At present paid urban landuse system is one of the most important economic reform in China. In the other words, landuse right can be transferred and land users must pay the rent to the state according to the quality of land.

Remote sensing and geographic information system provide important technical supports for the modernization of flood control and prevention. This paper discussed the design, develop-ment and application of the flood hazard evaluation information system.

Wang Shixing(1547-1598), who was a native of Linhai County,, Zhejiang Province, China, lived in the late Ming dynasty.

Based on the data of annual, winter and summer mean temperature in Shanghai during the period of 1873-1990, the mean landsurface air temperature series for Shanghai for the last 118 year, period are reconstructed, in which the effect of urban heat island on temperature is di-smissed by using he tempperature data from -he suburbs of Shanghai during 1955-1990. The features of temperature long-term variations in Shanghai have been analyzed, and these features are compared with those in the northern hemisphere.

Sands are mainly from the dunes, interdunes, and alluvial and pluvial sediments in the vicinity of the longitude 84癊. The samples in Taklamakan desert, which has simple barchan dunes, longitudinal dunes, asnd drifts, compound barchan dunes and complex transvers bar-chanoid dunes and longitudinal ridges, were collected from sites with areas of approximately 20 X 20 cm and to a depth of 5-lOcm. 100 grams of the material were sieved. The material which is finer than O.lmm was analyzed using the sedimentation method.

The present paper deals witR a transformation of a backward district into a properous one. The district is geographically located in Lixiahe region, Jiangsu province.

Zhuye Paleo-take was an abandoned terminal lake of the ancient Shiyang River which was at the northern foot of Qilian Mountain. It was quite well-known in history.

Accurate estimation of ET over large areas, such as the watershed of a river, is a problem to be solved.

Using the data of monthly mean temperature of a year, the annual temperature curve was simulated by means of tha spline interpolation.

Land evaluation in China during the recent years has been much broadened in terms of its regional coverage and research contents.

The rise of Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the main developing treads in geography science. For facilitating the development of the technology, it is very important and necessary to deal with the basic theories of GIS and its relation with geographical science.

The central cities are the political, economic and cultural centers of the country or a re-gion. To make the central cities to play a key role in the national economy is one of the im-portant tasks in Chinese urban economic reform. This paper analyses the uneven development and spatial diffusion of the central cities in China since 1980's.

In order to work out a new generation national geomorphological map conforming to the modern geomorphologic theory and the mapping principles and to apply them to the researches and teachings related to national geo-sciences a nd environmental administration, under the sup-port of the related geomorphologic organizations of IGU and in cooperation with nine institu-tions in this country, the autors have succeeded in completing the Geomorphologic Map of China and the Neighbouring Areas (1:4, 000, 000), which will be published formally at home and abroad in 1993. This complete geomorphologic map takes the landforms within the national territory and the neighbouring areas as a single entity and gives expressions specifically to the basic laws of exogenic and endogenic geomorphic geneses and the mophology and its development processes on the basis of morpho tectonic. In morphotectonic classification, we use for the first time the viewpoint of mobility, with the plate tectonic theory as its centre. Based on the new classification concept of "Plate Margins and Intraplates", the continental landforms are divi-ded into two great geomorphologic systems: the plate margin and the intraplate. Their seven sub-systems and nineteen major types are also divided. The submarine landforms are divi- ded into three subsystems and ten major types. In relief form classification, the relief is di-vided into five amplitude classes and seven basic types by using of the new state-built and the computer-aid analyses and by the mapping of the nationwide basis relief form factors. In terms of exogenic landforms. in addition in the traditional Genetic-form types, one attached map de-pitting the ancient and present morphoclimatic zonal differentiations since the Cenozoic Era has been compiled. This map provides the basis nessary for the analysis of the mutual relation- ships between endogenic and exogenic agents.

Taking Liyang County of Jiangsu Province as an example, this paper deals with the ap-plication of GIS technology in the multi purpose regional land use planning, with its emphasis on the principle and method for regional land use decision making supported by GIS.

Various environment factors affect the solution rate.

Contemporary physical geography ha.s been attempting to form a five dimension united dynamic system by combining matter, energy, information and temporal and spatial changes. In this system, the changes of various geographical elements over temporal series constitute geogra-phical processes.

In this paper, according to the development of agricultural production, five basic geo-morphic characters in Fujian are given. Direct and indirect effects of these characters on ag-ricultural production are analysed. Then, this paper discusses the relation between geomor-phology and agricultural natural hazard and points out that there is a close relationship bet-ween geomorphology and natural hazard such as flood, typhoon, soil and water erosion, hill-slopes slip, and mud-rock flow. This paper suggests that the region with steep slope, heavy rainfall, and black mica granite is the weak agricultural ecological region in Fujian.

This paper is based on measured data in the Chongce ice cap area of the West Kunlun Mo-untain. The diurnal variation of air temperature in the glacier and nonglacier areas, its variation in horizontal and vertical directions as well as seasonal variation were revealed. The results show that there are small diurnal range of air temperature and large temperature difference be-tween day and night in the glacier area. In general, the atmosphere is in the superadiabatic stable state in the ice/snow region daring the day.

Land degradations such as water and soil erosion, desertification, salinization, alkaliza-tion, swamping, loss of the fertility of soil, degradation of caused by wind, water and human influence.

In this paper, by using the observational data of 11 meteorological stations from the March of 1985 to the March of 1986 in the Helan Mountain areas, the climatic features of Suyukou-Fanjiayingzi cross section in the middle part of Helan Mountain are studied systema-tically.

In this paper the temporal and spatial distribution of the dryness/wetness changes during the last 500 years in the mid-lower reaches of the Huang he (Yellow) River Valley has been investigated through a few approaches.

The information requirement of GIS is the key for making GIS, which include data con-text, data formation, and information procession models etc. IRA (Information Requirement Analysis) attempts to find the information to describe information formation and models sys-tem. In this paper, we suggest a method of IR A, which is based on the prototyping designed as shown in Fig. 1. In this prototype, functional need is the center of analysis.

There are economic regions at various areal levels, including sectional and comprehensive ones,and other types of economic regions formed spontaneously or by means of policy decision-making. The economic regions discussed in the literatures of economic geography and regional eco-nomics in China are usually refering to comprehensive ones as the territorial units of national eco-nomic activities. According to the function , objective and principles of economic regionalization， four types of economic regions are grouped based on homogenous economic regions,economic co-operation regions,urban economic regions and administrative-economic regions. However the ideal comprehensive economic region should be the integration of the above mentioned four types of economic regions. As the division of different types of economic regions has only a meaning for research ,some kinds of organization forms of economic activity regions should be establised to bring the role of the economic regions into practice. The basic forms are as follows:(1)The economic activities are under the macroscopic guidance and regulation by the central and local governments,according to the administrative regions.(2) To establish multi-heads' organization for economic coordination by planning on the basis of areal reorganization which break the administrative regions.(3)To or-ganize economic cooperation and alliance beween cross-jurisdictional regions on a basis of volun- tart' and mutual benefit.

The main purpose of thin article is to reveal the trend and pattern of ryiunal disparitie, in Guangdong province since China' s reform. Four parts are included in this research:1)a diseus,ion and evaluation of recent studies on regional disparities in China，2)Method and indicies used to measure regional disparties in this analysis.3)Messurement of regional disparties in Guangdong， in which three aspects of regional disparties in Guangdong，namely，regional disparities at the county level .regional disparites between sub-regions in Guangdong and disparities within sub-regions, and analysis of their development during 1980一1990.1)disussion about the developing trend of regional disparities. The study revealed that significant regional disparities had existed in Guangdong before the reform. Since the rcform.rcgional disparities in Guangdung ha, been great- 1y increased. The incrcascing regional disparities was mainly resulted from the expanding differ ence between the Pearl River Delta and the rest of the province.

Coal mining cities have been playing a very important role in the urbanization and industrialization in China. In this paper,based on the industrial structure.54 Chinese cities were classified into five types by using a systematic classification method:1)cities in which the coal mineral tapping industry is the major industry;2) cities in which coal industries is dominant;3)cities which take coal industry as the major and textile industry as the auxiliary;9) cities which mainly have coal and power industries;and S)comprehensive heavy industry cities in which iron-steel industry is the major industry.

Geomorphological investigation and survey of faults are conducted to identify whether the important, industrial harbour city . Dalian，which is situated on the Dalian Peninsula，is tectonical-1y safe(Fig. I).The authors' research provides a postive answer ,based on the following morpho- tectonic features: The Dalian Peninsula is a rigid large fault block .consisting of the Upper Proterozoic Sinian formation (quartz sandstones,siliceous slates and limestones)without any considerable active fault to cut through it. Although there is a complicated network of old faults developed in the block。 these faults are found to be of small dimension and to have no any evidences for their recent acti-vation on landforms and in Quaternary strata.

Since the beginning of the study on "phytokarst"(Folk et al，1973)，more and more atten- lion has been paid to algal effects on the karst erosional processes，Having optical microscope (OPM)and scanning electronic microscope (SEM)observations on the micro一relieves of samples from typical karst areas in China ,Yugoslavia and England .a more detailed discussion on the algal effects on karst erosion is given in this paper.

The total atmospheric water vapor is a neccesary data for not only the quantitative forecast of cloud and rainfall ,but also radiance computation. The distribution of the average total precip-itable water in China has been studied by many scientists. They all used the data from upper-air stations ,and discussed the mean values of years.

Based on the analysis of data from drillings,historical literatures and cultural relics,as well as the research of sediment movement and river mouth changes in the Oujiang River Estuary, this paper deals with the evolution and the process of filling up of the Oujiang estuary after the last glacial age.

Observation and investigation at 112 sites in the downtown area of Shanghai were carried out during the last several years. Aased on the preliminary results,the distribution features,causes and treatment measures of the stom-born surface walor accumulation in the downtown area of Shanghai are discussed m this paper.

According to the results of a 8 year comparation study，the distribution of critical concentra-lion and environmental capacity of Cd，Pb.Cu，As in laterite.crimson earth.red earth，purplish soil .yellow brown earth .brown earth .black soil，dark soil and sierozem soil in China is discussed. The results show that for most of heavy metals.the critical concentration and environmental ca- pacity differ considenrable in different soil types which distribute from the south to the north and from the east to the west。and have a zonal differentiation. For Cd, Cu they are increased from the south to the north and from the east to the west，and for As they are decreased from the southto the north and from the east to the west.

Zhang一disease（瘴），which is an epidemic in the southern part of China in the historical pe-rinds ,is a kind of pernicious malarias .This paper discusses preliminarily the links between this disease and geographical environment。the variations of its distribution and its influence on the so-ciety and economy in the region affected by Zhang一disease. The followings conclusions have been obtained: (1) Zhang一disease is an epidemic which occurs under hot and wet climatic conditions in summer and autumn. (2)In the past 2000 years，the disease was moved slowly to the South. The Northern bound-ary of the region affected by Zhang一disease was Qinlin Mountain and Huaihe River in the War-ring States Period and in the Western Han Dynasty(770BC一AD23)，Daiba Mountain and Changjing River in the sui and Tang Dynasties (AD581一960)，and Nanlin Mountain in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD1368一1911).At the present time. Zhang一disease is an epidemic only in the Yunnan Province. One of the main causes the movement of Zhang一desease is the population migration from North to south .Another reason is the change of climate to colder and drier. (3)Zhang一disease influences the society in the region affected in three aspects:population growth，production mode and economic development. These influences resulted in the fact that the northern parts of ancient China were exploited prior to the southern parts.

The authors made a survey of the current situation of Chinese megalopolises.such as Beijing，Shanghai,Guangzhou,and Nanjing,and found that changes of the urban fringes in these cities are more and more important because the urban economic made a great progress since the reforming and opening of China .This paper focused on the study of the urban fringe's specific properties in the Chinese megalopolises. Firstly，this paper discusssed the division of the urban fringe on the base of the survey of Guangahou city. The urban fringe consists of two parts,i e，the inner fringe and the outer fringe. The urban-rural continuum is only one part of the inner fringe. Secondly， this paper expounded in details the characteristics of the urban fringe in Chinese Megalopolises,in- eluding:(1)the density of population and the population structure; (2) the community structure， sociometry and social problems;(3)the economic structure and patterns of the diversified econo- my and(4)the impact of urban expansion on agricultural Land. Finally .this paper discussed also the evolution laws of the spatial expansion in the urban fringe，such as the Beijing model，the Shanghai model,the Wuxi model and the Guangzhou model.

In a protracted developing course of regional economy , Taizhou city becomes a central city of Taizhou Economic Region in the middle part of the lower reaches of Yangtze River. It is a city in which the economy is growing in the middle part of Jiangsu Province. Because there was not enough time to do demonstration of regional planning when the administrative system in which cities administer counties was tried，original Yangzhou prefecture，which vast land and a large population，was simply changed to be an area under Yangzhou City's jurisdiction. The quality and effect of Taizhou City has not been clearly understood ,and the administrative regionalization suit-able for the cevelopment of economic region has not been defined. Taizhou City is separated from its hinterland in the administrative system. The central city and its exporting port , Gaogang , is also separated. As a result，Taizhou City，was regarded as a "suburbs town"under the Yangzhou City Government,and its ability of comprehensive service has been decreased. Taizhou Economic Re- gion can not coordinate and strengthen its regional basic installations effectively. The improve- ment of its investing environment is slow ,and the capability of economic competition is weak. The difference in developing rates between Taizhou and other economic regions in Jiangsu Province a- long the Yangtze River is increasing. The irrational administrative regionalization makes it diffi-cult for Taizhou，the regional central city，and Gaogang，one of the key ports along the Yangtze River，to expand. Taizhou-Gaogang phenomenon that restricts development of regional economy has been formed.

The term loess，used in New Zealand,is applied to any fine一textured deposit of eolian origin other than sand dunes. It has been under investigation for over one hundred years and a variety of interesting results has occurred. based on the morphologic,sedimentologic，mineralogic , chemical，and paleopedologic analyses of 12 samples from 8 cropping loesa field.

In this paper .the series of winter temperature index for each decade and seasonal dry wet in-dex arc reconstructed，the characteristics of cold warm and dryness/wetness variation in Shandong Province during historical times are analysed.

By using the observational data obtained in the city of Chongqing about the boundary layer meteorology in the period from Dec. 15，1989 to Jan. 15，1990,analysis is made on the horizontal distribution vertical structure of the urban heat island ,and the factors affecting its intensity. The wet island accompanying with the city's heat island is also analyzed. The Results indicate that af- ter 20：00 the center of the city and the Changjiang River wcrc shrouded in an arched layer of warm and humid airs. The air temperature and specific humidity at the heights of 200一300m above the river surface were considerably higher than those in the suburban areas. With the shift of mountain wind to valley wind , the structures of the heat and wet islands disappear at 14:00 of the next day.

In this paper .the concepts of entropy ,flux and force in the drainage-geomorphic system have been introduced ,and an equation for the entropy production and super-entropy production has al-so been conducted，According to this concept,dynamic mechanism in the drainge-geomorphic sys-tem is analysed ,and an evolutional model for the development the drainage-geomorphic system in a hill-gully area on the loess plateau is developed. The model is suitable for the entire process of drainage-geomorphic system. By using this model the erosional cycle in the hill-gully area can be divided into three stages. By quantitatively analysing the Erosional Cycle Theory of Davis and dif-ferent soil erosions at the different stages，non一uniform erosional properties of a drainage-geo-morphic system in space is also founded.

In Huanghe Changjiang and Zhujiang(Ye11ow,Yangtze and Pearl River)Delta,China,owing to tectonic sinking,sediment compaction and man-induced land subsidence (chiefly due to over-pumping of ground water) ,relative sea level rise over the last 30 years is much greater than mean rate of sea level rise of the world and China. In Tianjin coast , rate of relative sea level rise is more than 10 times that of the global and China's mean rate. For the next century，according to the best estimate of IPCC.global sea level rise in 2030 will be 18cm .In the three Chinese deltas,considering local land subsidence and the current and projected mitigation measures of the local authorities,lt is estimated that relative sea level rise in 2030 will he 60cm，in Old Huanghe Delta (Tianjin area)，30一40cm in Changjiang Delta (Shanghaiarea)and 20一25cm in Zhujiang Delta. It is hoped that these estimates of relative sea level rise in 2030 may be useful to policy makers in formulating future coastal management plans and development policies.

By using a perpetual July，nine-level general circulation spectral model with rhomboidal truncation at wavenumber 15，incorporated with a comprehensive set of physical processes，two numerical experiments,i. e. one with normal Antarctic land ice-snow cover and the other without Antarctic land ice-snow cover,were conducted to study the influence of the removal of Antarctic land ice-snow cover on general circulation of atmosphere and global climate. The results exhibit that the removal of Antarctic land ice-snow cover may induce global atmospheric anomalies， which is characterized by}l)The increase of air temperature with a maximum abnormal center ex- ceeding 6. 0 degree in the Antarctic land areas and the weakening of Antarctic polar vortex and westerlies at the high latitudes of Southern Hemisphere，2)The anomalies of ultra-long waves es-pecially those at wavenumber 3 in the Southern Hemisphere，3)The intensification of summer monsoon circulation of east Asia and the weakening of equatorial Walker circulation，4 ) The in-crease of precipitation over east Asia and the coast areas and the decrease of that over equatorial western Pacific，5)The exciting of the two leading wavetrains of the east Asian and the Eurasian patterns in the Northern Hemisphere，6)Climatic anomalies in China with decrease of air tempera-ture in northeastern China and with increase of precipitation in southern China. Therefore，the Antarctic land ice-snow cover plays an important role in the formation of general circulation and climate. The removal of it may lead a serious consequence for global climate. The dynamical mechanism of climatic effect of Antarctic land ice-snow cover is also discussed in this paper.