This paper tackles this problem based upon a variety of sedimentological evidence, such as paleomicrofauna, pollen and spores, sediment grain size, sedimentary structure, heavy mineral content and ¹⁴C radio-carbon dates. These data were mainly, in conjunction with nearly 200 subsurface drilling cores available in this area, collected from seven newly drilled cores at Gou-ting, Gaoqiao and Shuanlin etc.

The longitudinal profile of a river valley is morphologically the assemblage of every reach profile in various developing stages and changes in the development and evolution of every reach profile.

Quantitative assessment of sunshine duration and solar irradiation incident on tilted and vertical surfaces is very significant to the study of the ecological environment in mountain areas, to architecture, and to urban climate research. In this paper, the theoretical and modelling methods to compute and estimate sunshine duration and solar irradiation on inclined surfaces are discussed and applied to a specific city located in plain.

The most remarkable superiority of Beijing’s industrial development is its rich intellectual resources, with the No. 1 status of scientific and technological forces. The main limiting factors are a shortage of water resources, and the requirement of a high quality environment. The characteristics of the distribution of Bejing’s industry spreads eccentrically from the urban district to the outskirts, and then to the outer suburbs. But it is too crowded in the urban district and the outskirts, and too scattered in the outer suburbs. According to the advantages and problems of industrial develoment in Beijing, the author suggests: The emphasis ought to be on industries that are clean technologically intensive and conserve water and land. Based on this principle, the present industrial structure ought to be adjusted to develop new-industries. At the same time, the satellite industrial towns in the outer suburbs and corresponding transportation-communication systems need to be constructed as soon as possible.

Location of grouping firms in industrial district means rational agglomeration in a particular space of several firms which are connected with one another in supply of raw material, fuel, subsidiary material and semi-product or with close technical linkage, or located together simply aiming at full use of regional infrastructure. It comes from the objective need of mo-dern industry production. Now, in our country, more and more .industrial districts are constructed with this locational pattern. Thus, to analyze its economic effect and to determine its best size is an urgent problem posed before us. This paper made a qualitative discussion of this problem and gave a quantitative analysis by using a mathematical model.The economical effect of the location of grouping firms consists mainly of capital investment in construction of the district and operational expenditure in normal production.

Territorial development and management means a rational development, utilization and protection of territorial resources. The main task of territorial development and management includes territorial planning, regulation and management.The territorial resources consist mainly of natural resources and socio-economic resources. In terms of territorial development and management natural resources are a major concern. In other words, the principal research objective of territorial development and management is territorial resources in which natural resources are dominant.In the research on territorial development and management, mankind and its natural environment should be put into an interrelated and coordinated system. Meanwhile, emphasis should be placed on environmental stress resulting from unreasonable utilization of natural resources and a major effort should be made to adapt mankind to its natural environment. Morever, when territorial planning with the purpose of rational development, utilization and protection of natural resources is carried out not only rational macroscopic planning, but feasible microscopic planning should be considered in oder to achieve overall planning goals.Researchers in the field of territorial development and management should have a wide range of knowledge* and keep a close relationship with researchers from other disciplines. The key problem, however, is to develop new scientific concepts and make better use of new scientific theories and approaches.From the point of view of territorial development and management the main tasks of natural resources research at present are as follows:1. Carry out further survey and investigation on natural resources in order to have a thorough understanding of their quantity, quality and distribution.2. Study the development, utilization and protection of natural resources in oder to provide a scientific base for territorial planning.3. Provide a scientific base for territorial regulation.Finnally, the following proposals with respect to natural resources research and territorial development and management have been put forward:1. Expand cooperation with researchers from other disciplines and carry out more comprehensive research on natural resources and their development, utilization and protection.2. Carry out more research on natural resources management with the aid of modern scientific theories and methods.3. Launch a popularized education and information effort about the rational development, utilization and protection of natural resources.

This paper mainly presents an introduction of dynamic research on territorial structural system. Territorial structure means the spacial form which is displayed on the globe by the economic and social activities of human beings. Under certain economic and social conditions, territorial structure is also the result of a spacial self-organization within the elements and subsystems in the territorial system.A satisfactory self-organized procedure has been revealed in the research of the evolutionary history of territorial structure. In the primitive fishing and hunting society a spacial scheme, controlled dispersively, was formed, along with the growth and competion. among the original tribes and clans. In the agricultural society, villages emerged in the places with the appropriate climate and fertile soil, and then expanded through a neighboring effect and transition diffusion. Space competing produced a more complex order structure. Up to industrial society, the industrial cities occupied the important position, the final spacial structure was composed of the metropolis, intermediate cities and satellite towns.Furthermore, the author draws up a conclusion on the general rule of territorial structural evolution, based on historial study, i.e, an orderly, circulating procedure will be achieved in the end through mutation, chaos, diffusion and competition. The more the procedure debelops, the more complex territorial structure is, the more perfect its function is and the more stable it becomes.Finally, the author puts forward a basic model of territorial macrostructure in the information society by combining the scientific and technological revolutions, which is inspired by the garden city theory set by E. Howard.The author takes the new kind of scientific city, the main part is the fourth undertaking, as the basic cell of human activities. A lot of these cells are linked by modern communication and transportation networks, which form the functional area. Different functional areas become a mosaic in the territory, by which it constitutes the territorial system with the organic character.Another contribution of this paper is that the author had put the original locational models, (agriculture location theory, industry location theory, market competition theory and central place theory etc.) on the historical system of territorial structure evolution, which not only deepens our understanding of these theories, but also has developed new location models, for example, the original agriculture location theory and the science city arrangement theory.

In the first part of the paper the author put forward four points: 1. The U valley of Wangjiapo; 2. The cirque of Daao; 3. The glacial straition and, 4. The glacial deposit in Lushan to prove there are glacial relics in Lushan. Further more, the author based on his stu-die’s on a "mud rock flow" of Lushan, affirm that neither the form nor its low altitude position, it was formed during Quaternary period by glaciation, and late ice age’s running water, due to the its geologic structure and the nature of the rocks. Judging by the disposition of the mud rock, the author believe that it is a typical glacial drift of monsoon oceanic glacier instead of a mud rock flow.

In China there exists enormous regional differences in territorial exploitation and economic development. We have two regional developing macrostratogies to chose from: stressed (focal point) exploitation and balanced development. On the basis of Chinese and foriegn practices and theories of regional development, the author points out, China should adopt the strategy of stressed exploitation. That is, Chinese regional economic development ought to follow the model of sequenced diffusion in the way of point-axis to realize relative balance. In order to strengthen the ties between the Eastern and Western China and put the strategy into practice. We must set up prior industrial zones throughout the country. This is possible especiully along the coast and the Chang Jiang (yangtze) River, both of which are first class axises and there by can form an economic macro-pattern in the shape of a "T". Besides, the economic zones should widely establish their horitontal relations among themselves as well.

This pape- discusses the application of integrated physical geography to montane terrain management.Based upon the author’s experience, the paper takes the montane areas of western Hubei Province as examples. It shows the application of integrated physical geography to the design of agriculture, industry, ecosystems and tourist sites in montane areas:1. It lays a scientific foundation for the design of commercial montane agricultural bases by exposing the structure of agricultural lands for a special purpose.2. It provides a scientific base for the design of montane industrial structures and layouts as well as the appraisal of the location of industrial bases by dividing the regions of industrial resources and evaluating the engineering quality of industrial lands.3. It lays a necessary bases for the ecological design of montane catchment areas by land differentiation and ecologic-economic value.4. It may help the design of tourist sites by the classification of tourist lands and the functional division of tourist areas.

(1) Based on the transfer equation of direct solar radiation in the atmosphere a formula of estimating the amount of photons, n, corresponding to one unit of PAR (0.4-0.7u,) of the direct solar radiation at sea level has been developed.

Along the northestern coast of Hainan Island, Holocene coastal dunes and dune rock make a wide tropical coastal dune belt.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the relationship between some heavy metals and soil separates as well as the composition of minerals in the soils of the Zhang Jia Jie-Suo Xi Yu protected area, Western Hunan Province.The total content of heavy metals in the soils of geochemical landscapes is influenced by the parent rock and the biocycle as well as the geocycle in the soil-forming processes. The studies show that the contents of heavy metals for various particle-size groups increase from the largest particle sizes downward and the heavy metals have a tendency to concentrate in clay (< 0.001 mm). From the data obtained in this study, the total content of heavy metals in soil is atributed to the integrated influences of heavy metal enrichment in clay and the content of clay itself in soil.The various particle-size groups have been made by X-ray diffration, Mineralogical analysis indicates that there is a gradual transition from the soil minerals that mainly consist of Chlorite, Kalinite and Illite to those that mainly consist of Quartz with increasing particle size. This kind of transition could result in the distribution of heavy metal in different particle-size groups, which conforms to the principle of chemical crystallography and the characteristic of colloids. The higher heavy metal concentrations at smaller particle sizes in soil has been suggested.

Based on the average and extreme values of maximum 24-hr rainfall for the last 30 years at hydrological and meteorological stations in China, the demarcation of severe rainstorms in China is investigated. The intensities and seasonal distribution features of severe rainstorms, weather systems and the direction of water vapour transfer and some geographical factors, including topography, elevation and the contrast nature of sea and continent, are comprehensively considered for demarcation.First of all, based on synoptic climatology, ten regions, where rainstorms occur, may be preliminarily delimitated.Secondly, by calculating the areal rainfall index of each region, the correlation coefficient of the areal rainfall index with annual rainfall (or precipitation in May-Aug.) at every station in a given region can be computed. If the correlation coefficient reaches the level of significance (a = 0.05) it means that the station belongs in the same climate region.Finally, ten homogeneous climate regions of severe rain storms and four subregions are delimitated. The genesis of rainstorms and its characteristics in each of the regions are briefly dis-cribed.

On the basis of the dating of the spore-pollen analysis from drilling cores and outcrop sections of Qianan, Daging, Fuyu, Harbin, Changchun, Longjiang in the Songnen Plain, the period of the late Tertiary-Pleistocene was divided into 13 spore-pollen assemblages. During the late Tertiary tree pollen dominated and during the Pleistocene herb pollen dominated.According to the charesteristics of spore pollen assemblages and paleomagnetics and 14C dating, the succession of the paleibotany and paleoclimate in the region is as follows:(1) In the early epoch of the late Tertiary, the Pinus, Tsuga, Ulmus, Carya represented a mixed evergreen conifer-broad leaf deciduous forest, which belong to warm and humid climate. At the end of the late Tertiary, Pinus and Picea with a number of broad-leaf species formed a mixed temperate conifer-broad leaf forest with steppe type vegetation occurring in part; the climate had changed from warm and wet to mild and dry.(2) In the Pleistocene period, the vegetation in the region was dominated by temperate park steppe, meadow-steppe and steppe. In addition, the dark coniferous forest was distributed in isolated islands. During late Pleistocene epoch, the periglacial vegetation was distributed extensively, as the Climate of this period got drier and cooler.

Comparative hydrology is a new concept in hydrological study. The author indroduces contemporary international development of the study. On the basis of a review of the problems in caparative hydrology, the present paper deals with the scope of research work, including principles, objectives and analytical approaches. The author states that China is one of largest counties in the World with a considerable variety of hydrological types which are favourable to research on comparative hydrology. Finally, a research proposel is presented for Chinese geographical/engineering hydrologists: 1. Establishment of an entire system for various hydrological types; 2. Enhancement of the study of hydrological processes for all hydrological types; 3. Development of a data bank and information system for comparative hydrology; 4. Development of comparative hydrology models for transferring hydrological predications from one area to another.

Water resources is a sensitive element for natural resources planning and territorial management in arid land. This article deals with some understanding of the evaluation and rational utilization of water resources in arid land.1. The problems of correctly evaluating the water resources in arid land. The area of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region is about 16.5% of China’s total, but its annual flows (81 billion m3) is only 3.1% of China’s total, its mean annual precipitations (145mm) and mean annual runoff depth (47 mm) equal 23% and 17% respectively to the average value of the country. It shows evidently that Xinjiang is arid land. But some papers compared only the annual flows between Xinjiang and other provinces or river basins, without considering the regional difference of the area and precipitation, and compared each other according to water volume per capita. The results from comparison show that water in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region rank the front row. Such material is not true and can not serve as the basis of the regional exploiting plan.2. Using the advantageous natural conditions for rational development of water resources. The following are some examples: (1) Using intermont basin as underground reservoir may regulate a part of flood flow and decrease some reservoir investment for flood control. There are many such intermont basins in Xinjiang uighur Autonomous Region. (2) Seepage control for irrigation canals should be considered according to its necessity. If the canals in intermont basin or its major constituent of sediment content is clay, there is generally no necessity for seepage control. (3) It is necessary to build some mountain reservoirs to replace a part of plain reservoirs, which may increase the efficiency of flood control and irrigation benefit.3. Adjusting the water resources between adjacent regions. It is important in arid land to divert a part of flows from the abundant water regions to the water deficient regions. There are three cases in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. (1) The Tarim River can naturally divert a part of its flows from the western part of the Tarim Basin to the eastern part. It will play a positive role in exploiting the natural resources and in the management of ecological environment of the eastern Tarim Basin. (2) A part of the Ertix River flows may be diverted through conveyance canal to the southern and southwestern pan of the Altay Area. It is possible in technique and rational in economy. We ought to plan and to realize. (3) Hi River has abundant flows, but it has some trouble in diverting water to the adjacent regions. At present, We can present some preliminary schemes or carry out some research work.4. Depth understanding of the changing cause of hydrologic phenomenon and ecological environment. For example, some papers consider that the cause of the buried "Silk road" and ancient oasis by sanddunes along the southern margin of the Tarim Basin, and the disappearance of the lake "Lop-nur" is due to climatic change in historical period. Practically, it is the consequence of human economic activities. It was more convenient then to divert river flow from the’middle reach than from the lower reach, hence the irrigated areas were naturally migrated from the lower reach to the middle reach, the oasis and road were abandoned, and gradually buried by sanddunes. In the recent 100 years, because of the large-scale reclamation of the Tarim Basin, the river flows were diverted into the new irrigated areas of the tributaries and its upper reaches, and the flows feeding the lower reach decreased year after year. It is the main cause of the disappearance of the lake "Lop-nur".

There exists an inherent relationship between territorial division and superiority. The former is the objective scheme and the latter-motive Cause from human being. To define loc-ational superiorities of a region or a city, we must, first of all, determine its economic status in a specific area.

1. Since the Cenozoic Era the development of the Tianshan Mountains has gone through two periods of the formation of peneplain under denudation and planation in the Early Tertiary and the rise of high mountains corresponding to block faulting by a big margin from the Neog-ene to the Quaternary. Therefore, the evolution of natural environment is controlled.2. In Early Tertiary, replacement environment of sea and land sedimentation occurred in the southern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains, which was in contact with the Mediterranean Sea in some times; and in the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains there was terrestrial environment of river and lake deposits. Since the Late Tertiary, sedimentary environment has tended uniformity with slight difference in both mountain pieldmonts.3. Tianshan region belongs to a part of arid land between the zone of deciduous broad leaf trees of the northern temperate zone and the zone of evergreen broad leaf trees of the southern subtropical zone. Since the Tertiary, it can be divided into two relatively humid periods (the Palaeocene-Eocene and the Oligocene-Miocene) and three drought periods (the Early-Mid-Oligocene, Pliocene and Quaternary). The Quaternary period featured also some relatively humid and drought pulsation.

Problem raised To promote cultural intercourse, an atlas of China in English is in planning. The geographical names consist generally of specific and generic parts. The romanization of the former has unanimously been advocated in pinyin, while that for the latter difference in advocate between pinyin and translation comes into being. The writer is in favour of pinyin.Donor versus receiver Someone may think that when the generic parts of foreign geographical names have generally been rendered into Chinese by translation, the same way should be adopted to that of Chinese ones into English. Otherwise a "duality of standard" exists. The writer thinks, however, that there are two ways to deal with. When the writing system is different in form, viz, one in alphabets and the other in ideograms, the receiver principle should be followed, while they are in the same form the donor principle should play.The feasibility of donor principle can be illustrated by geographical names in China, Japan and Korea when they are shown by Chinese characters. They are copied one after another in writing but are read differently in pronunciation. So they are only good visually but not auditorily. Now as the geographical names in China are in pinyin, they are good for both. Therefore there is no such contradiction as described as "duality of standard".Generic parts in transcription accustomed to European readers It is questioned that whetherthe generic parts of geographical names in China in transcription is acceptable 10 European readers. In most of the atlases with influence published in roman letters we see that the generic parts of geographical names in non-romentzed letter countries are always rendered by transcription. For instance, in Egyption geographical names, mountain is trapscribed as jbel or jebel, river as bahr, bay as khalij or khalig; in Japanese geographical names, mountain as yama, island as do; in China, mountain, river, lake as shan, ho (now in he), hu. It may be of interest to mention that in India, Hindi and Engish are both adopted as official languages. But in the well known Times Atlas of the World, tthe administrative division is shown as pradesh instead of state.While Huang He and Chang Jiang are rendered in English as Yellow River and Yangtze River, someone may incline to say that the rendering of generic parts in translation is an all-round process. To the contrary they are exceptional as demonstrated by statistics.Mapping and writing not always in accord Because the generic parts of geographical names have been customarily translated in foreign language, someone thinks that if they are differently annotated in transcription on maps, it will be difficult to consult. In atlases published in European countries a glossary is always: appended. We should follow suit for consult. It is especially important that as the geographical names in’ China romanized after pinyin have been adopted as the international standard and that as the generic parts form their componant, we have to furnish their authentic spelling. The atlas serving as a show case should play an exemplary role in standardization. Because the geographical names therein are all-round, systematic, vast in number and clearcut in geographical position.Amend clause after trend of time There are two items concerning the romanization of geographical names in a certain regulation. One stipulates that pinyin should be applied both to the specific and generic parts and the other specifies that the generic parts be translated, In the latter case it deviates somewhat from the practice de facto.Furthemore, as a carrier of information besides the indication of position the geographical names also reflect the linguistic characteristics. It will serve as an evidence of territorial sovereignty right in dispute. For instance, by transcription the generic part of islands in Chinese should be in Dao, Japanese in Do, and Vietnamese in Dao. They are clear-cut. If by translation in English as Island, they mingle with each other.The writer suggests that the regula

In China we are able to study historical climate and it’s change by means of climatic information from historical records. Bacause there remain some deficiencies such as description, discontinuity and inhomogeneities, neither can a conparison be made between different historical periods nor can the data processing be conducted by computer. Therefore their use value in scientific research has been limited considerably.The information processing of historical climate relies on the basis of the information. The purpose is to establish a set of methods to turn the qualitative information on historical climate into parameters of climatic change, to eliminate the inhomogeneites of various sources, so that to establish a pattern of historical climate.In this paper, a set of methods of establishing the grade patterns of historical floods and droughts during the last 863 years in the Tai Hu basin on the basis of collecting systematically historica events is put forword as follows:1. According to the relationship of drought and flood conditions between each station and the region, the information sources of establishing a grade pattern of historical floods and droughts can be determined and can be further classified into three types: main type, subsidiary type and reference type, so as to establish an information network.2. Defining the classification criterion of historical floods and droughts, the grades of floods and drought may be decided, according to the information on historical floods and droughts at each station; and the corrective parameter of the grades settled, according to the 昪haracteristics of topography and climate.3. According to the differentiation of information sources,the author determines respectively the following information intensities:1) Those including exact records of floods droughts are called "strong information";2) Those which have no exact records of floods or droughts, yet can provide information through other records are called "weak information";3) Those which have no records are called "assumably normal year" or "extremely weak information".On the basis of the above cliassification the information reliability can be determined according to the information intensity.4. The regional grades are synthesized in accordance with their type by historical drought and flood grades of each station, using the method of mean with varied weight. Then the basin grade is synthesized by regional grades, using the method of establishing a distinctive model, to set up the pattern.The grade series is built on the basis of establishing an information management system.

The quality of water in the Xiangjiang river system may be classified into the bicarbonate type. The equilibrium course of carbonates is the basic adjustment factor controlling the geochemical process of water quality.

As one of the coastal open cities in China, Wenzhou is situated in the south-easten part of Zhejiang Province. Consisting of nine counties and one district, Wenzhou municipality has a population of 6.3 million (1985), but the city itself has only a population of 300 000.Economy is the leading factor for urban develoment. Since 1978, when the economy reformwas launched in rural area the ever-increasing commodity production and family industry in Wenzhou have played an important role in speeding up urbanization. In recent years, about 620 000 of farmers have left rural area and moved to small towns for being engaged in family industry and tertiary, so that the urban population has significantly increased, accounting for 23% of the total population. As result of the investment by many rich farmers, small towns in Wenzhou have developed rapidly. From 1977 to 1985, the number of towns in Wenzhou increased more than twice. The new town Longang (with a population of 24 000) was set up by farmers any other support. Besides, the commodity production has brought about much progress in specializaed production. It is in favour of the reasonable regional division of labour within the urban system.The basic guideline of urban system planning in Wenzhou is to bring central city into full play, to improve the quality of small towns continually, to develop an urban network with complete size structure and rational division of labour as well as coordinate distribution.1. To raise the size-class of the urban system in Wenzhou. The level of urbanization will be expected to reach 40% by 2000 years. More than fifty new towns will be constructed. As a central city, Wenzhou will develop from a middle city to a large one, with a predicted population of 650 000. Rui’an and Aojiang will grow from county towns into small cities with a population of 150 000 each.2. To organize a rational division system of cities and towns. According to their status and function in the region, cities and towns in wenzhou will be divided into five grades: central city-subcentral city-county town-local central tcwn-town. Then, each grade of cilies and towns will be further divided into 16 function types, for example, industrial towns, traffic towns and trade towns etc.3. To establish an urban network which links points, lines and surface together. To plan a 4-class developing axis in which all cities and towns will organized as an organic unit. Taking Wenzhou, Rui’an and Aojiang as cores, three urban-rural economic, cooperation areas will be set up.Wenzhou is the central city of the whole region. In order to bring it into full play in the south-eastern part of Zhejiang Province in the future, the most important measure will be to build railway and other infrastructure as well as promote light industry and tertiary industry.

This paper described the contents and the theoretical and realistic importance of compromising analysis. The conceptual pattern and general mathematical model (MAOM) are established here. The conceptual pattern consists of three blocks, or decomposing block which is composed of area-decomposing and objective-decomposing, available water resources block which is closely related to interior structural analysis of regional water resources, and compromising analysis block. The aim of decomposion is to transfer the problems which are very complicated or even unsolved into a lot of sub-problems which can be solved. The main tasks of compromising analysis block are to develop the mathematical model and determine the appropriate compromising methods, and to give the use structure of regional water resourcess studied. The general mathematical model of compromising analysis is set up in the third part, which consists of the analysis of development objectives and constraints. The model is a multiarea-multiobjective planning model. Compromising program is one of the effective methods used to solve the model, which is based on the best geometric notion. Finally, according to the principles of compromising analysis described, we made a study of the distribution of Changji Prefeture’s water resources of Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, and got its near-future and long-range rational use structure of water resources by applying goal programming method to solve the mathematical model.

We put forword a two-dimensional fictitious sub-network difference scheme first. Based upon it, a computer model is developed to determine topographic parameters including slope, azimuth and screening angle caused by the surrounding terrains at every grid point in mountainous areas, from which the distribution maps of slope and terrain pattern and screening figure can be easily made. The input parameters of the model are altitude data at every grid point derived from the contour map, grid space and number. The grid space may vary according to the contour map scale and uneven degree of the terrains in mountainous areas under study. The test made in the pan of dabie Mountains manifests that the computed values of these parameters are generally consistent with observed ones.

Environmental evolutions in the eastern China have the hollowing characters: 1. Quaternary environmental changes are mainly controlled by global climatic variations. 2. The sensitive regions of environmental changes are between the middle part of Northeast China and the middle part of Central China. The environmental variations of the former were between the forest-tundra of cool temperate zone and the deciduous broadleaved forest of warm temperate zone, and those of the latter were between the broadleaved forest with grassland of warm temperate zone and the broadleaved evergreen forest of south subtropic zone. 3. The coldest and dry climate appeared about 18000-15000 years ago in Late-Pleistocene, When the annual average temperature decreased about 8℃ compared with that of today, and the natural environmental zones moved southward about 1000 km in Northeast China and North China. The hottest and wet climate appeared in middle Pleistocene, when the temperature increased 4℃ compared with that of to-day and natural environmental zones moved northward about 700 km in North China. 4. The general tendency of Quaternary environmental variations was to become dry and the continentality of climate was from strength to strength in the eastern China during Quaternary. 5. The natural environmental variations of the southern part of Central China and South China were smaller than those to the north of them, and the tempertural variations were about 3-5℃ 6. We found that the sporo-pollen assemblages in the "glacial boulder clay beds" of Mt. Lushan and Huangshan all belong to warm and wet forest environment, There fore, the problem of glaciation in Mt. Lushan and Huangshan is questionable.

This article is about a Quaternary vegetational analysis based on palynological works in East China. The purpose of this study is to expose the characteristics of the vegetation and its ecological environment of East China in the course of alternative appearances of the cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) stages in Quaternary period.In East China, the Quaternary flora was established in Tertiary, and it is similar to thatof the present. In other words, since Late Tertiary, the taxa of plants had never been much changed.A clear difference in the development of Quaternary vegetation between the southern region and the northern region of East China, winch are bounded by Qinling mountain and Hu-aihe river, reflected strongly the difference of climatic conditions in the ice age.In northern region of East China, Ulmaceae, Fagaceae, Julandaceae and Betulaceae were the main components of the vegetation in late Pliocene. At the same time, Picea, Pinus and the herbs such as Composite, Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae etc. increased rapidly, while the deciduous trees decreased gradually. Therefore a vegetation landscape of a mixed conifer and deciduous forest emerged, which reflected that the climate became cooling, but still remained temperate. However, various traces of vegetational records suggest that the dry climatic factor had played an important role in Quaternary vegetation of the northern China.In southern region of East China, the flora has changed extremely little from Late Tertiary to the present. Podocarpus, Tsuga, Keteheria as well as Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Ju-glandaceae, Hamamenlidaceae, Araliaceae, Aquifoliaceae and Anacradaceae are always present in the pollen assemblages, and have been existing to the present. So it is clear that a cold climate which can destory the warm flora hadn’t been formed during the glacial period in East China.According to the distribution and development of the Quaternary flora in East China, any reflections concerning ice cap are not yet discovered, but the vegetational zones downward in the mountain in southern region. The development and expansion of dry terriher-bosa in northern region may be seen. Therefore, the Quaternary vegetation in East China differed from that of Europe, where the vegetation was destroyed frequently by ice sheet in the glacial period.A rough calculation of climatic condition in Quaternary cold stage can be made. In northern region the mean annual temperture is near 2癈 and the aridity index 2, which are similar to the persent climatic condition in the western aera of Daxinganlian mountains. And in the southern region, the ecological environment might be very similar to that of the mountainous region of Southwest China at present, where the mean annual temperature is 11℃ and mean precipitation 1000 mm being a cool humid condition.It seems that in Eurasia the steppe had possibly expanded to a broad area from south Europe to East Asia. However, the glacial climate invading southward to East China was limited. So a great deal of survive plants which originated from the tropical region are still per-served in South China.

The influence region of urban economy is defined as the largest range of the region where the development of regional economy is promoted and spurred by affecting capability of urban economic activity. It is mainly restricted by 3 factors: 1) the affecting capacity of urban economic activity relying on investing capability of cities, agglomeration scale of market and technical and economic conditions; 2) the factor of distance attenuating the influence ability: 3) the diversity of influence capacity among cities and their interactions.In the aspects of investment, market and technico-economic level, a principal component analysis on 15 economic variables shows that the diversity of urban economic activity in China is mainly restricted by the scale of urban economic activity.The main results of the calculation are:1) The regional economic influence centers of the whole country fall into 5 levels. Among then, the first-level centers include 6 cities, which are analosous to the nationwide centers of large regions; the second-level centers include 25 cities, analogous to the sub-centers of large regions or provincial centers with higher level of economic development; the thirdlevel centers include 63 cities, analogous to the ordinary provincial centers or the centers within the provinces with higher economic level; the fourth-level centers include 96 cities, which are ordinary provincial or regional centers, major local cities and the cities with rather specialized functions; and the fifth-level centers include 42 cities, analogous to the ordinary local centers and cities with special functions.2) In the author’s region, seven first-level influence regions of urban economy have been formed in China.

Shanghai is the largest industrial and commercial center and the most rapidly growing city in China In order to approach Shanghai urban in fluence on the solar radiation, we deal with the following two aspects:1. Evolution of annual solar radiation during the last 28 years in Shanghai area (1958-1985). From the late 1960s’, the direct solar radiation (S) in Shanghai central observatory obviously decreased while the diffuse solar radition(D) increased gradually. Since the decrement of S is greater than the increment of D, the global radistion (Q + S + D) had the ?oine decreased trend as S. But these trends did not appear in Shanghai rural areas. The results obtained from the spectral analysis show that the decreased or increased trends of S, Q and D in city are closely related to the consumption of coal and the amount of fall dust in the urban district.2. The difference of solar radiation between Shanghai city and its suburban counties. By using the simultaneous observational data of percentage of possible sunshine and amount of clouds in Shanghai city and its subrubs, we calculated the values of S. D, and Q for its nearby ten rural stations (applying suitable statistical formula). The results show that the urban district has the lowest values of S. and Q. In view of the turbidity factor (D/S), the urban district gives the highest value. The effect of turbidity- island’ is obvious.

Owing to the special structure and geomorphic conditions of Luochuan Yuan, loess with athickness of 135m has been accumulated by continuous deposition over the past 2.4 million years. This period of loess accumulation spans at least 24 climatic cycles. The climatic changes no: only formed loess-paleosol sequences but also had a profound influence on other aspects of geomorphic development.In the cold-dry stages when loess deposition was fast, soil genesis was comparably weak. In this way the fine loess layers were formed, precipitation and surface runoff remained low in these cold-dry stages. The loess layer and its geomorphic expression was stable only under such climatic condition.When humid temperate climates developed, loess deposition rates were much reduced, per-miting strong pedogenesis. In this way paleosols were formed. In addition, precipitation and surface runoff were much higher in the humid temperate stages, affecting the stability of the underlying loess. This resulted in the onset of erosion and the development of gullying. Since the fifth paleosol layer was formed five erosion stages are recognized in the Luochuan Yuan region.The process of deposition and erosion in the valley of Luohe river at Luochuan Yuan region differs significantly from that mentioned above. During the humid-temperate climatic stage, loess erosion remained strong in the inner part of loess yuan, and gullies were formed. A lot of loess material was carried into the Luohe river. Because the valley of Luohe river was narrow and the runoff volume and flood levels were higher than those in the cold-dry stage, a thick deposit of alluvium was formed in the valley. When the climate entered the next cold-dry stage, erosion was weaker in the inner part of loess yuan and surface runoff decreased. The quantity of loess material carried into the river decreased accordingly. Erosion was then occurred in the alluvium. As the flood level in the cold-dry stage was lower than that in the previous humid climate, the flood level could not reach its previous heights. The alluviuin deposited in the last climatic stage then was preserved as a terrace. Locess then began to deposit on the terrace surface. It is reasonable to consider that the terraces of Luohe river in Luochuan Yuan region was formed by such climatic changes.Although the history of Luohe river differs from that of gullying in the inner part of Luochuan loess yuan, both were formed under the influence of the climatic changes. Correlation between the terraces of Luohe river and the gullies of various erosion stages is therefore possible. Such correlation is shown in the following table;

In this paper, the model calculation is used to calculate the chemical species distribution of heavy metals in the Middle Yellow River. The results show that the pH value is the most important factor to control the distribution of each species, while the initial concentration of the heavy metals and content of suspended matter are other factors.In the Middle Yellow River, Cu and Pb mainly appear in sedimentary form, and Zn in adsorbed form. The content of free state heavy metal is very low. This study provides a scientific basis for forecasting the effect of heavy metal on environment for building the Xiao Lang Di reservoir.

The National Population Atlas of China is a large-scale scientific reference atlas, which reflects comprehensively the population features and geographical distribution of our nation’s one billion population. The Atlas comprises 137 maps, and an appended table of data of 17 demographic indicators by county/city, divided into eight sections: introductory; population distribution; ethnicity; sex and age; population change; education; employed population and its industrial and occupational structures; and family, marriage and fertility. According to the presentation method, the maps in this Atlas can be divided into graduated choropletb maps, dot population maps; graphic population chropleth maps and graduated population grid maps. The compiling characteristics and presentation method of the above maps have been summarized in the article.The information used in the Atlas has been assembled mainly from various accurate and detailed data of the Third Population Census of China in 1982 and with the technique of computer mapping. A series of data processing from data extraction, indices calculation, statistical analysis, to class intervals and graphic output has been finished. This article briefly introduced the compilation of the Atlas as well as the automapping process.

This paper presents a case of Jiangsu Province. The author picks up more than 30,000 data of resident areas from topographical maps. More than 30,000 population data are picked up from the transformed data of inhabitation. The author presents 3 maps on the population density of Jiangsu Province drawn by the raster dasymetric diagram method, raster dasymetric choropleth method and isopleth method respectively, and the map on the population distribution of Jiangsu Province drawn by the fixed position dot-dissemination method on the base of population data. The common characteristic of the maps is that they are drawn by using much more population data based on km rasters.

A stochastic approach to interpolating sparse observation records in geography referred to as the "Kriging technique" has been developed by Matheron (1970) but was named after D. R. Krige, who first applied some of the concepts underlying this technique to assessing the gold contents of the South Africa mines.A fundamental concept of the kriging theory, i.e, the variogram, is analyzed in the light of the deterministic development and is given a welldefined physical meaning. By minimizing the sum of square deviation between the estimating and measuring values with the constraint of unbiased estimation the "Kriging" system equations could be derived. In principle, the kriging technique should provide more reliable estimates, since the theoretical variogram incorporates a larger amount of information than that related to the available recordls.The primary advantage of the kriging technique is the ability to provide an interpolation value of unmeasured points using available information. The kriging technique could be applied in geography, especially in surface hydrology, groundwater, soil moisture, the regional planning and network design.

This paper deals mainly with the target, principle, boundary and substance line, etc of physical geographical regionalization.It emphasizes that heat-water is the internal cause of landscape evolution. But latitude, distance from the sea, height, etc. are factors of external conditions.The principle must be exclusive the boundary may be devised into two types of the theory isopleth and landscape shape line.