(2): 183-187.]
[11]	Robert C C, Joan I N.Limitations of using landscape pattern indices to evaluate the ecological consequences of alternative plans and design. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005, 72: 265-280.
[12]	Zhang Qiang, Zhang Xinshi.Impacts of predictor variables and species models on simulating Tamarix ramosissima distribution in Tarim Basin, northwestern China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 5(3): 337-345.
[13]	Qi Chuhua.Study on the Relationship between the Erosion and Water Loss and Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Education Press, 1991: 210.
	[齐矗华. 黄土高原侵蚀地貌与水土流失关系研究. 西安: 陕西人民教育出版社, 1991: 210.]
[14]	Compiling Committee of Shaanxi Local Chronicles. Shaanxi Province: Geography. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press, 2000: 731-738.
	[陕西省地方志编纂委员会. 陕西省志: 地理志. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 2000: 731-738.]
[15]	Department of Geography of Shaanxi Normal University. Geography of Yan'an. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press, 2000: 731-738.
	[陕西师范学大学地理系. 延安地理志. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 2000: 731-738.]
[16]	ArcSWAT2.
[17]	Chen Wenbo, Xiao Duning, Li Xiuzhen.Classification, application, and creation of landscape indices. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(1): 121-125.
	[陈文波, 肖笃宁, 李秀珍. 景观指数分类、应用及构建研究. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(1): 121-125.]
[18]	He Peng, Zhang Huiru.Study on factor analysis and selection of common landscape metrics. Forest Research, 2009, 22(4): 470-474.
	[何鹏, 张会儒. 常用景观指数的因子分析和筛选方法研究. 林业科学研究, 2009, 22(4): 470-474.]
[19]	Landscape Pattern..
	[景观格局. .]
[20]	Wang Xinming, Wang Changyao, Zhan Yulin et al. A factor analysis on landscape structure metrics with large scale. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2006, 22(1): 17-21.
	[王新明, 王长耀, 占玉林等. 大尺度景观结构指数的因子分析. 地理与地理信息科学, 2006, 22(1): 17-21.]
[21]	Li Hongliang.Study on the impacts of land use/land cover change to the hydrological based on the SWAT model [D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebai Normal University, 2007.
	[李宏亮. 基于SWAT模型的土地利用/覆被变化对水文要素的影响研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北师范大学, 2007.]
[22]	Fu B J, Zhao W W, Chen L D et al. Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Land Degradation & Development, 2005, 16: 73-85.
[23]	Zhang Keli, Peng Wenying, Yang Hongli.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(1): 7-13.
	[张科利, 彭文英, 杨红丽. 中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(1): 7-13.]
[24]	Zhang Leina, Li Xiubin, Wang Zhaofeng et al. Study and application of SWAT Model in the Yunzhou Reservoir Basin. Hydrology, 2004, 24(3): 4-8.
	[张蕾娜, 李秀彬, 王兆锋等. 一种可用于表征土地利用变化水文效应的水文模型探讨: SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用研究. 水文, 2004, 24(3): 4-8.]
[25]	Ren manli. Research of runoff simulation in Ebinur Lake Basin based on SWAT Model [D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang University, 2013.
	[任曼丽. 基于SWAT模型的艾比湖流域径流模拟[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆大学, 2013.]
[26]	Wang Lei.Study on physical watershed hydrological model based on triangulated irregular network [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2006.
	[王蕾. 基于不规则三角形网格的物理性流域水文模型研究. 北京: 清华大学, 2006.]
[27]	Wang Zhonggen, Liu Changming, Zuo Qiting et al. Methods of constructing distributed hydrological model based on DEM. Progress in Geography, 2002, 21(5): 430-439.
	[王中根, 刘昌明, 左其亭等. 基于DEM 的分布式水文模型构建方法. 地理科学进展, 2002, 21(5): 430-439.]

景观指数	独立核心斑块密度 (DCAD)	回旋半径 (GYRATE_SD)	连通度指数 (COHESION)	香农均匀度指数 (SHEI)	总核心面积 (TCA)	周长—面积分形维数 (PAFRAC)	散布与并列指数 (IJI)
径流深	-0.127	0.057	0.156	-0.139	-0.102	-0.016	-0.288
产沙量	-0.502^**	0.335^*	0.428^**	0.340^*	-0.186	-0.397^*	0.233

		源景观 (M)	汇景观 (N)	Slope-HRU景观指数 (R)	径流量	产沙量
源景观 (M)	Pearson 相关性	1	0.809**	0.429**	-0.075	0.320*
	显著性 (双侧)		0.000	0.005	0.640	0.041
	N	41	41	41	41	41
汇景观 (N)	Pearson 相关性	0.809**	1	-0.072	-0.129	-0.022
	显著性 (双侧)	0.000		0.656	0.420	0.890
	N	41	41	41	41	41
Slope-HRU景观指数 (R)	Pearson 相关性	0.429**	-0.072	1	0.069	-0.600**
	显著性 (双侧)	0.005	0.656		0.669	0.000
	N	41	41	41	41	41
径流量	Pearson 相关性	-0.075	-0.129	0.069	1	-0.077
	显著性 (双侧)	0.640	0.420	0.669		0.633
	N	41	41	41	41	41
产沙量	Pearson 相关性	0.320*	-0.022	-0.600**	-0.077	1
	显著性 (双侧)	0.041	0.890	0.000	0.633
	N	41	41	41	41	41

相关系数	周长面积分维Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (PAFRAC-R)	独立核心斑块密度Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (DCAD-R)	连通度Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (COHESION-R)	核心斑块总面积Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (TCA-R)	散布与并列Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (IJI-R)	回旋半径Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (GYRATE-R)	香农均匀度Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (SHEI-R)	独立核心斑块密度-周长面积分维-Slope-HRU景观格局指数 (DCAD-PAFRAC-R)
径流量	0.067	0.025	0.083	-0.041	0.027	0.096	0.049	0.024
产沙量	-0.601^**	-0.626^**	-0.580^**	-0.431^**	-0.587^**	-0.550^**	-0.572^**	-0.626^**