一九八七年一月五日是我国国土考察的先驱者徐霞客诞辰四百周年。

我国南方辽阔的土地上植物丰盛(种类之多为世界其他国家所不及)、农产富饶,这是和温暖湿润而多种多样的气候分不开的。

This paper studies the evolution process of coastline in the Yancheng coastal plain. First, image dodging and threshold segmentation are carried out based on the 1975 MSS image. So the "zebra-stripe" image has been obtained which reveals the evolution of ancient coast. And then, bottom characteristics samples are analyzed. The result shows that sandy soil and silt soil present alternating distribution in the Yancheng coastal plain. The distribution is compatible with the "zebra-stripe" image. In addition, the overall trends of the historical coastline and the stripes of the interpretation map is the same. To sum up, the "zebra-stripe" should be the indicator of the coastline change. A total of 10 sand hills and 10 silt flats are found in the "zebra-stripe" image. Therefore we get a better understanding of the coastal evolution in the Yancheng coastal plain.

Obligation assignment of carbon emission reduction needs to evaluate carbon emission charge by taking into account interregional transfer of carbon emissions. Carbon footprint, as a concept of carbon emission measurement, can evaluate life cycle carbon emissions of production and service to meet final demand. It should include direct carbon emissions caused by fossil energy as well as indirect carbon emissions induced by intermediate products production. This paper aims to estimate carbon footprint of each province and inter-provincial transfer of carbon emissions in China based on an input-output approach and China IRIO 2002 database. The results indicate there are significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint among provinces in China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scale. The provinces with high per capita carbon footprint include developed metropolitan regions and energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors. Interregional transfer of carbon emissions has emerged from energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors to developed coastal regions and developing regions with incomplete industrial systems. The results imply developed coastal regions should bear more obligation of carbon emission reduction. As a significant amount of carbon emissions of energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors is induced by provision of energy intensive products for developed coastal regions and developing regions with incomplete industrial systems, interregional transfer of carbon emissions should be taken into account for regional obligation assignment of carbon emission reduction. It can be considered to reduce obligation of carbon emission reduction for those energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors. Otherwise, a compensation mechanism should be considered for developed coastal provinces to provide financial and technological aid to energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors for improvement of energy use efficiency and reduction of carbon emissions.

黄土在我国北方分布很广,西到昆仑山下,东至黄海之滨,都有黄土分布,但以黄河中游的晋、陕、甘一带为主,是世界上黄土分布的典型地区,称为黄土高原。为了正确的认识自然,以便合理的改造自然,首先要搞清楚中国黄土形成的气候条件、时代与成因问题。

The author gives biefly in his report of the materials collected in a phyto-geographical surrey of the Scientific Expedition in Tibet which was organized in 1951 under the auspices of the Central Committee of Culture and Education.

From the m iddle 16th century to the late 20th century, there had been several tim es ofdram atic changes in Macao’s city character and function. Som e essentials ofthe regulation ofm an-land relationship werereflected in Macao’sdevelopm entand transform a- tion. Macao’s talent show ing itself am ong the num erous ports of Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces reflects thatnaturalenvironm entis the absolutely necessary condi- tion for socialdevelopm ent. Macao’s actor as the bridge for the com m unication between theeastern and w estern world showsthatthenaturalenvironm entwon’tbecom etheim pe- tus for socialdevelopm entuntilm an need it. The declination ofthe portofMacao shows thatthe advancem entofthe navigation technology as wellas the enlargem entofthe ship type can resultin the evolvem entofthe m an-land relationship. The difficulties facing by Macao during the transform ation ofits econom ic structure reflectthathum an resource is m ore and m oreim portantin them an-land relationship.Thedeep naturalbrand in Macao’s city im ageand spatialstructure shows thatthedevelopm entofm an-land relationship does notm ean that m an can do withoutnature orignoring the law ofnature, butm eans that m an is deepening the utilization ofnature and the law ofthe nature. Using the regulation ofm an-land relationship to analyze therising and declination of Macao w illfurtherourknowledgeoftheessence ofMacao, and enrich the connotation of geography.

The Hulun buir Steppe is located at a transitional belt between sub-humid and semi-arid regions in the temperate zone. It is one of the best pasturelands in China, large tracts of fertile arable virgin lands are also distributed there.The present article consists chiefly of two parts. In the first part, based on field observation and mapping, basic principles to classify land types in the Hulun buir Steppe are discussed, and consequently, 11 land systems and 39 land units are classified. In the second part, distrbution rules and models of land types in the Hulun buir Steppe are tentatively shown, and finally, natural features as well as land use trend for each land type are identified in a rather lengthy table.

Mining-induced heavy metal pollution in river system is one of the main environmental problems in the process of watershed development and resource utilization. This research investigated that the bed loads of the mainstream and its 11 tributaries in the Lancang River, aiming to examine the spatial distribution of heavy metal contents (Cu, As, Pb, Zn and Cr), as well as to assess the heavy metal contamination status with the methods of Single Factor Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index. The results are shown as follows: (1) Heavy metal contents in sediments present a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream of the Lancang River system, while the heavy metal contents contained in the tributaries' bed sands are distinctly different. (2) The results of Single Factor Index indicate that sands at the Jiuzhou are seriously contaminated by As and Pb due to their high regional geological background. The two tributaries, the Heihui and Mengjia rivers, have been heavily polluted by As and Cu respectively. Especially, the single factor indexes of Pb and As are the highest with massive pollution in the Bijiang River. The other sampling sites, except for a few heavy metal elements with moderate pollution, present a pollution-free status in the main stream and tributaries. (3) The results of Potential Ecological Risk Index suggest that potential ecological risk factors ( E_rⁱ ) of the mainstream at Jiuzhou with As and the Bijiang tributary with Pb are relatively high, while the values in the other samples are below 40, and risk indices for all the tributaries investigated are less than 150, so the potential ecological risk of heavy metals is significantly low. Thus this work devotes to inspect and evaluate the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the bed loads throughout the river system of the Lancang River, in association with analyses of the pollution sources of the main stream from tributaries. So our conclusions could provide a scientific reference for pollution control during the basin development.

The rational space division of producer services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region plays an extremely important role in promoting coordinated and integrated regional development. In this research, we use the prefecture-level panel data of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region for the period of 2003-2012 to estimate the spatial characteristics and industrial features of the producer service division in the region. We also estimate the spatial spillover effects of various producer service industries among the cities on the basis of a spatial panel econometric model. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Beijing and Tianjin exhibit diversification in the division system of their producer services, whereas 11 cities in Hebei Province show specialization, mostly focusing on the development of their financial service and transportation sectors. (2) The division index of the producer services between Beijing and Tianjin is relatively low, and the producer service structures of these cities show a convergence trend. (3) The division indexes of the financial, business, and information service sectors in the region are relatively high, whereas those of the technology and real estate service sectors are significantly low. (4) The spillover effects of the real estate and technology service sectors with a low division index are remarkable. However, as a result of the limitation of transaction cost and the demand for "face-to-face" contact, the spatial spillovers perform best at a distance of around 150 km. When the distance goes beyond this specified range, the spatial spillovers are evidently reduced. The spillover effects of the transportation, finance service, and business service sectors with a high division index are not significant and should improve the industrial linkage between cities in the future. The scope of the spatial effect of the information service sector is exceedingly limited, as it only reflects the correlation among neighboring cities. Results of this study demonstrate that spatial spillover performs satisfactorily, whereas the localization of the service sector is poor.

Recently, the investigative territory in Regional Geocryology have been further expanded to Antarctica, the arid northwest and the humid southeast parts of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Some kinds of massive ice with different origins have been found. In physics of Frozen Soils, studies on water migration, frost heave, mechani.m of ice formation, strength and creep have been develaped in depth. In the last few years, the studies on amelioration and utilization of fro-zen soils are on the upgrade. There is a good begonning in the studies on placer gold mining and utilization of thermal pile in cold regions.

As one of the most important modern tourism destinations, cities are playing a critical role in developing agglomerated tourism elements, shaping urban leisure space and promoting urban life quality. In particular, the city tourist flow provides a key path for connections between tourism elements and spatial organization, and its influence on urban traffic organization, public service facilities and leisure tourism industry layout has also been increasing. Motivated by these observations, this paper examines spatial characteristics of inbound tourist flows from a microscopic perspective within a city. Firstly, all photos with geographical and attribute information in Beijing from 2004 to 2015 are obtained from the Flickr API interface using data mining technology. Then, a series of data cleaning methods are used to enhance initial data quality and a database is established. Finally, spatial pattern of inbound tourist flows and spatial characteristics of areas of interest (AOI) are analyzed using various methods including P-DBSCAN and Markov chain. The main results are as follows: (1) Spatial characteristics of AOI in the historic center (the region inside the 2nd Ring Road), the central urban area (the region between the 2nd and 5th ring roads) and the suburbs (the region outside the 5th Ring Road) in Beijing are significantly different: the AOI in the historic center in Beijing cover spaces of scenic spots, leisure, entertainment, restaurants, shops and other related industries, and the boundaries between AOI are unclear, with one AOI connecting to another; AOI in the central urban area are closely related to urban functional areas, and has a definite orientation of urban functions; finally, AOI in the suburbs of Beijing are consistent with the tourist attractions, with the boundaries not going beyond scenic areas. (2) The traditional, historical and cultural AOI dominate other AOI. Meanwhile, the commercial, shopping and leisure AOI as well as modern city function related AOI are becoming more and more attractive. (3) Inbound tourist flows are mainly distributed in AOI of the historical districts and the northwest and east of the central urban areas. Moreover, there is no big tourist flow between the suburban regions. Overall, the inbound tourist flow in Beijing follows a radioactive distribution pattern centered at the historic center. (4) AOI of different regions are connected with secondary tourist flows, and the inbound tourism flow in Beijing has formed a preliminary network structure.

In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of the scale distribution of the Bohai port system and analyzed its mechanism using the rank-size law and the kernel density method. The port cargo throughput and the container throughput over the recent 30 years were used as an indicator. Some results were obtained as follows: (1) The port system in the Bohai Rim has some characteristics of rank-size distribution, but there are significant differences in the rank-size distribution of ports in different stages and on different scales, and the port regionalization is becoming more and more clear. (2) The number of non-scale areas of the rank-size distribution of the port cargo throughput increases first and then decreases, and the single fractal is transformed into a two-fractal structure. Regional port system has experienced four stages: (a) balanced development of ports with high rank order, (b) breakthrough of small and medium ports, (c) differential development of large, medium and small ports, and (d) port integration under the competition and cooperation of hub ports. The change track of the rank-size distribution of the port container throughput has also experienced four stages: (a) external segmentation development, (b) formation of the hub port and the integration of emerging ports, (c) large scale of feeder port, and (d) integration of the container network. They are consistent on the development node. The concentration and decentralization of ports are interwoven. The total goods throughput is decentralized earlier than the container transport, and the dispersion trend of the total throughput is relatively obvious. (3) There are three characteristics of the port rank-size evolution in the Bohai Rim: (a) The dominant role of large ports is obvious under physical and economic geography. (b) The regionalization and competitive pressures force port cooperation and promote port to achieve self-organizing coordination. (c) The output characteristics and the transformation of the energy promote the rapid growth of emerging ports.

By using a perpetual July，nine-level general circulation spectral model with rhomboidal truncation at wavenumber 15，incorporated with a comprehensive set of physical processes，two numerical experiments,i. e. one with normal Antarctic land ice-snow cover and the other without Antarctic land ice-snow cover,were conducted to study the influence of the removal of Antarctic land ice-snow cover on general circulation of atmosphere and global climate. The results exhibit that the removal of Antarctic land ice-snow cover may induce global atmospheric anomalies， which is characterized by}l)The increase of air temperature with a maximum abnormal center ex- ceeding 6. 0 degree in the Antarctic land areas and the weakening of Antarctic polar vortex and westerlies at the high latitudes of Southern Hemisphere，2)The anomalies of ultra-long waves es-pecially those at wavenumber 3 in the Southern Hemisphere，3)The intensification of summer monsoon circulation of east Asia and the weakening of equatorial Walker circulation，4 ) The in-crease of precipitation over east Asia and the coast areas and the decrease of that over equatorial western Pacific，5)The exciting of the two leading wavetrains of the east Asian and the Eurasian patterns in the Northern Hemisphere，6)Climatic anomalies in China with decrease of air tempera-ture in northeastern China and with increase of precipitation in southern China. Therefore，the Antarctic land ice-snow cover plays an important role in the formation of general circulation and climate. The removal of it may lead a serious consequence for global climate. The dynamical mechanism of climatic effect of Antarctic land ice-snow cover is also discussed in this paper.

Electricity consumption (EC) is one of the basic indexes for the evaluation of electric power situation. Obtaining timely and accurate spatio-temporal changes of EC is significant for reasonable allocation of electric power resources. In this study, EC simulation model was developed by using the DMSP/OLS stable nighttime light time series data. The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EC in Chinese mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatio-temporal changes of EC were analyzed. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The electricity consumption simulation model was reliable to represent the spatio-temporal changes of EC in Chinese mainland with an about 70% accuracy. (2) The EC of most regions in Chinese mainland was at low to medium level with marked temporal and spatial variations, while 49.72% of the high level EC was concentrated in eastern China. The six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area in Chinese mainland, and consumed 39.23% of electricity. (3) The EC of most regions in Chinese mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the regions showed a significant increase in EC. The EC of eastern and central China showed a medium-speed increase from 1995 to 2008, being 61.62% and 80.65%, respectively, while the EC of 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase. Specifically, the EC showed a high-speed increase in the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, being 77.27%, 89.35% and 66.72%, respectively. The EC showed a medium-speed increase in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region (71.12%) and middle-south of Liaoning Province (72.13%), while 56.34% of Sichuan Basin showed no significant increase.

The paper gives an overview of the principles of editing and social benefits of the《Acta Geographica Sinica》 for the last fifteen years. It points out that the Journal has gained the ″Dragon Head″and ″dragon Tail″ effects in Geographic research and practice and played the part in stimulating the development of geographic science. The essential factors attributed to the dual effects are also analysed.

广义的高程面积曲线不仅是指陆地上高程与面积分布的函数曲线,它往往也包括着大洋盆地的深度与面积分布的关系,即忽略地表的水体而把陆上地貌与海底地貌看为一个整体——地球岩石圈地貌。如果,为了更明确起见,在把整个岩石圈地貌分为陆上地貌与海底地貌的基础上,可有狭义的适用于陆地上的“高程面积曲线”及适用于海洋的“深度 面积曲钱” 。

The development of the new-type urbanization in the future has aroused great attention from the government and the public. Initially, this research predicts the urbanization and population dynamics on both national and provincial levels from 2015 to 2030. On this basis, this study examines the spatial variation of urbanization given the national urbanization rate of 70.12%. Furthermore, it estimates the national and provincial demands of investment in the new urbanization. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The population and urbanization rate will reach 1.445 billion and 70.12% respectively from 2015 to 2030. (2) The demographic dividend will be vanished when population pressure reaches its maximum. The re-production population will reach 70.16 million and a suburban population of 316.7 million will be urbanized, leaving an urban population of 386 million. (3) Although the urbanization rate of each province will increase during 2015-2030, the difference of urbanization rate and urbanization quality between provinces is substantial. In some provinces, urbanization quality and eco-social development are uncoordinated. (4) A total of 4,105,380 billion yuan is needed for the sake of new urbanization and the investment demand in each province varies largely: Guangdong province needs the most funding, which is 148.09 times as much as that of Tibet, which needs the least funding. In the final part, policy suggestions regarding the investment of the new urbanization are put forward.

Land use issue is an important constraining force for economic sustainable development of China. Urban and rural rapid expansion depletes valued land resources under the background of rapid urbanization. An extensive use pattern might cause a serious waste of land resources. The study on influencing mechanism of land intensive use (LIU) in China at the county level is an important tool for effective LIU practice and policy-making. This paper uses OLS model, Spatial Panel Lagged model and Spatial Panel Error model to characterize the influencing mechanisms of five class factors and 17 variables supported by GIS (Geographic Information System) and MATLAB. And a comprehensive data set, including physical geography attributes and socio-economic information with 2286 counties, was developed. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal pattern of LIU has been discussed by means of GIS. The results show that Spatial Panel Data models are slightly superior to OLS model in terms of significance and confidence level. Regression results of these models indicate that industrialization, urbanization, economic development level, location, transportation and policy have significant impact on LIU of counties. The variables of physical geography are less significant than socio-economic variables. An ignored variable of historical factor, however, became the most significant factor. In the future, the LIU at the county level should enhance favorable factors and reduce disadvantageous ones, which can be acquired by improving the entire level and quality of industrialization and urbanization. We argued that an efficient and complete land market and operating system should be built to reflect market-oriented activities at the first place. Then, according to regional differences, differential LIU regulation policies and measurements should be optimized. Meanwhile, we should pay close attention to the carrying capacity of local resources and environments when conducting LIU practices.

Evidence from all over the world shows that the timing of mountain glacier maxima advances varied widely. Studies on the climatic conditions, tectonic background, glacial sequences and glacier extents show that they are different from region to region. Three glacial remains are preserved in Taiwanese mountains including the middle/early stage, last glacial maximum and late-glacial stage glaciers. The glacier extent in MIS3b is larger than MIS2. The glacier geomorphology and landforms are well perserved in Japanese high mountains, such as the MIS2, MIS3 and MIS4 stage glaciers, and the glacial extent in MIS4/3 is larger than that of MIS2. The high mountain range of the Changbai Mountains is unglaciatied at present, but numerous glacial landforms and related sediments around the Tianchi Lake, especially on the northern and western slopes of the volcanic cone, indicated that there was repeated glaciation in these areas during the last glacial cycle. The glacial landforms and deposits in the study area are assigned to the LGM (MIS2) and the Late Glacial. Seasonal and atmospheric cycle differences and different geographic locations caused different conditions of precipitation and temperature. New calculation of the modern theoretical snowline (ELA) and ELA depression during the LGM shows that the ELA is 2750-4245 m from the northernmost Japan to the southernmost Taiwan, and the ELA depression is 800-1300 m with an average value of 1000 m except in the northern part of Japan (only 400 m). The glacial development is obviously affected by the neo-tectonic actions. A 250-m mountain uplift is calculated using the minimum value of uplift rate 5 mm/yr in the Taiwanese mountains during the MIS3b glacier stage.

At present, the world is undergoing "profound changes unseen in a century", which bring great challenges to human security and development. The world is calling for the voice of political geography. Thanks to the unique development environment and strong discipline demand, political geography has been revived in China in recent years. A series of remarkable achievements have been made in terms of localized concept innovation, multi-source research data and method expansion, etc. On the other hand, some "thresholds" that need to be overcome in the development of the discipline have also become increasingly obvious. For example, the lack of consensus core concepts, the disunity of disciplinary paradigms, and the insufficiency of multi-scale research perspectives restrict the in-depth interaction between political geography academic research and policy application. In this context, based on the review of the development of Chinese political geography over these years, this paper discusses the basic problems that restrict the development of Chinese political geography, and puts forward four suggestions at present: (1) augmenting multi-scalar and cross-scalar researches; (2) strengthening policy researches for practical application based on substantial theoretical research achievements; (3) attaching more importance to regional studies; (4) promoting dialogues among civilizations and exchanges of thoughts on political geography between the East and the West. Only by forming three research directions: knowledge-oriented critical research, positivist academic research and pragmatic policy research, can we achieve a breakthrough in Chinese political geography and build a peaceful, realistic, and pragmatic Oriental political geography, which will bring a new landscape toward global governance in the new era.

Industrial clusters have become one of the most popular concepts in local and regional development research and practice not only in the more advanced countries but also in less-developed parts of the world. Since 1978, the great institutional transitions from the planned economy to the market economy and the speeding industrialization have inspired local clusters mushrooming in China. In this paper, drawing upon a global-local nexus perspective and deriving insights from the new regionalists on industrial districts, the regulationists on regulation approach and literature on Global Production Networks (GPN), the author tries to develop a broad conceptual framework, which focuses on the strategic coupling among social systems of production, institutes and regulation mechanisms, local production networks and global production networks, for understanding local cluster and learning industrial district. Using this framework, this paper presents a case study of the Xuchang hair-goods industry, an export-oriented local cluster in the middle Henan province of China, and explores the processes to make global-local nexus and their impacts on promoting restructuring and upgrading of traditional local clusters in China. The case study shows that the technological learning and industrial upgrading in those local clusters within the low road are likely to achieve, and the processes to approach the high road and learning industrial district depend on some critical dynamic factors such as the national institutional change and the active responses of local authorities and entrepreneurs, the relational networks embedded in local institutions and culture, and the extending of global production networks and the dynamic upgrading of global-local nexus. Therefore, developing learning industrial district should be an important strategy and policy to promote China's economic development and technological innovation.

This paper discussed some key matters of urban public-geographical information standardization. It mainly analyzed the object and scope of urban public-geographical information that represents the characteristics of multi types, complex, connectivity and dynamics. Based on that, the rules for classification and code representation are constructed. According to such regulations to form category index system, and code sheet as well as coding system, which will provides a base for the fully using of intelligent management methodologies, to collect, deal, query, index, analyze, manage and share the urban public-geographical information.