Geographical proximity not only helps to reduce information costs but also improves the relationship between banks and enterprises, thus increasing the availability of bank loans. This is why geographical distance affects the finance. We here found that geographical distance between banks and enterprises seeking loans had two effects on bank loans, namely, the "information effect" and "relationship effect". Based on the analysis of the mechanism by which geographical distance affects corporate bank loans, this paper uses the data of bank branches and loans made to private listed companies to characterize the average geographical distance of corporate loans at the municipal level and explore the impact of geographical distance on corporate bank loans. We here found the folllowing: (1) The geographical distance between banks and enterprises has a significant negative impact on the amount of loans. The closer the geographical distance, the greater the amount of money lent; the distance between borrowers and lenders in the same city or the same province showed a significant impact on the amount of money lent. (2) The distance between banks and enterprises in central cities, large cities, and developed cities tended to be greater than that in non-central cities, small cities, and developing cities. The influence of bank-enterprise geographic distance on corporate credit was more prominent in central cities, large cities, and developed cities. (3) Firm size, listing age, and history of state holding can reduce the effect of geographical distance on bank loans. (4) Informatization level and geographical distance have a substitutive relationship in terms of loan availability. The development of informatization can help reduce the restriction of geographical distance on bank loans but cannot eliminate it. The present work argues that it is of great importance to ease this constraint on enterprise financing.

It is very important to summarize the research, understand the development process and direction of industrial geography in China scientifically under the context of the development of international industrial geography. Based on 154 papers on industrial geography published in Acta Geographica Sinica from 1934-2019, this paper reviewed the development process of industrial geography in China and the progress of research in major fields. This paper showed that China's industrial geography is a unique theoretical system based on the integration of Western industrial geography theory and Soviet-style industrial geography theory, under the tasks of theory development and practices. Going through exploration, growth, perspective changing and deepening, industrial geography is gradually brought into line with the international researches on the content and paradigm. The development of discipline needs to meet the national strategic demand, raise theoretical innovation capacity, strengthen the application of new methods and techniques, and develop theories of industrial geography with the Chinese institutional context.

Under the background of the third revolution of production mode in the automobile industry, as represented by modularization, there arise a series of urgent theoretical and practical problems: how the new production mode affects the evolution of the spatial organization of the automobile industry, how to explain its mechanism based on economic geography, and how to analyze its effects on specific industrial clusters. Taking FAW-Volkswagen as an example, based on the local full-coverage first-level supply chain mapping industry cluster organization of vehicle manufacturing, this paper explores the effects of modular production on the spatial organization of automobile industry clusters at the local-regional scale. Results indicate that: (1) The degree of local agglomeration decreases with the decline of local economy. To a certain extent, the scale economy created by modular production overcomes transportation cost, leading to both the weakened production dependence of large-scale vehicle groups on the host area after industrial transfer and the reduced spatial agglomeration of parts suppliers. (2) Beyond locality: the production network between regions is reconstructed. Under modular production, regional production networks will be reorganized, which reflects the importance of scale production and scale reorganization for spatial economic dynamics. When the Yangtze River Delta region, with its regional advantages in the manufacturing industry and its complete auto parts industry chain, takes part in the division and cooperation of the production network of FAW-Volkswagen automobile factories in four cities across the country in the form of industry clusters, "beyond locality" competitive advantages are created. (3) Scale economic effect, knowledge technology sharing, and enterprise organization strengthening jointly drive the spatial reconstruction of China's automobile industry clusters under modular production. This study provides insight to understand the interactive mechanism between the adjustment of production mode and the evolution of the spatial organization structure of manufacturing industry clusters, offering beneficial complements to studies on industrial geography from the perspectives of economy, system, society, and innovation.

This paper expands the resource misallocation model based on the effect of price distortion. It measures the green total-factor productivity (GTFP) loss of urban industry due to land misallocation and analyzes its spatial and temporal changes by using the industrial input-output data of 285 cities in China from 2004 to 2017. The main results are as follows: (1) Capital misallocation still plays the most important role in the urban industrial GTFP loss, followed by land misallocation (10.5%) and energy misallocation. (2) The characteristics of industrial GTFP loss in Chinese cities induced by land misallocation can be summarized as "initially a small decline, then a large increase, and finally a large decline". Overall, the urban industrial GTFP loss increased, ranging from 1.10% to 2.48%. A correction in land misallocation is expected to bring about a 2% increase of industrial GTFP among Chinese cities. The characteristics of urban industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation in the eastern and central regions are similar as that at the national level, while the loss in the western region maintains a high value with a slight overall decline. The eastern region is at the forefront of China's urban industrial development, and its industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation dominates changes at the national level. (3) The spatial pattern of urban industrial GTFP loss in China due to land misallocation is characterized by contiguous clustering. The number of provinces with higher- and high-grade urban industrial GTFP loss has increased, gradually clustering in the northern region, mainly in the Yellow River basin. The number of provinces with low- and medium-grade loss has decreased and are mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River basin and the eastern coastal region. The total variation in urban industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation among Chinese cities has been narrowed. The unbalanced allocation efficiency of urban industrial land in the three regions is the fundamental cause for the contrasting loss in urban industrial GTFP from land misallocation. In particular, the unbalanced allocation efficiency of urban industrial land in the western region is the main reason. The collaborative regional development in recent years is conducive to bridging the gap in the allocation efficiency of urban industrial land among the three regions.

To explore the dynamic digital economy growth, regional differences, and the spatial distribution of regional income, this study takes Zhejiang Province, China's digital economy innovation highland, as a research sample, constructs the index system of dynamic factors of digital economic growth, and proposes the concept of a Digital Economy Growth Driving Index (DEGDI). Using the Weaver-Thomas model, grey correlation analysis, and GIS hierarchical coloring method, the paper analyzes the dominant driving force of digital economic growth in Zhejiang at the city level and verifies its relevance with regional income. The research results show that: (1) The dynamic characteristics of digital economic growth in this province fluctuates in a small range. (2) From the spatial pattern, the digital economic growth presents a "double core" phenomenon, in which Hangzhou and Ningbo are the cores. The industry-supply leading type is mainly distributed in the southwest of Zhejiang; the market-demand-driven, information-application-driven, and innovation-driven types are mainly found in the northwest part of the province. (3) There is a strong correlation between the DEGDI and regional income. The higher the DEGI, the higher the regional income, and vice versa. The change of the leading dynamics structure of the digital economy is forming a complex and diverse regional economic growth behavior mode.

Firm related diversification is a common strategy for emerging economies to promote growth. As evidenced in the rapidly expanding economic literature, a host of internal factors such as residual resources, firm scale and capital structure are important for firm product diversification. However, there has been a dearth of economic researches on the external factors of firm product diversification. Based on such consideration, this article investigates the influence of local related variety on firm's export diversification strategy and explores the moderating effects of regional institutions by estimating tobit model based on the trade data of China's 31 provinces during 2012-2016. The results show that: (1) local related variety has a significant impact on firms' export diversification strategy. Specifically, firms located in regions dominated by related varieties are more likely to show related diversification patterns of export products. (2) Besides, the relationships between firm routines and local related variety are different in varied institutional contexts. For example, the regional atmosphere of trust is one of the most important informal institutions. This paper finds that the atmosphere of local trust will strengthen the relationship between firms' related diversification patterns and local related variety significantly. As for formal institutions, we find different moderating effects of regional marketization, globalization and decentralization. Marketization's moderating role is positive, while regional process of globalization and decentralization exerts a serious negative impact on the consistency of regions and firms in diversification patterns. According to the above results, this paper attempts to redress the neglect of regional institutions and forge a link between the economic and geographical investigations which helps to offer a broader view on the external factors of firm related diversification. It also points out that there is a complex relationship among local export variety, regional institutions and firm related diversification. Chinese government should promote local firm's contacts by preferential policies and create new opportunities for local industrial development.

In the era of China's New Normal, compared with other regions in China, the Northeast region has been in obvious economic downturn featured by its weak adaption, or in other words, weak regional economic resilience. However, there is a lack of study on how middle or micro economic sectors, particularly industries and enterprises could shape the resilience level of regional macro economy. This paper, therefore, tries to fill this gap by analyzing the multi-level characteristics of Shenyang's economic resilience since 1978, with regard to its economic growth, industrial restructuring, and enterprise spatial dynamics. We found that affected by China's development status, resilience level of Shenyang's economy shows a weak-strong-weak cycle, driven by the fluctuation of its secondary industry. There are obvious differences in the resilience level of old and new paths in Shenyang. In particular, due to its low competitiveness, the resilience level of mechanical industry in old paths has weakened and imposed greater impacts on secondary industry. Meanwhile, the survival rate of old and new enterprises indicates that the resilience level of old paths enterprises is stronger than that of the new paths ones under the context of national economy slowing down; except for enterprises in food industry, the resilience level of old enterprises is stronger than that of the new ones. Moreover, this research indicates that new enterprises of technology-intensive industry such as the old paths and the electronic industry in new paths show a spatial path dependence of city center, and spatial agglomeration has positive effects on enterprises' survival.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China is sharply catalyzing the evolution of the global economic landscape. In order to cope with these great changes, China needs to take South China Sea Region (SCSR) as its strategic pivot and explore the construction possibility of a strategic integrated economic zone combining China and ASEAN. Based on key indicators, this paper outlines the overall development characteristics of SCSR, analyses the structural characteristics of industry and trade based on the indexes of industrial structure similarity and trade structure coincidence, depicts the spatial network characteristics of the core growth area around SCSR, and discusses the construction prospect of multiple integrated economic zone in SCSR. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2017, the main economic indicators of SCSR grew pretty well, the development speed and quality were much higher than the global average level in the same period. (2) Driven by the global industrial transfer stages and spatial paths, SCSR has evolved into four levels, the first level includes Macao, Singapore, and Hong Kong, the second level includes Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Brunei and Malaysia, the third level includes Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam, the fourth level includes Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. (3) The indexes of industrial structure similarity and trade structure coincidence of 11 countries in SCSR keep at a high level, which do not only show the integration trend from the horizontal and vertical dimensions, but also from the upgrading and downgrading states. (4) SCSR has formed nine core growth regions, and the advantage industries and export commodity types between different regions are characterized by convergence and complementarity due to the polarization and diffusion effect of the growth poles. (5) From a long-term perspective, SCSR has had the external and internal conditions for building a multiple integrated economic zone. The 5th round of global industrial transfer and the reconstruction of the global value chain will build a production-consumption network which can match the characteristics of regional resource endowments, while the spatial network will be built by spatial entities such as urban agglomeration and high-speed transportation, and the cooperation policy platform from internal and external conditions will better guarantee the construction of the multiple integrated economic zone as well.

Traffic facilities are important resources for the future sustainable development of old industrial areas. It is of great practical significance to evaluate and study the spatiotemporal differentiation laws and mechanisms of traffic dominance. A comprehensive evaluation method based on traffic network density, traffic trunk line influence degree, and location dominance was constructed to measure traffic dominance. Taking Northeast China as the case study, the influencing factors and mechanisms of the overall pattern of traffic dominance were analyzed through network analysis, multivariable linear regression and geographic weighted regression. The results show that: (1) The overall traffic dominance of Northeast China is on the rise, and its spatial distribution pattern takes Harbin-Dalian line as the axis and presents a "core-periphery" structure. (2) The spatial differentiation of the overall traffic dominance of the study area is obvious. Most of the high value areas are concentrated along the high-speed railways, while the low value areas are mainly distributed in the east of Inner Mongolia and the north of Heilongjiang. The spatial difference is increasing gradually. (3) The fast traffic mode contributes a lot to the traffic dominance of Northeast China, and the influence of population carrying capacity on the spatiotemporal differentiation of traffic dominance is gradually strengthened. Expanding the traffic trunk lines and increasing the number of traffic hubs will help to improve the traffic dominance of Northeast China.

The integrated development of urban rail transit and land use nearby is one of the most important issues for sustainable development of cities. To improve the sustainability of urban rail transit and the rationality of land resource allocation, it is of great importance to understand the dependence relationship between passenger flow of urban rail transit and functions of land use. Regression analysis is the main method to study this relationship. However, the descriptions of land use in existing research are mostly based on sketchy data such as land area, which is difficult to reveal the impact mechanism and spatial effects of land use of various attributes on passenger flow. To this end, this study utilizes Point of Interest (POI) data of Baidu Map to describe land use information, and proposes a fine-grained description method of land use function within the attraction scope of urban rail transit station. Based on the case of Beijing Subway, global regression models with constant parameters and local regression model with variable parameters are employed to study the dependence relationship and spatial effects of coarse and fine-grained land use with outbound passenger flow at morning peak. The case study of Beijing Subway shows that comprehensively considering the tradeoff between the explanatory power and complexity of models, and the effect of dealing with spatial dependence and heterogeneity, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model with variable parameters has the best estimation compared with the global model with constant parameter. Its interpretation ability is 84%, and Moran's I index of residuals is 0.0001, which can describe the spatial heterogeneity of the dependence of station outbound passenger flow and POI. The results also display that the Beijing's urban rail transit station basically covers the social and economic center of the central city. These areas are usually developed in a high-intensity hybrid manner for land development. Moreover, the impact and spatial characteristics of land use with different attributes and functions on the morning peak outbound passenger flow are significantly different. For example, the morning peak outbound passenger flow is closely related with the land for commercial and business facilities, administration and public services, which are related to housing and employment, and the commuter between the two places. At the fine-grained level, the outbound passenger flow is more dependent on POI of office buildings and government agencies, which are significantly distributed in the central city functional areas and urban core areas with dense employment. The local model with variable parameters based on fine-grained POI can better identify the impact and spatial heterogeneity of various types of land use on station passenger flow. The case study indicates that the dependence of station passenger flow and land use is the superposition of impacts and spatial effects of various attribute functions of land use.

Land use morphology is the core content of land use transition research. Farmers' land use decision is a deep factor that causes the change of land use system and land use transition. At present, scholars have carried out a series of theoretical and empirical studies on the morphology of farmland use from multiple perspectives, but there are few studies concerning the recessive morphology and its forming mechanism of farmland use from the perspective of farmer household. In order to reveal the differences of recessive morphology of farmers' farmland use and their influencing factors, this paper measured the farmland use efficiency from the perspectives of farmland use efficiency, labor changes and agricultural production decision-making of farmer household based on the survey data of farmer households in Shouguang and Yiyuan, and probed the driving mechanism of farmland use efficiency of farmer household by constructing a structural equation model. The results show that the farmland use efficiency of Shouguang and Yiyuan is low, and there are differences in geomorphological type and farmer type. The efficiency of farmland use in the plain area is slightly higher than that in the mountainous area, and the farmland use efficiency of elderly farmers is lower than that of young farmers. In terms of impact path, farmers' management scale and production factor input as well as farmland output can directly affect farmland use efficiency, while the planting structure has no significant influence on farmland use efficiency.

The theory on the cyclic adaptaion between society and ecosystem sheds new light on the evolution and internal structure of human-land system. This paper introduces the risk index (RI) and adaptation capacity index (ACI) to evaluate the rural human-land system, and sets up an evaluation index system for the adaptability of rural human-land system, under the effects of climate change and policy implementation. On this basis, the stages, features, control factors, and evolution mechanism were examined for the adaptability of rural human-land system in Darhan Mumingan United Banner from 1952 to 2017. The main results are as follows: (1) The evolution of the rural human-land system can be divided into three stages, namely, the reorganization and rapid development stage from 1952 to 2002 (population: +260%; cultivated land area: +13%; livestock: +134%; degradated grassland area: +16.33%), the rapid to stable development stage from 2003 to 2010 (population: +2.8%; cultivated land area: -2.3%; livestock: -13.6%; degradated grassland area: -10.7%), and the stable to release stage from 2011 to 2017 (population: -2.6%; cultivated land area: -0.2%; livestock: -10.6%; degradated grassland area: -3.8%). (2) With the elapse of time, the ACI of the rural human-land system went through a slow rise (-0.016-0.031), a slow decline (0.031-0.003), and a rapid rise (0.003-0.088). In terms of space, the adaptability is high in the middle, moderate in the north, and low in the south. (3) The adaptability evolution of the rural human-land system was mainly controlled by the per-capita effective irrigation area (22.31%) and the per-capita number of livestocks (23.47%) from 1990 to 2000, the desertification area of land (25.06%) and the land use intensity (21.27%) from 2000 to 2005, and the per-capita income of farmers and herdsmen (20.08%) and the per-capita number of livestocks (18.52%) from 2010 to 2007. (4) Under the effects of climate change and policy implementation, the cyclic adaptaion of the rural human-land system was propelled by the interactions between two kinds of subjects: farmers and herdsmen, and rural communities. The interaction affects the adaptive behavior of the two kinds of subjects, which in turn drives the cyclic evolution of the system. As a result, the system structure and functions developed alternatively between coordinated and uncoordinated states. Small-scale adaptive behaviors of farmers and herdsmen have a profound impact on the evolution of rural human-land system.