The development of the new-type urbanization in the future has aroused great attention from the government and the public. Initially, this research predicts the urbanization and population dynamics on both national and provincial levels from 2015 to 2030. On this basis, this study examines the spatial variation of urbanization given the national urbanization rate of 70.12%. Furthermore, it estimates the national and provincial demands of investment in the new urbanization. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The population and urbanization rate will reach 1.445 billion and 70.12% respectively from 2015 to 2030. (2) The demographic dividend will be vanished when population pressure reaches its maximum. The re-production population will reach 70.16 million and a suburban population of 316.7 million will be urbanized, leaving an urban population of 386 million. (3) Although the urbanization rate of each province will increase during 2015-2030, the difference of urbanization rate and urbanization quality between provinces is substantial. In some provinces, urbanization quality and eco-social development are uncoordinated. (4) A total of 4,105,380 billion yuan is needed for the sake of new urbanization and the investment demand in each province varies largely: Guangdong province needs the most funding, which is 148.09 times as much as that of Tibet, which needs the least funding. In the final part, policy suggestions regarding the investment of the new urbanization are put forward.

Evidence from all over the world shows that the timing of mountain glacier maxima advances varied widely. Studies on the climatic conditions, tectonic background, glacial sequences and glacier extents show that they are different from region to region. Three glacial remains are preserved in Taiwanese mountains including the middle/early stage, last glacial maximum and late-glacial stage glaciers. The glacier extent in MIS3b is larger than MIS2. The glacier geomorphology and landforms are well perserved in Japanese high mountains, such as the MIS2, MIS3 and MIS4 stage glaciers, and the glacial extent in MIS4/3 is larger than that of MIS2. The high mountain range of the Changbai Mountains is unglaciatied at present, but numerous glacial landforms and related sediments around the Tianchi Lake, especially on the northern and western slopes of the volcanic cone, indicated that there was repeated glaciation in these areas during the last glacial cycle. The glacial landforms and deposits in the study area are assigned to the LGM (MIS2) and the Late Glacial. Seasonal and atmospheric cycle differences and different geographic locations caused different conditions of precipitation and temperature. New calculation of the modern theoretical snowline (ELA) and ELA depression during the LGM shows that the ELA is 2750-4245 m from the northernmost Japan to the southernmost Taiwan, and the ELA depression is 800-1300 m with an average value of 1000 m except in the northern part of Japan (only 400 m). The glacial development is obviously affected by the neo-tectonic actions. A 250-m mountain uplift is calculated using the minimum value of uplift rate 5 mm/yr in the Taiwanese mountains during the MIS3b glacier stage.

Land use issue is an important constraining force for economic sustainable development of China. Urban and rural rapid expansion depletes valued land resources under the background of rapid urbanization. An extensive use pattern might cause a serious waste of land resources. The study on influencing mechanism of land intensive use (LIU) in China at the county level is an important tool for effective LIU practice and policy-making. This paper uses OLS model, Spatial Panel Lagged model and Spatial Panel Error model to characterize the influencing mechanisms of five class factors and 17 variables supported by GIS (Geographic Information System) and MATLAB. And a comprehensive data set, including physical geography attributes and socio-economic information with 2286 counties, was developed. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal pattern of LIU has been discussed by means of GIS. The results show that Spatial Panel Data models are slightly superior to OLS model in terms of significance and confidence level. Regression results of these models indicate that industrialization, urbanization, economic development level, location, transportation and policy have significant impact on LIU of counties. The variables of physical geography are less significant than socio-economic variables. An ignored variable of historical factor, however, became the most significant factor. In the future, the LIU at the county level should enhance favorable factors and reduce disadvantageous ones, which can be acquired by improving the entire level and quality of industrialization and urbanization. We argued that an efficient and complete land market and operating system should be built to reflect market-oriented activities at the first place. Then, according to regional differences, differential LIU regulation policies and measurements should be optimized. Meanwhile, we should pay close attention to the carrying capacity of local resources and environments when conducting LIU practices.

At present, the world is undergoing "profound changes unseen in a century", which bring great challenges to human security and development. The world is calling for the voice of political geography. Thanks to the unique development environment and strong discipline demand, political geography has been revived in China in recent years. A series of remarkable achievements have been made in terms of localized concept innovation, multi-source research data and method expansion, etc. On the other hand, some "thresholds" that need to be overcome in the development of the discipline have also become increasingly obvious. For example, the lack of consensus core concepts, the disunity of disciplinary paradigms, and the insufficiency of multi-scale research perspectives restrict the in-depth interaction between political geography academic research and policy application. In this context, based on the review of the development of Chinese political geography over these years, this paper discusses the basic problems that restrict the development of Chinese political geography, and puts forward four suggestions at present: (1) augmenting multi-scalar and cross-scalar researches; (2) strengthening policy researches for practical application based on substantial theoretical research achievements; (3) attaching more importance to regional studies; (4) promoting dialogues among civilizations and exchanges of thoughts on political geography between the East and the West. Only by forming three research directions: knowledge-oriented critical research, positivist academic research and pragmatic policy research, can we achieve a breakthrough in Chinese political geography and build a peaceful, realistic, and pragmatic Oriental political geography, which will bring a new landscape toward global governance in the new era.

Industrial clusters have become one of the most popular concepts in local and regional development research and practice not only in the more advanced countries but also in less-developed parts of the world. Since 1978, the great institutional transitions from the planned economy to the market economy and the speeding industrialization have inspired local clusters mushrooming in China. In this paper, drawing upon a global-local nexus perspective and deriving insights from the new regionalists on industrial districts, the regulationists on regulation approach and literature on Global Production Networks (GPN), the author tries to develop a broad conceptual framework, which focuses on the strategic coupling among social systems of production, institutes and regulation mechanisms, local production networks and global production networks, for understanding local cluster and learning industrial district. Using this framework, this paper presents a case study of the Xuchang hair-goods industry, an export-oriented local cluster in the middle Henan province of China, and explores the processes to make global-local nexus and their impacts on promoting restructuring and upgrading of traditional local clusters in China. The case study shows that the technological learning and industrial upgrading in those local clusters within the low road are likely to achieve, and the processes to approach the high road and learning industrial district depend on some critical dynamic factors such as the national institutional change and the active responses of local authorities and entrepreneurs, the relational networks embedded in local institutions and culture, and the extending of global production networks and the dynamic upgrading of global-local nexus. Therefore, developing learning industrial district should be an important strategy and policy to promote China's economic development and technological innovation.

This paper discussed some key matters of urban public-geographical information standardization. It mainly analyzed the object and scope of urban public-geographical information that represents the characteristics of multi types, complex, connectivity and dynamics. Based on that, the rules for classification and code representation are constructed. According to such regulations to form category index system, and code sheet as well as coding system, which will provides a base for the fully using of intelligent management methodologies, to collect, deal, query, index, analyze, manage and share the urban public-geographical information.

In order to explore the spatial structure of rural residential land transition and its relevance to economic development, the spatial layout and agglomeration characteristics of rural residential land transition in Shandong Province were studied by applying theoretical hypothesis on rural housing land transition and spatial correlation analysis methods, such as global spatial autocorrelation analysis and hot spot analysis. Economic growth stages at county scale were divided based on per capita GDP, and the coupling relationship between rural residential land transition and economic development were revealed from the integrated angle of global scale at the provincial level and "point-line-face" feature unit. The results showed that, the rural residential land transition index from 2005 to 2014 displayed a significantly increasing trend in the east-west direction and a gradually descending trend from south to north. Based on the global spatial autocorrelation analysis, Moran's index, which reached 0.6317, indicated that the rural residential land transition showed a significant pattern of high-high and low-low spatial clustering. Furthermore, by applying hot spot analysis, it was found that the hot spots and hot sub-spots were intensively distributed in the western inadated plain of the Yellow River, southwest Huaihe plain and central Yimeng Mountains of Shandong Province; the cold sub-spots were distributed in the periphery of the hot sub-spots, such as cities of Zaozhuang, Jinan, Zibo, Binzhou and Weifang; and the cold spots were mostly distributed in Jiaodong hilly region and the northern Yellow River Delta. Moreover, obvious correlation of mathematical statistics and spatial coupling between rural residential transition indices and economic development level were indicated. The decreasing tendency from low to high economic gradient at both global scale and provincial level and feature units of "Five counties - Three belts - Four regions" were revealed by all rural residential land transition characteristics, with the significant relationship of power exponent trend. This paper explored the spatial characteristics of rural residential land transition, and made up for the deficiency of the single non-spatial analysis of land use transition; and the results verified the previous theoretical hypothesis successfully.

Mt. Namjagbarwa, 7782 m above sea level, is situated at the southeastern Xizang Autonomous Region and the eastern tip of the Himalaya Range. Some problems of vertical zonation in this area have been discussed, in this paper, as follows:1. Based on the characteristics of the natural landscape, the basic belt of vertical zones on the southern slqpe is characterized by quasi-tropical monsoon rainforest yellowish lateritic red earth.2. According to the vertical speetra of the Mt. Namjagbarwa area the landscape there might be grouped into types, i.e. (1) quasi-tropical monsoon rainforest yellowish lateritic red earth; (2) mountain subtropical broad leaved evergreen forest mountain yellow earth; (3) mountain quasi-subtropical semi-evergreen broad leaved forest mountain yellow brown earth; (4) the mixed forest of mountain warm-temperate coniferous leaf and broad leaf mountain brown earth; (5) mountain frigid-temperate dark coniferous forest mountain alpine podzol.3. The influences of moisture passageway along the Yarlungzangbo Jiang river, ice and snow cover, the inversion of temperature on vertical natural zones are also described.

Based on China's monthly precipitation data of 629 stations during 1950-2000, we calculated Z indices and separated them into seven Dryness and Wetness grades. Furthermore, a drought area index was proposed to study changes of drought extent. The results revealed that the different grades of droughts all show expanding trends in northern China's main agricultural area. Moreover, the area coverage of droughts in different seasons and different regions displayed different trends.

化学地理学是晚近诞生于苏联的一门新科学,它是随着科学的发展和社会生产的要求而发展起来的,是和B.B.杜库恰耶夫(Докучаев)、в.И.维尔纳茨基(вернадский)、A.E.费尔斯曼(ферсман)、А.П.维诺格拉多夫(виноградов),特别是В.В.波雷诺 夫（ПОЛЫНОВ）等院士的科学活动分不开的。

Composite sceneries of Chinese attractions can be found in 34 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities and SARs). The number of each scenery ranges from 3 to 108. A total of 2395 composite sceneries were collected for the study. These sceneries are mainly named even-number characters, and four-character sceneries are particularly prominent, accounting for 99% of the total. The "eight sceneries" occupy an important position, accounting for 64.80%. Composite sceneries can be classified into two types: natural and human scenes. The names of composite sceneries have the structural characteristics: dynamic and static unity, temporal and spatial unity, illusive and actual unity and subjective and objective unity. The ways of structuring words have two main types: the type of noun/modifier-core phrase + modifier-core phrase and the type of noun/verb-object phrase + verb-object phrase. The names of composite sceneries have many artistic characteristics, such as using elegant words, describe vividly, using verbs to name some actual static things and pointing out the things, cores. Generally speaking, composite sceneries have their unique characteristics, such as changing with times, and serving as tour guides as well as a mixture of elements and so on. Composite sceneries can give useful enlightenment to the study of the tourism geography.

Being one of the four main plateaus in China, Loess Plateau is a unique geomorphologic unit. Its special landform plus the extraordinary erosion by modern external forces makes it a sample region in which human beings destruct natural environment and meanwhile seriously harmed by natural disasters. For this region, what geomorphologists and cartographers have long been used to describe its landform is not only indirect and unobvious, but also inaccurate, and sometimes incapable or inefficient. Therefore, the method we try to use for the landform of Loess Plateau, i.e., Geo-Info-TUPU, is very important and essential. This paper introduced the authors research work and initial achievements in the application of Geo-info-TUPU in Loess Plateau landform. After expounding its importance, the authors describe four issues in details, that is, at first, the method and steps of inducing & extracting Geo-info-TUPU for the landform by using current major GIS & RS software packages such as MGE and ERDAS; secondly, several key problems and points in the above procedure; thirdly, the examples of Loess Plateau's landform Info-TUPU in sample area, including six tables as shape table for single cross-ditch-units, shape table for combined cross-ditch-units vertical zone series table spatial pattern table for cross-ditch-units, spatial pattern table for ditches and valleys, as well as virtual combination table for landform units; at last, the application of landform Info-TUPU in the research work of soil erosion. The result shows that it plays an important role in our research on Loess Plateau soil erosion and geomorphologic mapping.

Based on the existing literature, a conceptual model depicting the relationship among community attachment, community concern, community participation, and perception of tourism impacts and attitude towards tourism development was proposed and empirically examined using a case study of Fujian Tulou. The empirical findings revealed that: (a) the perceived economic benefits, the perceived social and cultural benefits, and the perceived environmental benefits significantly and positively influenced residents' attitude towards tourism development, whereas the perceived economic costs significantly and negatively influenced residents' attitude towards tourism development; (b) community attachment had an indirect effect on residents' attitude towards tourism development through the perceived social and cultural benefits as well as environmental benefits; (c) community concern indirectly affected residents' attitude towards tourism development through the perceived economic benefits, the perceived social and cultural benefits and environmental benefits, and had an indirect effect on residents' attitude towards tourism development through the perceived economic costs; (d) community participation had an indirect and positive effect on residents' attitude towards tourism development through the perceived economic, social and cultural, and environmental benefits, and had an indirect and negative effect on residents' attitude through the perceived economic costs; and (e) the influences of the perceived economic, social and cultural, and environmental benefits on residents' attitude were stronger for residents with personal benefits than for residents without personal benefits, while the influences of the perceived economic costs, of the perceived social and cultural costs, and of the perceived environmental costs on residents' attitude were stronger for residents without personal benefits than for residents with personal benefits.

International experiences show that producer services are apt to assemble in the CBD of metropolitans as well as diffuse to suburbs because of labor division of industries and development of technology. This paper attempts to analyse the agglomeration and distributing of producer services including finance services, information consultancy services and computer services in Beijing especially in the center city and outskirts. The paper uses the methods of Spatial Gini Coefficient and Spatial Lorenz Curve to analyze the agglomeration of the three kinds of producer services in Beijing, and uses Clack and Newling model to analyze their spatial distributing density. The results tend to support the viewpoint that the producer services are apt to assemble in the center city districts obviously while the diffusion to suburbs is not obvious. The characteristics of agglomeration of finance services, information consultancy services and computer services are different. The agglomeration of finance services and information consultancy services are more obvious because these producer services need more face-to-face intercourse, while the computer services are more dispersed because for this kind of producer services face-to-face contact is not very important, so they can be located in suburbs where rent and wage are lower than center city or Central Business District. The author believes that the location choosing of producer services in Beijing is the cooperative effect of market laws, planning of the government and characteristic of Beijing. Through summarizing the development experiences of China and international, it can be found that the location of producer services in inter metropolitan is determined by he linkage characteristics of economic activities, features of and factors of production and location conditions.

1. The Mountain region of Upper Hwangho.2. The Upper part of Da-Shia-Ho. 3. The Sourse of Tau-Ho.4. The border region between Kangsu and Sze-chwan.5. The watershed between Yangtse and Hwangho, and the probable river piracy.

In geographical circle Dr. Chu Ko-chen is well known as a great teacher, an eminent scholar, head of various scientific institutions and president of the Geographical Society of China for more than twenty years. But his service and influence on the development of geography in China far exceeded his professional capacities. One of the examples was his care and help to the Department of Geography at Peking University.Since he came to Beijing in 1950 he gave continual help and guidance to the department. The department had its origin as a section in the Department of Earth Sciences at Tsin Hua University. In 1950, just after the Liberation, the Geographical Section was very small with a staff of only four teachers and fifteen students. Dr. Chu helped to strengthen the teaching staff by recommending a new professor. During the period of restructuring of higher education he was instrumental in the founding of the new Department of Geography at Peking University. Towards the end of the fifties during the Great Leap, among the leading members of the staff, there was a tendency to over-emphasize the importance of mathematics, physics and chemistry and to reduce geographical courses. Dr. Chu advised in time that geograpical subjects should remain the focus of a geographical department. His advice helped to rectify the tendency and retain the geographical subjects.Towards the end of the Cultural Revolution, how to meet the need of the nation became a prerequisite for the recovery of the department. When the advice of Dr. Chu was sought he pointed out that environmental protection would be a suitable subject for the department of geography His advice was adopted by the University and approved by the Ministry of Education. It not only paved the way for the recovery of the department but was also followed by the departments of other universities. Thus it opened up new vistas for the development of geography in China.In retrospect we owe much to the wisdom and guidance of Dr. Chu for the development of the Department of Geography at Peking University which has now become one of the important centre for the training of geographers in China.

In the process of rapid suburbanization, large-scale affordable housing and new towns have been built in Beijing's suburban areas, which formed a unique suburban living and daily activity space. However, it leads to some urban problems because of the lack of supporting facilities and job opportunities around this kind of suburban mega-communities. For example, the long distance of commuting, transportation congestion and jobs-housing spatial mismatch, which also lower the residents' life quality. With the behavioral turn in human geography, space-time behavior has become one of the important perspectives on studies on urban space. Activity space, which is an important measurement in the study of urban social space, has attracted much attention from scholars at home and abroad. In China, research on activity space has focused its attention on aggregated aspects, using density interpolation based on questionnaire data to measure activity space, which ignores individual differences of residents. Data used in this study are from activity and travel survey based on GPS, which was done in 2010, with two suburban mega-communities of Tiantongyuan and Yizhuang as cases. Methods of case studies, spatial analysis based on GIS and multiple linear regression are used. The study uses standard confidence ellipse to measure individual activity space from a disaggregated perspective. Spatial overlay analysis is used to study residents' activity space of weekdays and weekends, and their use of urban space and community space. The study also analyzes the influencing factors of residents' use of urban space to examine problems emerging in suburbanization of China's large cities.

The Three-River Headwater Region is the source areas of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Lancang River. The region is not only of key importance to the ecological security of China. Due to climate change and human activities, ecological degradation occurred in this region. Therefore, "The nature reserve of Three-River Source Regions" was established, and "The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwater Nature Reserve" was implemented by Chinese government. This study, based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data, aims to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwater Region between 2000 and 2011 from three dimensions. Linear regression, Hurst index and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed that: (1) In the past 12 years (2000-2011), the NDVI of the study area increased, with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a, of which the Yangtze and the Yellow river source regions presented an increasing trend, while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend. (2) Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the Three-River Headwater Region, and NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure. (3) The vegetation coverage improved area was larger than the degraded area, being 64.06% and 35.94% respectively in the 12 years, and presented an increase pattern in the north and a decrease one in the south. (4) The reverse characteristic of vegetation coverage change is significant. In future, the degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and north of the Yellow River, while the improving trend areas are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin. (5) The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has time lag, while the temperature does not have. (6) The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.

Currently, the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research, and it affects the economic operation mode, interests pattern and geographical relations, and has become the focus of international relations. During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization, China’s industrialization is still at the mid-stage, and tackling with climate change is also China's internal demand under this development stage. With more influences of climate change on national competitiveness, and the Middle East, central Asia, north important geo-strategic region, climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations, and climate change in the era of geopolitics gradually has affected the national strategy and diplomacy. This report illustrates the new geopolitics characteristics of climate change from the interests and the game, and puts forward relevant policy suggestions: (1) Weigh the interests, handle the complex relations of power, and negotiate between the European Union group and the umbrella group led by the United States; (2) Strengthen risk assessments, actively carry out cooperation on energy, climate change with the United States and the European Union; (3) Rely on the "One Belt (Silk Road Economic Belt) and One Road (21st Century Maritime Silk Road)" to ensure our energy security, and actively participate in global energy governance; (4) Innovate the "south-south cooperation" mechanism, and increase the investment; (5) Promote economic and energy restructuring and transformation in China to build the international competitiveness in the future. Finally, the research directions in climate change and energy security issues are proposed for Geography, which should be strengthened.

During the social and economic transition process, the urban structure of China's cities has changed dramatically and residents' behavior has become more complicated. Against this background, the space-time behavior approach has become an important perspective through which to understand urban space in China. Space-time fixity and flexibility have been recognized as important concepts in transportation, human geography and feminist geography, as they reflect the space-time constraints and opportunities of people and influence their access and mobility in important ways, but the direct empirical studies to date are far from sufficient. Gender differentiation is a key issue and an important perspective in urban studies. Many studies of Western countries have found that women experience more fixity constraints than men, which leads to lower accessibility to job opportunities. However, gender differences of space-time fixity and flexibility in China, where the different institutional, social, economic and cultural background might lead to different results, are still not clear.

This paper takes temporal and spatial flexibilities as the objects of research, and examines how individual, household and activity attributes impact them from a gender differentiation perspective. Activity-travel diaries and 7-day GPS tracking data of 709 respondents in the Shangdi-Qinghe area of Beijing from a 2012 activity-travel survey are used, and temporal and spatial flexibilities are measured with the respondents' self-reported information. Firstly, we analyze the flexibility levels of individuals' activities by activity type and gender using descriptive statistics. Then, ordered logit models are used to investigate the relationships between space-time flexibility and attributes of individual, household and activity, and how these relationships vary between males and females.

The results show that temporal and spatial flexibility levels vary significantly among different activities, individuals and households, with activity type being a key factor. Chinese females do not perceive significantly stronger fixity constraints than males, as existing empirical studies of Western countries found. In fact, the activities of females are more flexible in China, which reflects different divisions of responsibilities and conceptions of intergenerational assistance in Chinese households. The relationship between temporal flexibility and spatial flexibility is quite complex, and the interaction of the two dimensions of flexibility and its impacts on space-time accessibility needs more attention. This study of space-time flexibility reflects the complexity and potential characteristics of residents' behavior, and helps us get a better understanding of the mechanism of people's decision-making and cities’ operation. It also provides empirical evidence for relevant planning and policy making.

Based on five new reconstructions of solar irradiance, the anomalous solar activity periods during the past millennium, including 5 Solar Minimum periods, 2 Solar Maximum, and 4 high solar irradiance periods, were identified. Furthermore, the spatial patterns of drought/flood over eastern China for these 11 periods were reconstructed using an index of difference between drought and flood frequency derived from a 63-site yearly drought/flood grade dataset. It was found that there are different drought/flood patterns over eastern China within 11 solar activity anomalies. Spatial patterns showed alternative distribution of drought and flood among 5 Solar Minimum (1010-1050, 1280-1350, 1460-1550, 1645-1715, 1795-1823), with a higher probability of drought (flood) dominating the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (North China). In the periods of solar maximum and high solar irradiance, drought prevailed over eastern China in Medieval Maximum (1100-1250), while flood prevailed over eastern China in 1845-1873. The remaining four periods (1351-1387, 1593-1612, 1756-1787, 1920-2000) presented a pattern of alternate drought and flood. The ensemble mean patterns of drought/flood for all the 5 Solar Minimum presented a zonal distribution with flood in South China, drought in the middle and lower Yangtze River and flood in most parts of North China, whereas the reverse distribution, drought in South China, flood in the middle and lower Yangtze River and drought in most parts of North China, were shown in the ensemble mean patterns of drought/flood for all the 6 periods with solar maximum and high solar irradiance.

For quantitatively explaining the relationship between the vascular plant abundance and habitat factors in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a spatial simulation method has been developed to simulate the distribution of vascular plant species abundance. In this paper, seven datasets covering 37 national nature reserves were used to screen the best correlation equation between the vascular plant abundance and habitat factors in the plateau. These datasets include imformation on the vascular plant type, land cover, mean annual biotemperature, average total annual precipitation, topographic relief, patch connectivity and ecological diversity index. The results show that the multiple correlation coefficient between vascular plant abundance and various of habitat factors is 0.94, the mean error validated with the vascular plant species data of 37 national nature reserves is 2.21 types/km², and the distribution of vascular plant species abundance gradually decreases from southeast to northwest, and reduces with increasing altitude except for the desert area of Qaidam Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Furthermore, the changes of vascular plant species abundance in the plateau during the periods from 1981 to 2010 (T0), from 2011-2040 (T2), from 2041to 2070 (T3) and from 2071 to 2100 (T4) were simulated by combining the land cover change in China and the climatic scenarios of CMIP5 RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results from T0 to T4 show that the vascular plant species abundance in the plateau would decrease in the future, the vascular plant species abundance had the biggest change ranges under RCP8.5 scenario and the smallest change ranges under RCP2.6 scenario. In short, dynamic change and interaction of habitat factors directly affect the spatial distribution of vascular plant species abundance on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Many researchers studied about the process of land formation of Pudong Area in Shanghai in the last 50 years. Tan Qixiang published 4 papers on this topic from 1966 to 1982. Those papers set a well knit background for further examination on this topic. Meanwhile, other researchers from different disciplines also worked on it, and got a great progress. Up to now, many conclusions are kept under difference. This paper, based on the relationship of coastline and sea walls, tries to discuss the process of land formation of Pudong Area in Shanghai, and aims at some new ideas on this topic. The main conculsions are as follows: (1) At 1700 aBP, Pudong coastline was near the Xiasha sand belt. In Pudong Area, there is an intermittent and NNW direction sand belt along Beicai, Zhoupu, Xiasha and Hangtou. This sand belt connects its northern part (Shengqiao to Yuepu sand belt), and forms a historical coastline which is parallel to Gangshen sand belt. In 1975, an ancient settlement site Yanqiao formed at the beginning of Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty was discovered, which just located at the west side of the Xiasha sand belt. This site shows a reproachless evidence that the Xiasha sand belt and the land on its west were formed before the beginning of Tang Dynasty. For considering the unearthed cultural relics from the land west of Xiasha sand belt, especially the ancient map of Wujun Kangcheng Diyutu which was painted in AC 322, the coastline along Xiasha sand belt should naturally extend to Island Tanhushan and then to Island Wangpanshan. It was recorded that Wangpanshan was an site for army garrison in the early days of East Jin Dynasty (the early period of the 4th century). So, based on such evidences, it can be considered that the coastline along Xiasha sand belt was formed before the 4th century with a 1700 year history. The former standpoints, that the coastline in the 4th century was near the eastern part of Gangshen sand belt and the Jiu sea wall and Xiasha sea wall were along Xiasha sand belt, are not correct. (2) At 1000 aBP, the coastline was advanced eastward to the line along today’s Lihu sea wall. Many ancient sites and cultural relics belonging to Song Dynasty were unearthed in the land west of Lihu sea wall. And based on the records described in Jiadan’s Shuilishu (Irrigation Book) , it can be considered that the coastline in the middle of the 11th century was near the line along Lihu sea wall. The sea level relatively rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it impacted on Shanghai area. Western low land of Shanghai sank to be lakes and marshes, and southern coastline countermarched extensively and northern coastline moved southward. The coastline in the eastern part of Pudong Area kept relatively in stabilization when it supported by the sediment of Changjiang River. Under the threat of sea level rise and tide damage, the head of Huating county Wuji led a project for constructing a sea wall along coastline. The northeast part of this sea wall is today’s Lihu sea wall. The Jiu sea wall recorded in Yunjianzhi (county annals written in Southern Song Dynasty) and the Xiasha sea wall recorded in Shanghaizhi (county annals written in Ming Dynasty) were alias of Wuji’s sea wall or the reconstructed part of it. So, it is not correct in the former viewpoints that the Lihu sea wall was constructed in the early days of Tang Dynasty, or the middle of Tang Dynasty, or the end of Tang Dynasty, or the middle of Southern Song Dynasty. (3) At 600 aBP, the coastline in Pudong Area was moved to the linenear the East west sand belt. The coastal area at Nanhui Mouth southeast of the East west sand belt was formed in the last 600 years, and this conclusion was based on the data of the 14 C dating from the East west sand belt. The process of land formation in the last 600 years is much lower than before. One of the main reasons is that the sediment from Changjiang River made contribution to enlarging the Island Chongming and forming the islands of Changxing and Hengsha and other sand beaches.

1. The historic transportation routes connecting Shensi and Szechwan have well taken the topographical advantages in passing the Tsinling and the Ta-pa Shan mountains. Passes and valleys have been frequently used. To cross the Ta-pa Shan, the famous Chien Ke Tao (剑阁道)takes the Chien Meng Pass (剑门关).The Mi Tsang Tao(米食道)，follows partly the Pa Ho (west tributary) and the Lien Ho, as does the Yang Pa Tao(洋巴道}) partly the Pa Ho (east tributary) and the Yang Ho. Most routes crossing the Tsinling are named after the passes they go through or the valleys they follow.