Urban development policy of China has been the important point at issue in the academic circles and urban planning and construction sectors in recent years. The question includes two aspects: one is how to define a standard to classify cities, the other is what kind of sytategy should be adopted in the urban development.

1. The Hexi region can be divided, from south to north, into three topographic regions: (1) Qilian-Altun mountain range, (2) Hexi corridor plain, (3) Bei shan and Alxa plateau. There are three inland water systems composed of 57 streams in the region. The total ground-water resource is 74.643 billion m³ in the mountainous areas.

It is considered that geomorphological develoment of the Hanjiang River Delta is deeply affected by fault-block tectonics based on the analysis of sedimentology and chronology including the analysis of diatom, foraminfera, ostracoda, spore-pollen, shell, grain-size, trace element and heavy mineral, and datings of ¹⁴C and TL, from 40 borehole sections of the delta.

On tidal flats, tidal creeks are the important microlandform which varies greatly. The sediments of tidal flats usually are altered or destroyed by lateral migration and sway of tida! creeks, which affects the stability of tidal flats. Therefore, studying tidal creeks and their sediments is very useful for exploiting tidal flats, carrying out coast engineering projects and analysing ancient tidal creeks and tidal sediments.At home and abroad there are a lot of papers and works dealt with tidal creeks and sediments therein, however, genetic classification of tidal creeks and factors affecting their development haven’t been yet studied comprehensively. This paper discusses these aspects based on data obtained from literature and field observation.According to the principles of genetic classification, the tidal creeks in the world can be classified as follows:1. Tidal creek scoured by the currents on tidal flatThis is the creek which develops on the surface of tidal flat and is similar to the gully developed on mountain slope in development mechanism.2. Tidal creek scoured by the converged tidal currents.This is the creek formed by tidal currents which were locally concentrated or focused.3. Tidal creek inheriting the runoff from landAn inheriting tidal creek it the creek which originally inherited the rill formed by the small-scale runoff from land to tidal flat and then became tidal creek under the erosion of ebb- and flood-tide currents.4. Tidal creek scoured by the tide currents between lagoon and open sea.This is a kind of creeks which is relatively large and connects the lagoon with the open sea.In different parts of the world tidal creeks develop very differently. The main factors affecting the development of tidal creeks are as follows:(1) Tidal range.(2) The width of tidal flat and its relief.(3) Vegetation.(4) Mud content of sediment of tidal flat.(5) The rate of sedimentation.(6) The process of ebb- and flood-tide currents.(7) Human effect.

Many Quaternary palynologists are enchanted with alpine small lakes, primarily for the reason that the uniform environment around these lakes has been little influenced by human beings, so that a continuous history of the environmental changes, especially in the postglacial period, can be reconstructed by studying the sediments in the lake.

In this paper the time-variation of the atmospheric transparent coefficient (P₂) and the transparent coefficients for aerosol and water vapour (p_d and P_w) have been calculated and discussed.

In this paper, the fluctuations of quasi-44-month, quasi-11-year, quasi-24-year and quasi-49-year periods of the earth rotational rate are found from the analysis of its data of the years 1820-1983. The anomalies of Southern Oscillation (SO) index, the motions of the atmospheric centres of action, the variations of sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial pacific and the changes of long-range weather can be related with the periodic fluctuations of the earth rotational rate. It has been found that SO index becomes weaker (stronger), active centres of atmosphere move northwest-ward (southeast-ward) and annual precipitations increase (decrease) in Africa arid region, while the long-range earth rotational rate (fluctuations of quasi-24-year and quasi-49-year) speeds up (slows down). It has been also found that sea surface temperature is lower (higher) in the eastern equatorial Pacific, while the short-range earth rotational rate (quasi-44-mouth)speeds up (slows down).Microcomputer is having great impact on geographical teaching and research. Paucity of software has limited the use of microcomputers when they were first developed, but a large number of software have now been developed, ranging from word processing, spread sheet, data base, statistical analysis, simulation, computer assisted learning, digital image processing, computer assisted cartography, to geographic information system. Microcomputer has provided a relatively inexpensive but powerful tool for geographical teaching and research. Although there are some limitations in the existing microcomputer hardware and software, they are adequate to meet most of the needs of geographical teching and research. It is unnecessary to wait for faster and more powerful microcomputers to be developed before entering the field of microcomputing. Further reduc.ion in price and size, and increase in speed, memory, portability, and data storage with undoubtdly increase the practical use of microcomputers. Microcomputers is playing an important role in geographical teaching and research, especially for education and research institute which have little resources. This paper discusses the use of microcomputers in geography, outlines the availability of geography software, and examines some constraints in using microcomputers in geographical teaching and research in Britain and America. These experience may help to increase the use of microcomputer’; among geographers in China.Many functions are offered by microcomputers. However, their applications and relevance in secondary and higher geographical teaching and research differ. Most of these functions are used in varying degrees in geographyical teaching and research in universities and research institutes, but not all of them are needed in secondary schools. In secondary schools, it is desirable to expose students to computer assisted learning at lower forms, and gradually introduce them to some simple computer packages at upper forms. The use of microcomputers also varies according to different subfields of geography. Subjects related to physical geography, photogrammetry, remote sensing and cartography may use microcomputers more than those in human geography. The main constraints that limit the present use of microcomputers in geographical teaching and research are hardware, software, "liveware", space, integration into curriculum, and teaching skills.Microcomputers are already being used in some key universities and research institutes in-China and some good software have been developed. When microcomputers are becoming more popular in China, geographers in China may face similar constraints that were experienced in the current applications of microcomputers in Britain and America. Much in-vestments in money, manpower, and time should be prepared to spend in overcoming these constraints. The use of microcomputers in China is further constrained by the lack of Chinese software and standardization of Chinese input and data storage system. The organization of microcomputer workshops and the establishment of a netwo

Microcomputer is having great impact on geographical teaching and research. Paucity of software has limited the use of microcomputers when they were first developed, but a large number of software have now been developed, ranging from word processing, spread sheet, data base, statistical analysis, simulation, computer assisted learning, digital image processing, computer assisted cartography, to geographic information system. Microcomputer has provided a relatively inexpensive but powerful tool for geographical teaching and research. Although there are some limitations in the existing microcomputer hardware and software, they are adequate to meet most of the needs of geographical teching and research. It is unnecessary to wait for faster and more powerful microcomputers to be developed before entering the field of microcomputing. Further reduclion in price and size, and increase in speed, memory, portability, and data storage with undoubtdly increase the practical use of microcomputers. Microcomputers is playing an important role in geographical teaching and research, especially for education and research institute which have little resources. This paper discusses the use of microcomputers in geography, outlines the availability of geography software, and examines some constraints in using microcomputers in geographical teaching and research in Britain and America. These experience may help to increase the use of microcomputer1; among geographers in China.Many functions are offered by microcomputers. However, their applications and relevance in secondary and higher geographical teaching and research differ. Most of these functions are used in varying degrees in geographyical teaching and research in universities and research institutes, but not all of them are needed in secondary schools. In secondary schools, it is desirable to expose students to computer assisted learning at lower forms, and gradually introduce them to some simple computer packages at upper forms. The use of microcomputers also varies according to different subfields of geography. Subjects related to physical geography, photogrammetry, remote sensing and cartography may use microcomputers more than those in human geography. The main constraints that limit the present use of microcomputers in geographical teaching and research are hardware, software, "liveware", space, integration into curriculum, and teaching skills.Microcomputers are already being used in some key universities and research institutes in-China and some good software have been developed. When microcomputers are becoming more popular in China, geographers in China may face similar constraints that were experienced in the current applications of microcomputers in Britain and America. Much in-vestments in money, manpower, and time should be prepared to spend in overcoming these constraints. The use of microcomputers in China is further constrained by the lack of Chinese software and standardization of Chinese input and data storage system. The organization of microcomputer workshops and the establishment of a network for the exchange and distribution of software information, similar to the Geographical Association Package Exchange Program (GAPE) in Britain will help in promoting the use of microcomputers in China. Microcomputing should be a standard course and microcomputers should be standard equipment for geographical departments in universities and research institutes.

Soil samples analyzed in this article were collected from over 1160 sites in 108 countie in-Henan Province.The average total contents of Zn, B, Mo, Cu and Mn are 94.95, 43.0, 0.68, 18.5, and 510.0-ppm respectively. The average available contents of Zn, B, Mo, Cu, Mn, and Fe are 0.5, 0.25r 0.05, 1.29, 17.8, and 20.78 ppm respectively. The available contents of Fe, Mn, and Cu of the surface soils in the north sub-tropical zone are usually higher than those of the surface soil in warm-temperate zone soil which have been found out for the first time in Henan Province.The available Zn content of the soil in Henan is low. Zn in the wind drift soil, solont-shok, saliniza soil and soloniz soil etc. is lower than critical index of the Zn content in soils, which are considered to be Zn deficient soils. It is necessary to apply Zn fertilizex to these soils.The available Mo contents of the soil in Henana are relatively low. The amounts of available Mo in the soil are usually different. The amount of available B in solontshok and saliniza soil is usually relatively rich. The amount of average available B in most of the soil is generally below 0.5 ppm which isc considered to be B deficient soils in Henan Province.It is necessary to apply B fertilizer to these soils.The amounts of available Fe, Mn and Cu are rich in most of the soil of Henan. But the amounts of available Fe, Mn and Cu in part of the soil in the northern regions of Henan arc-low. According to zonation of the chemical geographic environment of trace element in the soil, and to the need of crops, it is necessary to apply Fe and Mn fertilizer to these soil rationally.

In reviewing the theory and methodology of urban system planning (USP), the authors regard the modern system theory (including systematology, information theory, cybernetics, dissipative structure theory, synergetics and catastrophe theory) and the urban-region theory as the fundamental theories of USP, a new branch of the planning science.The paper discussed mainly the following problems:1.Basic concept and goals of the USP.Urban system study is one of main contents in urban geography and urban planning. USP deals with the socio-economic interrelations between town and town, town and the system, the system and its outer environment, which will be organized reasonably in a region.The whole efficiency of the urban system and the general goal of the regional socio-economic development with optimal social,economic,environmental efficiency could be obtained by means of principles of the general system theory and the urban-region theory.2. The mechanism of the urban system development.The natural characteristics of interrelation between city and region are aggregate effect and diffuse effect.These effects run through the whole process of forming and development of urban system.It is just the mechanism with which urban system is developed and perfected.3. Basic standpoints of the USP.The final goal of USP is optimal economic, social, and environmental efficiency in regional development.Thus, basic standpoints of USP are the unity of economic view and environmental view.By the economic view we mean planning urban system by means of regional economic development.By the environmental view we mean planning urban system by means of residential environment.4. Basic contents of the USP. They include: (1)study of cityes and towns as nodes of an urban system, and (2)study of relation among nodes in the system.Specifically, theyare: (1) the territorial spatial structure-concentration and decentralization;(2)urbanrank-size structure-urban hierarchy and urban rank-size distribution; (3) urban functioncombination structure-urban pattern organization and urban function coordination; and(4) urban networks structure-urban linkages and networks planning.5.The programme and flow chart of the USP.USP is a main content in territorial renovation and regional planning,but the programme of USP is different from that of urban planning or region planning.Generally speaking, these programme are: (1) historical analysis of urban system forming; (2) study of present condition of urban system; (3) analysis of regional development condition and restrictive factors; (4) urban system planning; (5) division of urban economic regions and their development; (6) specific policies and measures, to put urban system planning into practice.

Based on data on daily depth and density of snowcover and snowfall recorded at more than 2300 weather stations of China from 1951 up to 1980, the snow resources have been evaluated and their secular variations have been clarified.

In the past, many investigators considered that the alluvial terraces in mountain areas are generally produced by the intermittent crustal uplift movement; or, it might result from a change to a more arid climate; or, from the greatly increased load derived from melting glaciers in the upstream region so that a valley floor is filled with alluvium by an aggrading stream.However, based on the field survey and the analyses of the chemical composition, mineral assemblage, pollen analysis and deposits on the alluvial iterraces distributed along the Three-Gorges course of the Changjiang River, the genetic mechanism is somewhat different from the above-mentioned sayings.(1)The three parts which constitute a terrace:the upper floodplain deposit, the middle alluvial gravel and the lower rock bench as base of terrace, were formed i n different periods.The rock bench of terrace as former river bed had been formed much earlier than the flood plain deposit.The middle gravel had been eroded before it Was covered by the floodplain deposit.(2)The upper floodplain deposit on terraces was formed under the condition of in-terglacial climate and high water level in Late Holocene.

The Quaternary Strata profile and its variations of grain size in Yulin area reveal that: the layers of sand, loess, and palaeosol in the profile were respectively formed by wind for-ce and the action of soil formation on the parent materials of aeolian sand and loess.Since the early Quaternary, the Ordos Plateau has alternately undergone 11 stages of the depositions of shifting sands under extreme cold-dry climatic conditions, 7 times of fixed-semifixed dunes and 8 times of dust (loesses) under cold-dry climatic conditions; and that of the action of soil formation under 15 times of warm-wet climate and 3 times of temperate-wet climate (drab soils and black loams formed respectively).

After the open policies were carried out in the Chinese mainland, open economic coastal areas emerged one after another──special economic zones, coastal open cities, open deltaareas, Hainan Island with special policies, etc., forming one zone with multi-layer and multi-function.This zone bears the favourable geographic condition: 18,000 km long coastal line, many harbours with good natural conditions, the vast hinterland of central economic region and western economic region which are connected by rivers and railway. This zone, with the strong economic foundation and concentrated talent personnel, in addition, Hong Kong, Macao and the hometowns of overseas Chinese being located in it, has the priority for foreign technology introduction and domestic interrectional and interdepartmental links. The development of the zone plays an important role in bringing about the economic development in the central part and the western part of China.

The aims of this paper are to identify information interaction patterns among the 30 major cities of China, and to extract centralization fields and decentralization fields which are defined as influenced regions of information centralization and decentralization flows.Data for this analysis are long distance telephone call data taken from the National Post Bureau. The data are expressed in the form of 30 ?30 origin-destination flow matrix. R-mode and Q-mode factor analyses were employed to reduce the matrix to its underlying fields. The results are as follows:1. There are a few centralization fields and decentralization fields in which both of the first fields are much stronger than others (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).2. The hierarchical structure of cores which make centralizing and decentralizing is in the form of 1:1:6.The first-order core is Beijing.The second-order is Shanghai. The third-order consists of Tianjin, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Xian, Shenyang, and Wuhan.3. There is no contract between the same order cores.All of the cities directly contract to Beijing, and a few of them also to Shanghai (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).4. The regional patterns of the fields show all of first-order and second-order cores, and most of third-order cores are located in the eastern coastal region.5. The pattern of information interaction is mainly caused by the central-power administration system, some by inter-city economic contracts.A planning of the information interaction pattern has been devised on the basis of the above analysis. The main points are as follows (Fig. 3):1. A strong economic information centralization and decentralization fields must be constructed whose core is located in Shanghai, and its order will rise to the same as Beijing.2. The six third-order cores should be developed, and be raised as second-order cores.3. The "three steps" regional pattern will be formed in which all of first-order cores and most of second-order cores will be located in the rich coastal region, other second-order cores in inland, and no core in the poor peripherical region.4. The contracts should be encouraged between the same-order cores and between the different-order cores.

Based on myrup’s Studied, an energy balance model is presented and tested against sur-face nocturnal temperature fields observed over Tianjin. Using this model, an acceptable prediction of the Tianjin surface nocturnal urban heat island is gived, and the spatial variation of the energy fluxes within the Tianjin urban heat island is discussed.

Multiple regression and stepwise regression methods have been used to study the relations beween Beijing urban temperature and the structure of urban surface during daytime and nighttime in different seasons. The data used in this study consisted of day and night temperatures observed on 30 observation sites during spring, summer, autumn and winter of 1982, and the coverage of green areas, building areas and water bodies in the 1000m?1000m area around each observation site. It was found out that Beijing urban temperature had significant positive correlation with the coverage of building areas and negative correlation with the coverage of green areas, but the degree of correlation varies from day to night and from season to season. It was shown that as the coverage of green areas increased, the decrease of temperature was most obvious in summer daytime, and as the coverage of building areas increased, the increase of temperature Was most obvious in winter nighttime. It was also shown that the correlation between temperature and water body was very poor mainly due to the lack of large water body near the observation sites, which means that small water body in urban areas has no significant influence on urban temperature.

Soil moisture and evaporation are important factors in process of hydrologic cycle and energy transformation. Considering the wet region with high groundwater table, the writer put forward an evaporation model in relation with soil moisture and flux of groundwater based on the fundamental principle of water movement in the unsaturated soil and water supply to the evaporation layer from groundwater. As there is a single function of soil suction in the model, the physical calculation is quite simple.

In this paper, some viewpoints on the tropical climate in China have been given. So far as the boundary of climate is concerned, the low temperature level in winter is to be considered first. The northern boundary of tropical climate in China is determined according to the climatic indices, and referring to the local mountainous topography and the growth of tropical crops. The indices include: (1) The mean temperature of the coldest month 15℃; (2) the annual mean minimun temperature 3℃; (3) the absolute minimum temperature 0℃; (4) almost free of frost or the frost days not more than 2 days; (5) the annual accumulated temperature of the 10℃ period about 7500-8000℃, which is roughly equivalent to annual mean temperature of 22℃; (6) the percentage of the tropical weather type and transitional weather type about 80% of the annual total.On the basis of climatic data of more than 100 stations in South China, the northern boundary of tropical climate is drawn along Gaozhou, Western Guangdong, Southern slope of Yun-kaidashan and Dayunwushan mountains. It is the significant section of the northern boundary of tropical climate in China. There are many local sites suitable for growing rubber trees. Westward, the boundary in Guangxi is drawn on the southern coast and eastward, it is drawn from Yangjiang along the coast, to the mouth of Zhujiang and then along the coast of Eastern Guangdong. In Yunnan province, along Yuanjiang valley, Xishuangbanna, (except Meng-hai County) the boundary reaches westwerd to Menglian, Mengding and Ruili Counties. In southern Taiwan, it passes through the penghu slands first and then across Taizhong, Tainan, Hengchun, and turns northward up to Hualian.Obviously, the northern boundary of tropical climate in China is discontinuous. There are small pockets of tropical climate inserting in o some subtropical areas like separated "island".

Geographical study on passenger traffic focuses mainly on its generation, growth and distribution. This paper discusses the spatial aspect of China’s passenger traffic through its detemining factors and regional differentiations.1. Factors determining China’s passenger traffic Four factors are essential: (1) Growth of population. China’s population (excluding Taiwan) doubled during 1949-1985 while the total volume of passenger traffic increased 40.4 times. The high correlation between the two is shown by Formula 1. Meanwhile, the demand for journey varied from urban area to countryside. The average journey frequency in urban, suburb and rural areas were 17.02, 5.6 and 0.3 per capita/year respectively in 1985. (2) Emigration. Emigration forms various relationships between emigrant areas and immigrant areas and these relationships generate passenger traffic. Before 1949, the major directions of emigration were toward new developing areas such as Northeast, large cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin, and abroad. Since the founding of the People’s Republic, emigration of large scale became a planned activity. The major spatial directions of such activity can be categorized into: (a) partly relocating the existing industry to inner provinces accompanied with the relevant people, (b) sending technicians and skilled workers from coastal areas to inland areas to strengthen the development there, and (c) sending school-graduates and demobilized soldiers to remote or border areas for both political and economic reasons. (3) Urbanization. If China is divided into seven economic regions, the correlation between urbanization and passenger traffic is obvious. Northeast and East China, the urbanization level of which is higher than the national average, have more proportion of passenger traffic in national total than that of their population. Southwest China as the lowest urbanized region in the country has less proportion of passenger traffic than that of its population. (4) Economic growth. This factor has the closest correlation with the growth of passenger traffic. During 1949-1985, the GNP in China increased 16 times while the total volume of passenger traffic and the total turnover of passenger traffic increased 17 and 27 times respectively. The correlation coefficient tbetween the total passenger traffic (as dependent variable) and GNP, national population and the total length of national transportation networks (as independent variables) is very high (0.99). It is noticed in this paper that since the growth rate of passenger traffic matched that rate of the domestic consumption which decreased gradually, synchronal growth of passenger traffic with thegrowth of domestic consumption occurred in Japan and other developed countries appeared also in China. Such synchronal growth continues after 1978 when the economic reform began and the economy boomed although the growth rate of freight traffic has decreased since then. 2. Spatial differentiation of passenger traffic The modal split of transport for passenger traffic and the journey frequency per capita are analyzed. Based on the contribution of each mode of transport in passenger traffic in each of the seven economic regions, these regions are categorized into three types: (A) Land-dominating type of Northeast, North China and Northwest, (B) Land-water combination type of East China, and (C) Land-major water-minor type of South China, Southwest and Central China. As for journey frequency, 29 provincial units are regionalized into four types according to their relative distance to the national average of journey frequency per capita and average GNP per capita: (A) High-income with high mobility, (B) High income with low mobility, (C) low income with High mobility, and (D) low income with low mobility (see Map. 1). At the end of this paper, the-factors causing such a pattern is discussed.

Since 1985, the Pearl River Delta has become one of the three coastal delta economic opening regions is China as our country began to carry out the open-door policy- This region includes two famous spetial economic zones (Shenzhen and Zhuhai) and one big opening city (Guangzhou) that is one of the fourteen coastal opening cities in China.With the open-door policy, the urbanizing process and the city-town growth in the region of the Pearl River Delta is speeding up. The aim of this paper is to present the effects of the open-door policy on the growth of city-towns in the region by analyzing the developing process of city-towns and non-agriculture populations at first, and then by measuring the transformation of function and the construction of city-towns as well as the changes of the spatial pattern of city-town system in the region.

In this paper, a method of calculating the monthly and annual mean temperatures in mountainous area and its application in Shaxi River valley in Fujian Province China are presented.

A method for calculating the effects of microtopography on temperature and humidity in mountain regions is presented. The results of its application to the mountain regions in Fujian Province and in the eastern part of Yunnan Province are very satisfactory.The temperature or humidity field at any place in mountain regions can be attributed to the macro-geographical factors and the microtopographical factors.

The Datong volcano groups are one of the important specific landform types in the eastern part of China. The development of volcano groups and the Datong Basin Where the volcano groups are located and controlled by the most striking morphotectonic pattern in the eastern part of China-NNE-trending en echelon right-lateral shear-extensional down-faulted zone, located on the upper-mantle upheaval zone. The volcano groups and lava flows are developed obviously along the NE-trending right-lateral shear-extensional fracture zones and their intersection with NW-trending shear-comprcssional faults, and also continuously affected ty re-activation of faults.

From the early fourth century, there occurred in China a large-scale "geographic exchange", in which a multitude of geographers and geographic Works emerged. The most outstanding of all the geographer was Li Daoyuan, and the most outstanding of all geographic works was his "Notes on Book of Waterways". Li was not only a celebrated scholar, but also a patriot, and "Notes on Book of Waterways" not only a geographic masterpiece, but also a patriotic work.

To develop a branch of science as quickly as possible, it’s not enouph to recall the past and discuss the present of the science, we must l-e from a point of philosophy to observe and deal with it, too. Then we can escape from the ivory tower made by itself.Logic and philosophy of science give us a good kind of instrument to approach the past, the present, and the future of geography, la this paper, the author advances some questions and some thoughts about them as follows: the study of methods of the past and the present of geography so called empirical science, and their developing tendency; the basic structure of geographical knowledge; geographical axioms; the possibility to infer geographical theories from geographical axioms.

There are seven development tendencies in modern geography relating to physical geography.1. The field of territorial research in integrated physical geography has extended from regionalization at top level to the study of land types locality at low level.2. With the expanding in research field from the grassroot, the integrated physical geography research has reached the study of earth surface (epigeosphere science)-analogous to global geography.3. Aiming at regional exploitation, it urns into integrated geography.4. Bending toword application, the constructive geography-applied research of integrated geography has appeared.5. A. the research field extends from the study of interrelations of components of a region to interrelations of territorial structures, Hologeography was formed.6. Priority of regional study gives way to theoretical study and thus appears theoetical geography.7. The research field of geography has extended from the theory in geography itself to metatheory-metageogrtaphy.

It is a quicker, better and more economial way to research snow drift and its control by modelling experiments in the wind-tunnel. The exact similitude is required for performing modelling test. This paper summarizes the similarity criteria and 10 parameters, as well as results got from the test in wind-tunnel of self-sumulation.Accumulation of snow drift occurs in boundary layer separation areas where the eddy resistance increases rapidly. In the case of roads, different fields of flow on different land-forms near the roadbed may give rise to different processes and quantities of drifting snow. Structure of flow fields and drift accumulation on cut and tunnel are rather complicated, so their snow control is more difficult than on other roadbeds. This paper reports the methods and problems in need of special attention, which is helpful in choosing courses, roadbed design and prevention of drifting snow in places with cut and tunnel.

During last decade, studies on estuarine hydrology have been advanced greatly with the development of physical and mathematical models and the modernization of monitoring techniques of estuarine hydrological elements. This paper intends to introduce the progress of studies in the foreign countries on estuarine circulation, estuarine fronts, and the turbidity maximum in the estuarine regions, and evaluate three methods, i.e., Field observation, physical model and mathematical model ,and use the experience for reference to promote the stu-dies on estuarine hydrology suitable for the natural conditions of our country.

China is still at an early stage of industrialization and urbanization. At present industry is the main economic activity within most Chinese cities. This paper represents the first attempt to classify all of China’s 295 cities according to industrial functions, using 1984 data. Working within the framework of the economic base theory of urban development, the authors define city industry functions as consisting of the following three elements: (1) Specialized department of the city; (2) functional intensity (degree of specialization), and (3) functional scale (the size of industrial output of the city). The industrial function classification method used here is based on a combination of all three elements.In the present study a number of different techniques were originally applied including principal components analysis, several methods of hierarchical cluster analysis, the Nelson measure and a variety of more traditional methods. On the basis of these preliminary studies it was eventually decided to base the classification on a composite measure consisting of the ward’s Error Method of hierarchical cluster analysis and a supplementary application of the Nelson measure. In this manner the 295 Chinese cities have been grouped into 3 main categories with 19 sub-categories and 54 functional groups.

Huanghe Seaport is located at the mouth of the Diaokou River, the 1976-abandoned mouth of the Yellow River. The mouth of the Diaokou River is the most seaward protruding part of the coastine of modern Yellow River Delta As a result, the intense erosion of the NE-orient-ed waves nearly perpendicular to the shoreline and the scouring of the high-speed flood-ebb tidal currents parallel with the shoreline and the rotaing stationary tidal wave in the tidefree area have changed the depositional environment of the surrounding sea area of Huanghe Seaport (into erosional environment since the abandonment of the Diaokou River Mouth by the Yellow River, thus providing scientific theoretical premise for the setting up of Huanghe Seaport.However, building a seaport off the mouth of the Yellow River through which 10.6X10* tons sediment is emptied into the sea each year, the sediment silting is a very difficult problem to solve, especially in case that the surplus flow from the surrounding of the present Yellow River Mouth is directed toward the seaport area. As a results, in selecting seaport site and estimating its dynamical geomorphic conditions, we considered that the traditional hydrologic and supended sediment movement surveys couldn’t satisfy the requirements for exactly fixing the positions of the axis of the leading dyke and the piers. So we applied the topographic contrast research method in this study. Through quantitative calculation and large-scale diagram illustrations with serious mathematic control, we have obtained the sea-floor erosion-deposition thickness, erosion-deposition velocity, net sediment transportation amount and direction, made clear the relationship between the formation of the sand movement zones and the development of the coastal profiles and the influence of the evolution of the coastal profiles on the future dynamic geomorphologic conditions of coast and the sea area surrounding the seaport, and proposed appropriate prevention measures, thus providing a scientific basis for the site selection and the overall engineering arrangement oSeaport.

In ancient China, there was no systematic research on rural settlement. What we can see today on ancient rural settlement is the general description in local records, novels and travels. Xu Xiake──the great ancient geographer, born 400 years ago, was the first one whobegan the research and record of rural settlement in China.The systematic research on rural settlement was initiated in 1930’s when French scholar Jean Brunhes’ a Geographie Humaine?was translated into Chinese, which had a fundamental influence on the circle of geographical science in China. . Before the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese ge ’graphers had carried out some geographical researches on rural settlement, including: (1) research on the theory of settlement geography; (2) the systematic research on rural settlement in a given region; (3) studies on towns; (4) rural settlement research as apart of regional geography. So far as contents concerned, all the recesarches made then put emphasis on the explanation of the cause-effect relationship between scitlement and its environments.Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the research on rural settlement geography has experienced three main phases: (1) In the early 1950’s, because of the improper treatment of human geography in China, fewer and fewer geographers were engaged in the field; (2) During 1958-1959, a large number of geographers participated in the planning of People’s Commune, meanwhile, the rural settlement planning, as a part of the People’s Com-mune Planning, was emphasized; (3) Since the hate oof 1970’s, with the improvement of rural ceonomy and the new coming phase of town-village construction, the importance of research on rural settlement geography has been recognized. Meanwhile, the new research fields, such a. territorial management, have provided rural settlement geography with a wide range of research projects. Moreover, the focus of rural s-’ttleinent geography has been shifting from the explanation of relationship between settlement a .d its environments to predicting, planning and designing of rural settlement for future development.The current trends of research on rual set dement geography in China are as following:(1) to serve the reform, management, rational distribution and planning of rural settlement;(2) researches on the tran,formastion, migration of rural population and the trends, sizes and processes of rural urbanization; (3) the theoretical synthesis of rural settlement geography; ( 4) the quantitative approach: (5) the analysis of new types of man-land relationship, in or-dcr to harmonize the settlement with economic development and its environments: (6) enhan-cement of the research on rural settlement geography within regional geography.

Based on overall analysis of water pollution control system in Luoyang city, this thesis, by means of the system analysis, tries to establish a multiple model including both System Dynamics (SD) model of discharge sewage control system in this city and dynamic water quality model of Luo River in an attempt to show comprehensively the dynamic change trend of urban water pollution control system. This method, applying System Dynamics to urban water pollution control system and combining it with river water quality model, is a new attempt. The prominent advantages are: first, a model of study of dynamic problem is provided for urban water pollution control system; second, SD model of discharge sewage control system has built a laboratory of strategy and policy for policy-makers.

A quantitative methodology is proposed to identify and prioritize potential NFS pollution areas and periods within a watershed in this paper. Its procedure includes collecting original data and maps, selecting interested factors, converting the study area into a grid system, quantifying the factors, and drawing/overlaying on the microcomputers. More specifically, a Geographic Information System is employed to integrate and map such factors as rainfall, topography, plant cover, soil, control practice and chemical content in the soil. Gridmaps of every factor and pollutant generation module are finally obtained. The spatial and temporal variation of NFS pollutant generation can be identified from the gridmaps and the distribution curve of the rainfall factor. Therefore, potential NFS areas and periods are selected for control emphasis. In addition, a NFS management plan can be designed by altering controllable factors.The methodology presented was applied to the Yuqiao reservoir watershed, about 90 kilometers east of Beijing. The conclusions are as follows: (1) nonpoint source pollution almost always occurs in July and August. (2) topography and plant cover are two key factors affecting the spatial variation of NFS pollutant generation. Therefore, adjusting the existing tillage systems and implementing afforestation practices will be significant ways to manage nonpoint sources in the area. (3) the narrow belt along the Great Wall and the central part in the western watershed are potential NFS areas for the contributions of total sediment and nitrogen respectively, and the southern plain is a direct threat to the reservoir as a source of phosphorus. These areas were proposed as a priority for nonpoint source management.

This paper analyzes, by means of records of monthly mean temperature in the last 112 years (1873-1984) and the monthly mean sea level pressure fields in the last 110 years (1871-1980), the long-term change in temperature from colder to warmer during overwintering season in Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) Lower Reach, represented by Shanghai data, and the low-frequency fluctuations of large-scale pressure circulation system, associated with the former. It is discovered that in the last 100 years or so, there are similar long-term variation trend in cold warm between early winter (November and December) and late winter (February). The general feature of it is that the temperature in the three months presents itself an increase in tendency: in early 50 years or so there is colder period, namely, the temperature in average of this period is lower than the average temperature of last 100 years, and in late 50 years or so there is warmer period, namely, the temperature in average of this period is higher than it. The transition from colder period to warmer occurred in year 1930 or so.The cold valley──a phase of extreme low temperature in colder period and the warm peak──a phase of extreme high temperature in warmer period are all counted up. The advantages and disadvantages of cold valley or warm peak are also analysed in agriculture production.The change of large-scale circulations in October, which is corresponding to the change from colder to warmer period as above, is presented that the strength and position of Asia Continental cold high show a low-frequency fluctuation, and so does the strength of Northern Pacific. It can be considered that the changes of the both large-scale circulations occur in October and it impacts on East Asian climate in overwintering season as that, a notable trend variation exists just in the starting of the winter monsoon moving forward during autumn-winter in East Asia. The feature of these trend variations can be described that it is prevailing in early 50 years or so, the colder period, that Asia Continental cold high is stronger and eastward; Northern Pacific high is weaker, namely, the early winter monsoon in East Asia is stronger. However, there is an inversely prevailing in late 50 years or so, the warmer period, namely, Asia Continental cold high is weaker and westward; Northern Pacific highis stronger; the early East Asian winter monsoon is weaker correspondingly.In addition, the long-term change of temperature in January is different from that in above three months, November, December and February. The large-scale circulation, associated with the temperature in January, is correcpondingly different too.The representation and application of Shanghai temperature for Chang Jiang Lower Reach are discussed. It is indicated that the extreme temperature in the west region of Shanghai is lower than that in Shanghai

A numerical simulation model is presented for the evaporation process of bare soil in this paper, and a personnal computer program written in FORTRAN is developed and verified with preliminary field tests.

The red boulder clay contents of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺and a little Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ in the chemical composition.