中国入境旅游服务质量时空态势演变与区域影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlxb201312009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 运用锡尔指数、ESDA、质—量矩阵、Pearson 相关系数等方法，从时序演变、空间关联、质—量态势、区域影响因素4 个视角对近10 年我国入境旅游服务质量进行了研究。分析发现：① 我国入境旅游服务质量整体呈提升态势，中部逐渐赶超东部，西部常年最低。② 省区间服务质量差异存在收敛趋势，地带内差异比重较高。东、中部服务质量势能差转换较好，差异在低值上表现出连续倒U型演变；西部差异高度震荡，服务质量势能差没有实现稳定、渐进式转换。③ 与入境旅游流及收入不同，多数年份入境旅游服务质量未呈现显著全局空间自相关。④ 局部空间相关关系的波动主要由邻近省区一方跃迁造成，多为质量下降型；低值集聚区在西部扩大的同时，由西南内陆向南部沿海扩散。⑤ 东部高值集聚区比重较大，但显著程度降低；中部随着吉林的崛起，形成以其为中心的高值集聚区，显著程度超过长三角；西部形成滇—川、新—青—藏两大显著低值集聚区。⑥ 东部质—量态势最优，但出现数量型粗放发展趋势；中部质量发展好于数量；西部质—量态势日渐堪忧。各省区表现出9 种质—量态势演变类型。⑦ 入境旅游服务质量与接待设施、劳动力供给、经济生活水平等区域因素正向相关，与入境旅游收入及接待量相关关系不强。

关键词: 入境旅游, 时空变化, 影响因素, 中国, 质—量态势, 服务质量

Abstract: To some extent, the development of China's tourism industry originated from inbound tourism. Generally speaking, the tourism industry has been keeping rapidly increasing in quantity. On the other hand, we should pay enough attention to its quality situation which has a great influence on the sustainable development. But through literature review, we find that there are some deficiencies in the related research, such as lack of time-series research, little attention paid to the spatial association and full of one-sided perspective: quantity or quality. As a result, based on the data of inbound tourist's evaluation on the service quality from 1999 to 2009, this paper conducts a research on the service quality of inbound tourism in China, in the view of time, space, situation and regional influencing factors. Research methods include Theil index, ESDA, quality-quantity matrix and Pearson correlation coefficient. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) On the whole, inbound tourism service quality had been improving in China from 1999 to 2009. The situation of central region had been better than that of the east since 2006. But western region had been in the worst situation. (2) Service quality differences among provinces presented a convergent trend. The percentage of differences in regions was very high. In eastern and central regions, service quality differences presented a continuous reversed U-shaped pattern at low level, while those in western region changed greatly. It can be concluded that the conversion of service quality potential energy difference in eastern and central regions was better than that of the west. (3) Inbound tourism service quality did not show significant global spatial autocorrelation in most years, which was different from the situation of inbound tourist flow and tourism revenue. (4) The fluctuation of local spatial relationship was primarily caused by the quality reduction of neighbor provinces. LL zone expanded from southwestern inland to southern coastal area. (5) In eastern region, HH zone accounted for a large proportion, but its significant degree began to reduce. In central region, as the rise of Jilin Province, HH zone with Jilin Province as the centre came into being and its significant degree became higher than that of the Yangtze River Delta. Yunnan-Sichuan and Xinjiang-Qinghai-Tibet were the significant LL zones in western region. (6) As for the situation of quality-quantity, eastern region was the best, but the quality of some provinces began to decline while the reception number remained large. In central region, the development situation of quality was better than that of quantity. Both the quality and quantity developments were in bad situation in the west. According to the evolution of quality-quantity, the 31 provinces can be divided into 9 types. (7) Inbound tourism service quality was positively correlated with service facility, labor supply and economic living level, but it was not so much affected by inbound tourism revenue or reception number.

Key words: inbound tourism, quality-quantity situation, influencing factors, service quality, China, spatio-temporal evolution

黄毅, 马耀峰, 薛华菊. 中国入境旅游服务质量时空态势演变与区域影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(12): 1689-1701.

HUANG Yi, MA Yaofeng, XUE Huaju. Spatio-temporal-situational evolution and regional influencing factors of the inbound tourism service quality in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(12): 1689-1701.

参考文献

[1] Obenour W, Patterson M, Pedersen P et al. Conceptualization of a meaning-based research approach for tourism service experiences. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(1): 34-41.
[2] Yu L, Goulden M. A comparative analysis of international tourists' satisfaction in Mongolia. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(6): 1331-1342.
[3] Eraqi M I. Egypt as a macro-tourist destination: Tourism services quality and positioning. Services and Operations Management, 2007, 3(3): 297-315.
[4] Wang Enxu, Wu Chunyou. A study on the satisfaction of inbound tourism service quality based on grey correlation analysis. Tourism Tribune, 2008, 23(11): 30-34. [王恩旭, 武春友. 基于灰色关联分析的入境旅游服务质量满意度研究. 旅游学刊, 2008, 23(11): 30-34.]
[5] Chand M. Measuring the service quality of Indian tourism destinations: An application of SERVQUAL model. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 2010, 13(3/4): 218-233.
[6] Research Group of China Tourist Satisfaction Index. On the construction of tourist satisfaction evaluation system and its empirical study. Tourism Tribune, 2012, 27(7): 74-80. [“游客满意度指数”课题组. 游客满意度测评体系的构建及实证研究. 旅游学刊, 2012, 27(7): 74-80.]
[7] Ma Yaofeng, Li Tianshun, Liu Xinping. Tourist Behavior. Beijing: Science Press, 2008. [马耀峰, 李天顺, 刘新平. 旅游者行为. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008.]
[8] Shen Tiyan, Feng Dengtian, Sun Tieshan. Spatial Econometrics. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2010. [沈体雁, 冯等田, 孙铁山. 空间计量经济学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2010.]
[9] Zhang Y, Xu J H, Zhuang P J. The spatial relationship of tourist distribution in Chinese cities. Tourism Geographies, 2011, 13(1): 75-90.
[10] Yang Y, Wong K K F. Spatial distribution of tourist flows to China's cities. Tourism Geographies, 2013, 15(2): 338-363.
[11] Zhao Anzhou, Bai Kai, Wei Haiyan. Evolution of the gravity center and spatial differentiation among the provinces of the inbound tourism industry in China. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2011, 39(4): 97-102. [赵安周, 白凯, 卫海燕. 中国入境旅游重心演变与省域空间分异规律. 陕西师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 39(4): 97-102.]
[12] Jae H K, Imad A M. Forecasting international tourist flows to Australia: A comparison between the direct and indirect methods. Tourism Management, 2005, 26(1): 69-78.
[13] Zhu Hong, Wu Qitao. Study on tourism size of provinces and primary cities in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(6): 919-927. [朱竑, 吴旗韬. 中国省际及主要旅游城市旅游规模. 地理学报, 2005, 60(6): 919-927.]
[14] Deng M, Athanasopoulos G. Modelling Australian domestic and international inbound travel: A spatial-temporal approach. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(5): 1075-1084.
[15] Liu Fajian, Zhang Jie, Chen Dongdong. The characteristics and dynamical factors of Chinese inbound tourist flow network. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(8): 1013-1024. [刘法建, 张捷, 陈冬冬. 中国入境旅游流网络结构特征及动因研究. 地理学报, 2010, 65(8): 1013-1024.]
[16] Li Chuangxin, Ma Yaofeng, Zheng Peng et al. Characters of regional structure of Chinese inbound tourism flows'concentration and diffusion based on spatial transferring state matrix: A case study of six typical areas of Chinese inbound tourism. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(5): 620-626. [李创新, 马耀峰, 郑鹏等. 基于STSM的入境旅游流集散地域结构特征分析: 以中国入境旅游六大典型区域为例. 地理科学, 2011, 31(5): 620-626.]
[17] Chen Xiuqiong, Huang Fucai. Temporal change of regional disparity in Chinese inbound tourism. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(12): 1271-1280. [陈秀琼, 黄福才. 中国入境旅游的区域差异特征分析. 地理学报, 2006, 61(12): 1271-1280.]
[18] Wang Degen, Chen Tian. Spatial analysis for regional difference of tourism economy in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(5): 528-536. [汪德根, 陈田. 中国旅游经济区域差异的空间分析. 地理科学, 2011, 31(5): 528-536.]
[19] Wan Xucai, Wang Houting, Fu Chaoxia et al. The intercity difference and influencing factors of inbound tourism development in China: Taking the major tourism cities as an example. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(2): 337-346. [万绪才, 王厚廷, 傅朝霞等. 中国城市入境旅游发展差异及其影响因素: 以重点旅游城市为例. 地理研究, 2013, 32(2): 337-346.]
[20] Chen Gangqiang, Li Yinghui, Liu Juan. Evolution of size distribution of inbound tourism in China. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(6): 1044-1054. [陈刚强, 李映辉, 刘娟. 中国入境旅游规模分布特征及其变化. 地理研究, 2011, 30 (6): 1044-1054.]
[21] Zhang Hui. The research on service quality evaluation model with empirical study in tourism enterprises based on DEA method [D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2005. [张慧. 基于DEA方法的旅游企业服务质量评价模型及其实证研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2005.]
[22] Ekinci Y, Prokopaki P, Cobanoglu C. Service quality in Cretan accommodations: Marketing strategies for the UK holiday market. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2003, 22(1): 47-66.
[23] Su Qin. A study on the types of tourists and their experience quality: A case study of Zhouzhuang. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004, 24(4): 506-511. [苏勤. 旅游者类型及其体验质量研究: 以周庄为例. 地理科学, 2004, 24 (4): 506-511.]
[24] Lin Meizhen. The impact of supportive leadership and empowerment climate on employees' service quality in business firms of hospitality industry. Tourism Tribune, 2011, 26(1): 63-73. [林美珍. 支持型领导与授权氛围对旅游企业员工服务质量的影响. 旅游学刊, 2011, 26(1): 63-73.]
[25] Ling Qian, Wang Chunxiao, Zhang Xiujuan et al. The impact of the style of "Servant-type" leadership on employees' service quality. Tourism Tribune, 2010, 25(4): 68-75. [凌茜, 汪纯孝, 张秀娟等. 公仆型领导风格对员工服务质量的影响. 旅游学刊, 2010, 25(4): 68-75.]
[26] Anselin L. Interactive techniques and exploratory spatial data analysis//Longley P A, Goodchild M F, Maguire D J et al. Geographical Information Systems, Principles, Technical Issues, Management Issues and Applications. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Press, 1999.
[27] Clif A D, Ord J K. Spatial Processes, Models and Applications. London, England: Pion Limited, 1981.
[28] Anselin L. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA. Geographical Analysis, 1995, 27(2): 93-115.
[29] Getis A, Ord J K. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 1992, 24(3): 189-206.
[30] Ma Yaofeng, Zhang Youyin, Liang Xuesong. Positivism study on the model of tourism service perception and evaluation. Human Geography, 2006, 21(1): 25-28. [马耀峰, 张佑印, 梁雪松. 旅游服务感知评价模型的实证研究. 人文地理, 2006, 21(1): 25-28.]
[31] Shi Chunyun, Liu Zhehua. On tourists' satisfaction based on pure perception model. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(4): 51-55. [史春云, 刘泽华. 基于单纯感知模型的游客满意度研究. 旅游学刊, 2009, 24(4): 51-55.]
[32] Zhu Zhenghao, Liu Dingyi, Lv Kaiyan. The empirical study of satisfaction survey of travel quality in Taiwan. Tourism Science, 2009, 23(2): 31-37. [朱正浩, 刘丁已, 吕开颜. 台湾地区旅游质量满意度的实证研究. 旅游科学, 2009, 23 (2): 31-37.]
[33] Xiao Qianhui, Zhang Wenqiang, Suo Lingjiao. The Satisfaction and Consumption Behavior of China Inbound Tourists (1998-2007). Beijing: Tourism Education Press, 2009. [肖潜辉, 张雯强, 索灵浇. 中国入境游客的满意度和消费行为 (1998-2007). 北京: 旅游教育出版社, 2009.]
[34] Wu Bihu, Yu Xi. Principles of Tourism Planning. Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press, 2010. [吴必虎, 俞曦. 旅游规划原理. 北京: 中国旅游出版社, 2010.]
[35] Fan Jie, Tao Anjun, Lv Chen. The coupling mechanism of the centroids of economic gravity and population gravity and its effect on the regional gap in China. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(1): 87-95. [樊杰, 陶岸君, 吕晨. 中国经济与人口重心的耦合态势及其对区域发展的影响. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(1): 87-95.]
[36] Rey S J. Spatial empirics for economic growth and convergence. Geographical Analysis, 2001, 33(3): 195-214.
[37] Zhang Yan. The functional mechanism of geographic factors to economic catch-up in late-developing region: A case study of Beibu Gulf Economic Zone [D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2010. [张燕. 后发区域经济追赶中的地理要素作用机制: 以北部湾经济区为例[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2010.]