Tropical cyclone activity has undergone significant changes under the impact of the global warming since the 20th century. However, the characteristic and trend changes of landing tropical cyclones over China still need to be further clarified. We conducted an analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of landing tropical cyclones over China from 1949 to 2022 using the dataset of the best tracks of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration. Additionally, we explored the influences of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on landing tropical cyclone activities. The results indicate that: (1) The annual average number of landing tropical cyclones over China is approximately 8.85, showing a significant decreasing trend, and the decreasing range becomes larger with lower latitude overall. However, both the proportion of landing tropical cyclones to the total number and the percentage of higher intensity tropical cyclones increase. The landing tropical cyclones from July to September account for 76.3% of the total, in which August experiences the most. (2) The landing positions of tropical cyclones in China are mainly concentrated between 18°N and 26°N, accounting for approximately 88.2% of the total, and the landing frequency shows a sharp decline in the regions north of 30°N. The central landing position of tropical cyclones has shifted significantly northwestward, moving closer to China. Compared to 1949-1969, the central generating position from 2010 to 2022 shifted 4.5 degrees westward and 2.0 degrees northward. (3) There is a correlation between ENSO and the frequency variation of generating tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and landing over China. El Niño promotes the formation of strong tropical cyclones and leads to a more southeastern bias in the generating positions of landing tropical cyclones, while La Niña has an opposite effect. The PDO also affects the tropical cyclones to a certain extent. During the warm phase of PDO, the generating position of tropical cyclones is westward and the number is less than that in the cold phase. This study further clarifies the changing trends and characteristics of the landing tropical cyclones over China since 1949. It also highlights the impacts of ENSO and PDO on tropical cyclone activities. The findings can serve as a scientific basis for conducting simulations and assessments of tropical cyclones and for disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.

Projecting changes in flow regime under climate change and reservoir operations is crucial for safeguarding water security, preserving biodiversity and restoring aquatic ecosystems of a basin. Leveraging bias-corrected climate model data, this study utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with an improved reservoir module and Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration to project the impacts of climate change and reservoir operations on the flow regime of the Yangtze River basin in the 21st century. The results showed that: (1) The improved SWAT model outperformed the original version, enhancing the simulation accuracy of daily streamflow and hydrological indicators at representative stations. The NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) and KGE (Kling-Gupta efficiency coefficient) of simulation and observation of daily streamflow increased by 0.01-0.26 and 0.01-0.08, respectively. (2) Climate change is projected to increase streamflow, in which the streamflow increases significantly from January to April (the maximum increase is 17%). Meanwhile, climate change increases the variability of pre-flood streamflow (the maximum increase is 18%), the frequency of extremely high pulse, the duration of extremely high pulse and the rise rate of flow. (3) Reservoir operations effectively replenish dry-season flows (the maximum increase is 67%), reduce the frequency of extremely high pulse (the maximum decrease is 16%), and shorten the duration of both extremely high pulse (by -10% to -4%) and extremely low pulse (by -51% to -38%). Reservoir operations improve the stability of flow. While upstream reservoir operations can partially counteract climate-induced streamflow changes, their regulatory capacity is constrained by operational rules and total storage capacity. Therefore, adjusting reservoir operation strategies in response to the impacts of climate change on streamflow becomes imperative.

Narrowing the gap of regional economic development and maintaining the balanced development path is the indispensable goals of China's regional coordinated development. In this study, the nighttime light image data and GDP statistical data are integrated to construct the Genuine Economic Index (GEI). Based on GEI, the Theil index, scale variance model, and the spatial filtering model are combined to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of China's regional economic discrepancy from a multi-scale perspective. The results show that: (1) China's absolute regional economic differences expanded year by year, while the relative regional economic differences tended to shrink overall from 2000 to 2020. (2) Under different regional divisions, the scale variance of China's regional economy is manifested as municipal scale > county scale > provincial scale > regional scale, with the largest increase and highest contribution rate on the municipal scale. Narrowing inter-municipal gap is the key to decrease China's regional economic differences. (3) The contribution rate of spatial autocorrelation increased from 23.804% to 26.079% during 2000-2020. Regardless of spatial autocorrelation factors will lead to an overestimation of China's regional economic differences. (4) The impact of spatial autocorrelation on regional economic differences is scale sensitive, the smaller the spatial scale is, the stronger the sensitivity is. After spatial filtering, inter-county economic differences have been the largest part of China's regional economic differences. (5) Human capital, industrial structure, consumption scale and fiscal decentralization have a significant positive impact on China's Genuine Economic Index, however these factors show an obvious regional heterogeneity. This study could provide a multi-scale, refined and differentiated reference for the implementation of China's regional coordinated development strategy.

Alluvial fans are common fan-shaped depositional landforms that develop at the outlets of mountain rivers or gullies. Mature and stable alluvial fans are important areas for both human habitation and production in mountainous regions, but they also pose potential hazards associated with flash floods and debris flows. Research on alluvial fans enhances our understanding of regional environmental dynamics and geomorphic evolution, as well as contributes to the mitigation of flood and debris-flow hazards. Therefore, it holds significant scientific value and practical importance. Although considerable research has been conducted on alluvial fans, both domestically and internationally, in recent decades, much of it has focused on geomorphology (morphometry), sedimentary history and characteristics, and historical environmental reconstruction (or inversion). Investigations into the mechanisms of fan development and their geomorphic effects remain relatively underexplored. This review systematically summarizes the key advancements in the research on the dynamic processes, mechanisms, and morphodynamics of alluvial fan development. We first provide an overview of current technical approaches applied in the study of alluvial fans, including field investigations and model experiments. Then, we summarize four critical aspects of fan dynamics processes and development mechanisms: primary and secondary processes; mechanisms of flow channel avulsion; interactions between tributary and main rivers; and the impact of alluvial fan development on sediment production, transport, and geomorphic processes. Finally, we discuss several areas that require further attention in future research. Currently, field observations and monitoring of the dynamic processes of alluvial fan development are inadequate. As an essential complement to post-event field surveys and experimental model research, there is an urgent need to enhance field observations in order to expand and deepen our understanding of alluvial fan development mechanisms. This will promote scientific insights into sediment dynamics and geomorphic processes within regional river systems.

As an important aspect of the notion that "spatial is special", spatial heterogeneity has been a central topic of geospatial analytics. It is also closely related to the methodological tradition of geography and replicability of geographic research. The emergence of fine-grained big geospatial data and the development of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) have brought new opportunities and challenges to spatial heterogeneity modeling. Spatial heterogeneity may refer to (1) values of geographic variables; and (2) associations, or the generation process of geographic variables, which correspond to data and process heterogeneity, respectively. Moreover, the specification of spatial heterogeneity may be categorized as continuous and discrete. Based on the dichotomies above, we summarize the main scenarios of spatial heterogeneity modeling and review corresponding methods: (1) homogeneity-based regionalization; (2) local spatial regression; and (3) spatial regime regression. In particular, we discuss approaches to delineate spatial regimes in an endogenous manner. We also review related methodological advances in GeoAI, where the principle of spatial heterogeneity is reflected in the design of neural network models. Finally, we point out several potential directions for future research. As emerging directions in spatial heterogeneity modeling, spatial regime regression and GeoAI methods need more attention from researchers.

The low-carbon transformation of the energy system has emerged as a key strategy for addressing climate change risks, promoting high-quality development, and ensuring energy security. However, the clean transformation of the energy system faces significant uncertainties and challenges due to the complex constraints of multiple goals. This paper provides a comprehensive review and integrated analysis of the basic concepts, research methods, and challenges associated with energy transformation, drawing the following conclusions: (1) Shifting focus of energy transition: The energy transition in the context of carbon neutrality has evolved from being primarily technology-driven to problem-driven. The pace and success of energy transitions vary greatly across regions and nations, with policy regulation, technological innovation, market mechanisms, and behavioral factors playing pivotal roles in driving change. (2) Quantitative research on energy transition primarily centers on assessing the extent of the transition and forecasting its future trajectory. However, due to the intricate interconnections and mutual influences among multiple systems, including energy, economy, environment, and society, the predictive simulations often exhibit a pronounced "black box" effect, making interpretation and transparency more challenging. (3) Controversies and future research directions: There is ongoing debate within the international community regarding the comprehensive effects of energy transformation. The development model and pathways that balance low-carbon goals, economic growth, and energy supply security still require further theoretical and empirical exploration. While significant attention has been paid to the environmental, economic, and safety benefits of energy transformation, the social impacts have received less focus, which may undermine the long-term sustainability of the transition. Future research should integrate the dual objectives of climate change mitigation and economic development, adopt diversified transformation strategies, emphasize supply-demand coordination, and promote regionally coordinated transitions. Furthermore, strengthening multi-scale, cross-sectoral analyses will enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of energy transformations. This research aims to deepen understanding of the epistemology and methodology surrounding energy transformation, offering geographical scholars new perspectives and avenues for further investigation into this critical area of study.

The valley roads at the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains deeply cut the main chain of the Qinling Mountains, and are the "natural window" to gain insight into the geology, geomorphology, ecology and hydrological evolution of the Mountains. In this paper, the spatial distribution pattern and development characteristics of the valley roads at the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi section) were obtained by using Google Earth remote sensing image data, DEM elevation data and water system vector data, combined with ArcGIS, GlobalMapper multimodal spatial data identification and interpretation. The inheritance relationship between the valley roads at the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains and the Guanzhong river system was explored. The following understandings were obtained: (1) According to the geomorphological characteristics of the valley roads, the length, pedestrian and water channel, the statistical standard of the valley roads was put forward. Combined with contour terrain and digital elevation model, the zoning interpretation is carried out, and the actual number of valley roads is 206. (2) Based on the visibility of remote sensing interpretation and the endowment water system in the valley roads, 76 representative valley roads were selected for statistical analysis. According to the length (≥15 km, 5-15 km, <5 km), the large, medium and small valley roads were divided. The Xi'an section is the most densely developed mainly for medium valley road (44.74%). (3) The direction of the valley roads is mostly N0°-NE30°, approximately perpendicular to the strike of the Fenwei Fault. The elevation of Yukou is normally distributed, concentrated between 500-800 m. The spacing between the valley roads is the rhythmic distribution of "small valley roads in big valley roads". (4) The elevation of the middle line of the valley roads is mainly distributed at 600-1500 m, the slope is mainly concentrated at 0°-20°, the width of the valley entrances are mainly at 30-90 m, and the shape of the valley entrances are mainly U-shaped, V-shaped and inverted trapezoidal. (5) The valley roads at the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains and Weihe water system have a close inheritance relationship. Six of the "Eight River Systems in Chang'an" originated from the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains, characterized by multi-source confluence. The purpose of this study is to provide detailed background data for the study of the most iconic geological and geographical labels in the Qinling Mountains with valley roads.

With the advancement of urbanization and the profound transformation of socio-economic development in China, land use transition has become a complex research field involving multiple disciplines and dimensions. This paper comprehensively uses bibliometric analysis and systematic review methods to systematically sort out the research progress of land use transition in China from following dimensions: development context, theoretical framework, model and methodology, effect and mechanism, and regulation path. The study finds that: (1) Since the introduction of land use transition research to China in 2001, the field has flourished in the aspects of project funding, publication of monographs, and talent cultivation. Through hotspot analysis, it is found that research has shifted from being technology-driven to policy and economic-driven, and finally focused on multi-functional synergy and sustainable development. (2) Theoretical research can be divided into three levels: description-explanation, process characterization and diagnosis, and mutual feedback mechanism and regulation, forming a research paradigm of "dominant morphology-recessive morphology" coupling. The transition measurement method presents a three-dimensional characteristic of integration of 3S technology, mathematical model simulation, and field investigation. (3) Driven by the dual strategies of rural vitalization and food security, the socio-economic effects of land use transitions are manifested as a cascading response of farmers' livelihoods, factor flow, and industrial upgrading; related ecological and environmental effects show the bidirectional characteristics of negative effects and positive synergistic effects. (4) The driving mechanism of land use transitions is analyzed from the "element-structure-system" perspective, and its regulation system is discussed from multiple dimensions such as engineering technology innovation, institutional innovation, policy intervention, and multi-dimensional collaborative governance. (5) Future research needs to focus on breakthroughs in multi-scale transition threshold identification, complex system feedback simulation, regional model extraction, and optimization and regulation of transition through theoretical and methodological innovations. This study provides not only knowledge support for the construction of a land use transition research theoretical system with Chinese characteristics, but also decision-making support for the modernization of national territorial space governance and urban-rural integrated development.

The integration of large-scale Low Earth Orbit satellite constellations (hereinafter referred to as "LEO constellations") and artificial intelligence (AI) technology presents a historic opportunity for a paradigm shift in geography research, heralding a new era for geography to evolve from qualitative geography, quantitative geography, and digital geography into the "LEO constellation-AI-driven Geography". Under this framework, future geographic research can rely on the high spatio-temporal resolution monitoring data provided by LEO constellations to accurately capture the high-frequency dynamic changes of geographic elements at multiple scales, particularly at the global scale. By coupling physical models with AI, it becomes feasible to conduct simulation experiments on the complex interactions between natural and human elements, system states, and interface changes. This will facilitate a deeper understanding of core geographic issues such as variable coupling, multi-process cascading effects, and teleconnection mechanisms. To propel "LEO constellation-AI-driven Geography", there is an urgent need to establish a new-generation data acquisition and sharing platform relying on LEO constellation, seamlessly creating a "dynamic map" of global geographic resources and elements. Additionally, a geographic process simulator that couples physical models and AI needs to be developed to intelligently simulate and predict changes and impacts of geographic elements and landscapes.

Vegetation on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau exhibits high-altitude and vertical zonation distribution characteristics, which pose significant challenges for fine-scale vegetation classification based on remote sensing. A major issue is the limited separability of remote sensing features among certain vegetation types, necessitating the effective integration of additional non-remote sensing features to improve separability. To address this problem, the present study developed a novel method for fine-scale vegetation remote sensing classification by progressively incorporating coarse spatial resolution vegetation and environmental features. This approach aims to improve both the accuracy and precision of classification. The new method comprises three primary components. First, vegetation and environmental features that substantially enhance vegetation classification and exhibit distinct feature differences are selected. These features are then used to calculate the prior probabilities for each class through a generalized additive model. Concurrently, machine learning classification with remote sensing features is employed to obtain the posterior probabilities for each class. Finally, by applying the Bayesian algorithm, the prior probabilities derived from coarse spatial resolution data are employed to adjust the posterior probabilities obtained from high spatial resolution data, resulting in refined classification outcomes. The method was rigorously tested and applied to the Qilian Mountains, Yellow River Source Area, and Hengduan Mountains on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sentinel-2 remote sensing data with a spatial resolution of 10 m, vegetation and environmental data with spatial resolutions ranging from 90 m to 10000 m, and ground survey data were utilized. The fine-scale vegetation classification results with a spatial resolution of 10 m were achieved. Compared to using only remote sensing features, the new method improved classification accuracy by 8% to 24%. This new classification method provides effective technical support for improving the accuracy and precision of vegetation classification and offers significant reference value for fine-scale vegetation classification on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and similar regions.

Rural areal system is a multidimensional object of rural revitalization in the new era, and its complexity and dynamics require a breakthrough in single-domain thinking. Through the in-depth fusion of system science theories, multi-source data-driven technical methods and sustainable transformation paths, the full-chain governance of system diagnosis-scenario simulation-precise policy implementation should be carried out. Based on the scientific theory of human-land system and the multi-scale analysis paradigm of geography, this paper explores the "element-structure-function" cascade analysis system of rural areal system, analyzes the scientific connotation of rural areal system and rural revitalization, clarifies the multi-scale evolution law and transformation mechanism of rural areal system, develops rural areal system development status assessment and scenario simulation technology, and sorts out and proposes a "three-device" (diagnostic device, detector, simulator) platform framework for the transformation mechanism and simulation of rural areal system. By innovating multimodal spatiotemporal data fusion and intelligent interpretation methods, it can break through the technical bottleneck of quantitative inversion of rural areal system elements, establish a multi-factor collaborative observation indicator system and a data sharing application platform, reveal the spatial pattern of rural transformation under different development paths, and explore and create "three major systems", including a theoretical system of rural areal system with multi-dimensional interaction of nature-society-technology, a technical system of cross-platform coordinated observation of rural areal system, and a system of standards and norms for the scientific path of rural revitalization and its management. The findings will help to achieve the systematization of coordinated observation and scenario simulation of multi-source heterogeneous data in rural areal system, and provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the scientific formulation of rural revitalization plans and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization strategic decisions. Additionally, focusing on the current trend of technological progress, modern geography should connect with the international scientific frontier and national strategic needs, and take the system integration of geographic science-technology-engineering-practice (Geo-STEP) as the core to promote the transition of rural areal system research from "problem explanation" to "future design" and "scientific governance".

Large cites play a leading role in the industrial transformation and upgrading. Based on data on municipal districts for 284 cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper investigates the relationship between urban industrial transformation and population size of cities and its evolution pattern, under the perspective of urban scaling laws. There are two main findings in this study. Firstly, the development of urban industries in China is influenced by both the overall development of industries and the change in urban population size, and the correspondence between scaling exponent and location quotient for industries is confirmed: specifically, large cities, which are ranked in the top 5% in terms of population size, are characterized by industries with a superlinear scaling factor of employment population, such as real estate, rental and business services, and scientific research and technical services; small cities, which are ranked in the bottom 75% of population size, are typified by industries with a sublinear scaling factor of employment population, like agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and mining; and cities ranked from 5% to 25% of population size are observed to have an industrial structure which is in a transitional phase between the first two types of cities. Secondly, the evolution pattern of urban industries is verified by Chinese evidence, with average recapitulation index of 0.49 and 0.37 respectively for industries and cities. It is thus evident that the industrial structure in cities shifts gradiently with their population size, that is, industrial upgrading in large cities comes first, and then it will exert a radiating effect on the industrial transformation in small cities.

The collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services is a new industrial form and has become an important growth pole to achieve high-quality development of regional economy. Based on the perspective of complex spatial network, this paper first constructs an improved collaborative agglomeration index of manufacturing and producer services, and then adopts the revised gravity model to calculate the spatial correlation matrix. Secondly, social network analysis method is used to describe the structural characteristics of the spatial correlation network of industrial collaborative agglomeration in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) in China from 2003 to 2021. Finally, this paper explores the driving mechanism of correlation network under the spatial interaction theory and resource field theory by combining regional geographical conditions and socio-economic factors. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the spatial directivity of the collaborative agglomeration between manufacturing and producer services has not changed, the regional differences tend to converge, and the unbalanced distribution pattern has been improved. (2) The collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services gradually presents a complex network form of multi-thread interweaving, the overall network density is constantly increasing, and the spatial correlation has a large room for improvement. The network connectivity is good, the stability of the network structure is continuously enhanced, and the "core-edge" structure in the individual network is prominent. (3) The eastern region is mainly the "net benefit" and "broker" blocks, the northeast region and the western region are the "two-way spillover" and "net spillover" blocks. The spatial correlation network is dominated by the spillover effect and correlation effect between blocks. (4) Spatial adjacency, differences in economic development level, differences in labor input level and other factors jointly drive the formation of spatial correlation network. The conclusion of this study is helpful to optimize the spatial correlation network of manufacturing and producer services and promote the realization of high-quality economic development and regional coordinated development.

Based on the diverse nexus between humans and nature, exploring innovative pathways and regional models for rural revitalization stands as a strategic cornerstone and a cutting-edge focus within rural studies. Following a systematical review on the shift of rural development paradigms, we in this paper propose an innovative pathway of rural neo-endogenous development driven by knowledge through the integration of concepts such as social innovation and rural transformation. Essentially, "knowledge-driven" can be understood as a process-based innovation, wherein various stakeholders participate in the generation, dissemination, feedback, and regeneration of scientific knowledge and local wisdom. This process ultimately precipitates shifts in behaviors and attitudes of both local and extra-local actors, thereby giving rise to collective insights and solutions for rural development. Regarding the functioning mechanisms, "knowledge-driven" typically facilitates the iteration of technological paths for rural development via four interconnected means: constructing novel discourses for rural transformation, empowering local communities, forging connections between local and extra-localities, and innovating rural governance. In practice implementation, "knowledge-driven" engages multiple stakeholders and unfolds across three sequential stages, they are, knowledge/experimentation searching, diffusion and expression of interest, collective learning and co-ordination. In conclusion, we contend that transcending the urban-centric "core-periphery" mindset, broadening the initial impetus and the cohort of pioneer actors, and streamlining the channel from "niche innovation" to "collective learning" hold significant promise for expediting the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas.

Space of flows research provides a novel analytical perspective in the domain urban and regional development, facilitating the elucidation and comprehension of dynamic interactions within urban systems and inter-regional networks. This research not only offers scientific analytical tools for urban governance and spatial planning but also provides theoretical guidance for promoting sustainable urban and regional development by optimizing resource allocation and improving spatial efficiency. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes the connotation of the space of flows in terms of its concept, attributes, characteristics, and fundamental elements. Based on this, the paper proposes and examines the evolutionary framework of space of flows research. Through theoretical tracing, research trend analysis, and hotspots identification, the study reveals that space of flows research exhibits a development pattern characterized by "super-core, polycentric, and pan-thematic" tendencies. Furthermore, this paper explores the analytical paradigm of space of flows research and its significant shifts: the research domain has expanded from singular economic linkages to multi-dimensional connections encompassing social, cultural, ecological, and geographical spheres; research data have evolved from traditional statistical surveys to an integration of conventional data and multi-source big data; and research methodologies have transitioned from qualitative studies to dynamic quantitative research. Future directions for deepening space of flows research include innovating data acquisition and integration technologies, developing advanced analytical tools, expanding cross-scale research methods, enhancing the synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration in the context of spatial dynamics and urban-regional systems.

Water provisioning in the Asian Water Tower (AWT) is crucial to meet the demand of economic development in basin countries, whereas both climate change and economic development are altering the balance of water supply and demand. Previous researches mostly focus on the problem of how the availability of upstream water resources affects downstream uses, but the benefits to economic development are yet addressed. On the basis of hydrological runoff data in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP), we developed an index representing the degree of water stress mitigation by the AWT, and established a production-oriented model using Adaptive Regional Input-Output (ARIO), for the evaluation of economic benefit and its relationship with the degree of water stress mitigation. The results show that the water stress mitigation index of basin countries exhibits dependency on geographical location, and the Central Asian countries display as a core area with higher mitigation index and temporal variation. Meanwhile, the overall economic benefit of the AWT to mitigate water stress reaches as high as 13.06% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of all basin countries. The benefit exhibits a significant spatial heterogeneity, with the beneficiary countries mainly concentrated in Central and South Asia, exceeding up to 80% of GDP, such as Bhutan, Nepal, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Importantly, the benefit not only depends on the degree of water stress mitigation, but also on economic structure, notably demonstrated by Bangladesh. Furthermore, the marginal economic benefit of water stress mitigation by the AWT increases with the degree of mitigation. This implies that the reduced water supply will have a much greater impact on the countries highly benefited from the AWT, especially in the low developing countries. The disparity between countries that benefit the most and least, respectively, can reach up to 2.63 times. As mentioned above, the low developing countries receive the greatest economic benefits when there is an increasing water supply of the AWT. Therefore, the greater significance of AWT is illustrated by its role, not only in mitigating water stress, but also in advancing economic development in the basin countries. In this regard, the basin countries are suggested to take joint actions, so as to safeguard the AWT, and establish a long-term comprehensive water resources management that takes into account the balance of supply and demand. This study can provide evidences for promoting sustainable development of the economic circles around the AWT, especially in low developing countries.

The proposal of new quality productive forces of the ice and snow economy addresses global climate change challenges and meets the demands of technological and industrial transformations for high-quality development. The new quality productive forces of ice and snow economy develop in alignment with the zonal distribution of natural resources, place a strong emphasis on ecological principles and adhere to the value transformation mechanisms of ice and snow resources. The formation of the productive forces is expected to release multiple benefits with ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The new quality productive forces of ice and snow economy are characterized by technology-driven resource development, synergistic integration across the entire ice and snow industry value chain, and focusing on high-quality, green growth. Grounded in geography and economics, the new quality productive forces of ice and snow link scientific innovation, productive factors reallocation, and industrial upgrading with resource constraints. Moreover, the forces expand the growth potential of the ice and snow economy, fostering new production relations integrated through digital, intelligent, and green integration as well as promote low-carbon, sustainable development under the concept that "ice and snow landscapes are also mountains of gold and silver." The new quality productive forces of China's ice and snow economy place emphasis on high-standard resource protection, balanced human-environment relationships, resilient integrated supply chain framework, and an efficient "dual circulation" economic model. Practical strategies include integrating production factors, optimizing spatial resource allocation, fostering industrial synergy, and adapting production relations, aiming to advance the sustainable and high-quality development of China's ice and snow economy.

The East Asian monsoon plays a crucial role in linking the climate systems of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, affecting the lives of hundreds of millions of people. There, understanding the evolutionary traits from previous warm periods, such as the deep-sea oxygen isotope stage 5 (MIS 5, 130-70 ka BP), is crucial to comprehending the pattern of climate change in Asia and the mechanisms causing it. The MIS 5, with its lengthy duration and significant amplitude of climatic changes, is the warmer period closer to us and has been extensively utilized in studies of Late Pleistocene climate change. Here, we report new rock magnetic, environmental magnetic, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy from the Huanxian loess-paleosol sequence from 155 to 20 ka BP, north-central Loess Plateau to study the relationship between monsoon precipitation and temperature changes during MIS 5. Rock magnetics results indicate that the magnetic minerals of the loess-paleosol sequence in Huanxian are dominated by pedogenic fine-grained magnetite/maghemite, with grain sizes ranging from superparamagnetic (SP)/single-domain (SD) to small pseudo-single domain (PSD) sizes (i.e., from <30 nm to ~1000 nm). The environmental magnetic and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results indicated that the Loess Plateau had higher precipitation and temperature during MIS 5 than MIS 2-4, and MIS 6, suggesting a coupled relationship between them in the geologic period on the orbital (glacial-interglacial) time scale. During MIS 5, it is discovered that there was a decreasing trend in temperature but not in precipitation, indicating that the trend of precipitation and temperature in the north-central of Chinese Loess Plateau were decoupled. Our research demonstrates that temperature and precipitation in the study area have always had a coupling and decoupling relationship. Combining a detailed land-sea comparison, we suggest that both monsoon precipitation and temperature changes are influenced by ice volume and atmospheric CO₂ concentration in the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, monsoon precipitation is also influenced by the 20000-year variation in summer solar radiation.

"Form-flow integration" is an important theoretical concept proposed for understanding the complex human-land relationships in metropolitan regions with highly concentrated human activities. Existing research on regional spatial patterns has gradually shifted from a single perspective based either on physical spatial forms or on elemental flows to a comprehensive analysis. The new paradigm of region spatial analysis has focused on the balance between physical spatial forms and elemental flows. However, an in-depth analysis of the interaction mechanism between physical spatial forms and elemental flows is still needed. Especially, it is crucial to explore the territorial spatial optimization of a metropolitan region based on the perspective of "form-flow integration". Drawing on the theoretical joint of "central flow" and "central place", and the theory of human-land interaction, this paper aims to figure out the theoretical foundation for the concept of "form-flow integration". Combining the dynamic changes of human activities and the system of geographical environment against the background of globalization, industrialization, and urbanization, this paper analyzes the connotation and mechanism of the interaction between physical spatial forms and elemental flows. Furthermore, it explores the theoretical framework and specific path of metropolitan spatial optimization from the perspective of "form-flow integration". This paper concludes that while the human-land relationship is an important theoretical basis for "form-flow integration", the "form-flow integration" is a prominent manifestation of human-land relationships, which provides an important perspective for understanding the complex human-land relationships in regions with highly concentrated human activities. Addressing the practical needs of ecological civilization construction and territorial spatial planning, this paper explores the establishment of comprehensive metropolitan evaluation, spatial layout guidance, simulation, and optimization control system for the integration analysis of physical spaces and flow elements. Besides, through optimizing the territorial space of metropolitan regions from the perspective of "form-flow integration", it helps to form a metropolitan region coordinated development path integrating elemental flows and local resources.

Runoff observation uncertainty is one of the key unresolved issues in the field of hydrology. Current studies mainly focus on the uncertainty sources and their impacts, but the effects of observation uncertainty on changes of entire flow regime characteristics are still rare. This study collects daily runoff observation series from 1971 to 2020 at five hydrological stations in the water conservation zone of the Yellow River (Huangheyan, Tangnaihai, and Lanzhou stations in the Yellow River Source Region, Xianyang Station in the Weihe River, and Heishiguan Station in the Yiluo River). Changes in 16 metrics from five main flow regime characteristics (magnitude, frequency of events, variability, duration, and timing) are detected by the trend tests, and the effects of observation uncertainty on trends of flow regime metrics are evaluated by adopting a normal distribution error model and some metrics, i.e., the uncertainty width, significance change rate of slopes, coefficient of variation, and degree of deviation. Results showed that: (1) At all the stations, flow regimes showed significant increases in the low flow magnitude, and significant decreases in the high and average flow magnitude, variability and duration. At the Heishiguan Station, the magnitude, variability and duration metrics significantly decreased, while the frequency metrics significantly increased. At the Xianyang Station, the low flow magnitude and timing metrics significantly increased, while the high flow magnitude, frequency and variability metrics significantly decreased metrics. In the Yellow River Source Region, the low flow magnitude and high flow timing metrics significantly increased, while the low flow frequency, high flow magnitude and variability metrics significantly decreased. (2) Observation uncertainty considerably affected the trend changes of 28.75% of total flow regime metrics at all the five stations. Among these, the trends of 11.25% of total metrics changed from significance to insignificance, and those of 17.5% of total metrics changed from insignificance to significance. For the rest metrics, the trends remained the same, i.e., significant trends (18.75%) and insignificant trends (52.50%). (3) Observation uncertainty had the greatest impacts on frequency metrics, especially at the Xianyang Station, followed by the duration, variability and timing metrics. The magnitude metrics were impacted least.

The differentiation of population growth and decline across regions has emerged as a prominent trend in China's demographic landscape, drawing significant attention from both academia and society. Revealing its patterns and mechanisms from a geographical perspective is of great significance for supporting high-quality population development and promoting balanced regional population development. This paper first proposes a geographical analysis framework for regional population growth and decline based on the spatial and comprehensive attributes of the geographical discipline and relevant classical theories. Within the analytical framework, the spatio-temporal patterns and mechanisms of population growth and decline in prefectural-level units in China from 1982 to 2020 are empirically analyzed using five population censuses from the perspective of compositional structure. The empirical results show that the differentiation of prefectural population growth and decline gradually intensifies since 1990. While natural population growth in most regions remains positive, the number of regions experiencing negative growth has increased over the past decade. The trend of net migration in and out of regions continues to diverge, with the number of regions experiencing net outmigration steadily rising. Regional population growth and decline are jointly determined by natural growth and net migration, with the contribution of net migration continuously increasing. There has been a continuous upsurge in the number of regions experiencing population decline driven by net migration alone, as well as those jointly driven by both natural growth and net migration. The spatial scope of the former has expanded from certain inter-provincial mountainous areas to vast regions in the northeastern, central, and western parts of the country, while the latter is predominantly distributed in Northeast China. Concurrently, areas with population growth have progressively narrowed, confining to eastern provinces, provincial capital cities, Xinjiang, Xizang, and other areas. Regional natural conditions, level of economic and social development, policies, and other factors affect population changes through their impact on natural growth and net migration. The pathways of these various factors are heterogeneous and evolve dynamically over time. This paper concludes with a discussion of the mechanisms behind regional population growth and decline differentiation, as well as the policy implications for promoting balanced regional population development.

The degradation of surface water resources, particularly in lakes and wetlands of arid regions, poses the risk of salt and dust storms. However, the impacts of the diminution of surface water on the spatiotemporal dynamics of regional aerosol patterns, especially in northwest China in the context of global environmental change is still unclear. Utilizing MODIS surface reflectance data (MOD09A1), this study introduces a dynamic threshold-based methodology for water body identification using multiple remote sensing indices. This framework is coupled with Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product to systematically assess the temporal dynamics of both surface water bodies and AOD. Employing a partial least squares path modeling (PLSPM) approach, this study comprehensively evaluates the mechanisms of surface water degradation on salt/sand and dust aerosols across various spatiotemporal scales. The results indicate that: (1) Surface water in the study area has exhibited a consistent upward trend from 2000 to 2020, with over 98% of resources localized in Qinghai and Xinjiang. (2) AOD levels in the northwest region demonstrate marked seasonality, peaking in spring and registering annual lows in autumn. High AOD concentrations are primarily in the Taklamakan Desert and the Loess Plateau. (3) In northwest China, as well as the typical regions of Qinghai Lake and Ebinur Lake featured by natural landscapes, fluctuations in surface water area directly and significantly correlate with aerosol growth. These findings have substantial implications for understanding salt and dust aerosol release and transmission mechanisms in arid regions while providing a scientific basis for resource management and ecological conservation.

Enhancing the carbon sequestration capabilities of terrestrial ecosystems by optimizing territorial spatial layout is a feasible approach to achieving the "carbon neutrality" goals. However, accurately identifying and characterizing the spatial differentiation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks on a regional scale remains a challenge. As a result, effective territorial spatial management measures have yet to be established. To address this issue, this study uses Zhejiang province as an example, employing the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) to simulate terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks at 1-km grid resolution. Based on simulation results under different future climate change scenarios, we identify and delineate carbon sink conservation areas with adaptive features in response to climate change. The analysis results show that terrestrial ecosystems within carbon sink conservation areas exhibit a significant carbon sequestration advantage. Within these areas, the average Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) per unit area of forests, shrubs, and grasslands exceeds approximately 15%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. Under medium to high social vulnerability and radiative forcing scenarios, the carbon sequestration advantage of the terrestrial ecosystems within carbon sink conservation areas is further amplified. Additionally, by contrasting the carbon sink conservation areas with the existing Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) in the study region, it is discovered that more than half of the areas have not yet been incorporated into the ECR. In comparison to the ECR, it is estimated that the total Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) within the carbon sink conservation areas is over 7 MtC annually, with the average carbon sequestration efficiency of forested regions surpassing the ECR by 15-22 g C/m². This study underscores the importance and necessity of integrating and enhancing the consideration of ecosystem carbon sink function in optimizing territorial spatial patterns and existing ECR systems from a quantitative standpoint. Furthermore, we put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

A key approach to improving the predictive capability of territorial space planning is to effectively analyze the common challenges and governance experiences of pioneering countries. China serves as a notable example, with its increasing emphasis on integrating rational evolution of territories into spatial planning. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal structure of Japan's territorial space, spatial transformation, and the spatial and temporal evolution of spatial conflicts from 1976 to 2021 on a national scale. We also simulated the future spatial evolution of Japan's territorial space based on the identification of the key driving factors. The results reveal the following: (1) Over the past 45 years, approximately one-quarter of Japan's territorial space has undergone structural transformation. Considerable urban space expansion and continuous ecological environment optimization have been accompanied by a marked decline in agricultural space and food production. This has created substantial food security challenges due to the degradation of agricultural production capacity. Concentration of the population in economically developed plains and topographically flat bay areas has exacerbated conflicts.(2) Japan's territorial space evolution exhibits distinct stages. Although national economic fluctuations and demographic changes do not substantially affect the overall trajectory of territorial space evolution, they can influence the rate and process of evolution. At the late stage of urbanization, the driving forces of spatial evolution are expected to be more concentrated on demographic, economic, and natural background factors. (3) Simulation results across various scenarios suggest no major structural changes in Japan's future territorial space pattern. Agricultural areas will continue to be encroached upon, exacerbating the national food security crisis as the challenges of rural depopulation and aging population deepen. In the next 10 to 15 years, Japan may form a world-class mega-aging urban agglomeration by linking the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kansai.

As a conceptual framework for understanding contemporary sustainability challenges, the metacoupling framework emphasizes the dynamic interactions and multi-regional connections within human-environment systems. Utilizing this framework to investigate the interactions between water supply and demand within and between regions can provide theoretical support for the sustainable management of water resources. In this study, we applied the environmentally extended input-output method and the Wang, Wei, and Zhu (WWZ) value-added decomposition method to quantify the metacoupling intensity and connections in the sending-receiving and spillover systems of China's virtual water trade. We also assessed the impact of virtual water trade on various regions. The results indicate the following: (1) Internal consumption and trade dynamics (2012-2017): The average internal consumption of virtual water within a province accounted for 78.05% of the total virtual water volume. Provinces primarily engaged in long-distance virtual water trade, which was on average 4.96 times the volume of peripheral virtual water trade. The manufacturing and agricultural sectors were the largest consumers of virtual water. (2) Spillover systems and trends: Upstream and downstream virtual water spillovers associated with the spillover systems exhibited an increasing trend, averaging 46.28% of the total traded virtual water volume. Jiangsu and Jilin produced the highest upstream virtual water spillover, whereas Xinjiang and Heilongjiang produced the highest downstream virtual water spillover. (3) Sectoral drivers and spillovers (2017): In 2017, the manufacturing and construction industries were the primary drivers of the upstream virtual water spillover, whereas the manufacturing and agricultural sectors were the primary drivers of the downstream virtual water spillovers. Long-distance trade generated a greater amount of both upstream and downstream virtual water spillovers. (4) Contribution to SDG 6.4: Virtual water trade contributed to a 5.75% improvement in achieving China's SDG 6.4 target, with long-distance trade contributing more significantly than peripheral trade. The virtual water trade was the most beneficial in alleviating water stress in economically developed provinces with poor water resource endowments, but it had negative impacts on some economically underdeveloped provinces.

The integration of digital technology into rural development is opening up new opportunities and pathways for the modernization of China's rural areas. Innovative spatial governance models tailored to the digital era are establishing essential pathways to support rural modernization. In this new period, the digital transformation of rural spaces is characterized by the convergence of virtual and physical spaces and multi-scale fluidity. Despite this progress, significant challenges persist in advancing the "three rural issues" (agriculture, rural areas, and farmers) toward modernization. Constructing digital rural spatial governance framework and implementation pathways for rural modernization is of great practical significance. The paper, based on a technical approach of "theoretical construction → underlying mechanisms → pathway breakthroughs," explores a digital rural spatial governance system aimed at advancing rural modernization in China. The study reveals several key findings: (1) Digital rural spatial governance is an innovative approach to spatial development and usage control, driven by emerging new technologies and evolving needs. This governance model enhances the value of rural spaces, ensures rational spatial flows, fosters diverse participation, and introduces new models for managing and utilizing rural space. (2) The core components of modern digital rural spatial governance include three main aspects: the governance of material spaces to optimize the human-land relationship, the governance of spatial value to harmonize urban-rural relationships, and the governance of spatial flows to merge virtual and physical spaces seamlessly. These approaches work together to build a stronger foundation for digital governance in rural areas, expand new multi-stakeholder models for spatial management, and create innovative pathways for realizing spatial value. Through these efforts they contribute new momentum to China's rural modernization. (3) Rural modernization in China encompasses advancements in rural production systems, urban-rural integration, and organizational structures. (4) By refining human-land dynamics, value frameworks, and spatial flow mechanisms, digital rural spatial governance creates opportunities for diversification in rural spatial development, broadening channels for spatial value transformation, and enhancing the effectiveness of rural organizational structures. This, in turn, provides vital support for achieving a modernized rural landscape. (5) Digital rural spatial governance establishes a cohesive framework for rural modernization by supporting coordinated development across agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. It promotes urban-rural integration and comprehensive rural governance, advancing the broader objective of rural modernization. This study helps clarify the intrinsic relationship between digital rural spatial governance and rural modernization, offering valuable references for innovative rural development in the digital age.

In the context of U.S.-China trade war and COVID-19 pandemic and troubling global economy, the interaction between geopolitical risk (GPR) and global production network (GPN) has emerged as a new direction for GPN 2.0 research agenda. Exploring the reconfiguration process, strategic responses, and causal explanatory dynamics of lead firms is of practical and theoretical significance. This study uses interview data from 32 companies (Huawei and its suppliers) surveyed in Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Dongguan in 2023. Focusing on the spatial logic, regional redistribution, actor strategies, and causal interaction mechanisms, this study illuminates how Huawei navigates the causal dynamics and strategies of its production network, particularly the complex landscape of industrial transfer from Shenzhen to Dongguan. The results, based on the GPN 2.0 perspective, (1) reveal three actor-specific strategies employed by Huawei: inter-firm control based on the leader and follower effects, inter-firm partnership seeking alternative strategic partners. This strategy is further strengthened through extra-firm bargaining between Huawei and local governments in Shenzhen and Dongguan, where Huawei seeks to market entitlement of local real estate, expands its market reach for 5G technologies and fosters local industrial upgrading. (2) There are three dynamic factors influencing Huawei's restructuring: the first is the cost-capability ratio, primarily considering the reduction of land costs and the optimization of its R&D headquarters, southern production base, talent training, and employee facilities; the second is market-driven, with a focus on the To-Business (ToB) model to explore new domestic 5G markets, establishing the "three BGs + five major corps" model, and expanding local markets, particularly through smart city projects in Shenzhen and Dongguan; the third factor is the risk environment posed by the U.S.-China trade war, which has driven Huawei to support a diversified domestic supply chain. Overall, Huawei's production network restructuring is driven by these three considerations: reducing production costs, expanding a more feasible and stable domestic 5G and industrial internet market, and mitigating the geopolitical risks posed by U.S.-China tensions that could disrupt its current production network. (3) This, in turn, influences the interplay between Huawei's dynamics and strategies: The risky environment drives Huawei's inter-firm control, market imperatives and risks deeply affect Huawei's inter-firm partnership. The core of Huawei's extra-firm bargaining with local governments is optimising cost-capability ratios and sustaining 5G/real estate markets. Overall, this study extends GPN risk research to the major role and subjective initiative of lead firms beyond previously considered roles of the state, techno-nationalism, international relations and geopolitical interventions. This study demonstrates how Huawei internalises and interacts with specific GPR as a causal factor, shedding light on firm adaption and evolution in response to changing geopolitical challenges. This paper has three main research contributions as follows: firstly, it introduces actor strategies in the reconfiguration studies and extends to the issue of interaction between actor strategies and causal dynamics in the GPN 2.0; secondly, the internalisation of GPR as a causal consideration of corporate restructuring is a positive and effective attempt to bridge the new research agenda of GPN 2.0; and thirdly, the paper focuses on the reconfiguration of Huawei's DPN, and in particular explores the industrial transfer and reconfiguration of Huawei from Shenzhen to Songshanhu town in Dongguan.

Industrial collaborative agglomeration is the product of industrial development to the advanced stage, and it is also the concrete manifestation of industrial collaborative development in space. This paper starts with the measurement method of industrial collaborative agglomeration, and constructs a comprehensive measurement method system aiming at the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP) and poor visualization effect existing in the current research methods. The paper uses the method to make an empirical study on the collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services in Beijing, and analyzes the dynamic evolution process and characteristics of collaborative agglomeration in time and space. The results show that: (1) In 2018, the range of agglomeration span of industry pairs was 34 km, and the average agglomeration intensity was 0.0858. Compared with 2008, the agglomeration scope was more dispersed and the agglomeration intensity was reduced, but knowledge-intensive industry pairs such as equipment manufacturing, science and technology, and information transmission services were more inclined to collaborative agglomeration. (2) In 2008, industry pairs with a high level of collaborative agglomeration were concentrated in the core areas of the city, but in 2018, they spread to the peripheral areas along the traffic arteries, forming a distribution pattern of "multi-point agglomeration", which roughly corresponds to the demonstration parks of the integration of the two industries planned by Beijng. (3) On the whole, the collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services showed a decline in the agglomeration intensity, but the grid distribution of medium and high collaborative agglomeration expanded, the inter-regional disequilibrium narrowed, and the spatial distribution was optimized. Industrial parks, transport accessibility and information technology development have played an important role in this.

Chinese materia medica (CMM) is derived from nature, inherited from history, used in society, prospered in industry and benefited in the region. The ancient Chinese people began studying the relationship between CMM and their origin very early, which reflects that CMM is closely related to geography, and it is also the natural way of the formation of CMM, but the interdisciplinary fusion of CMM and geography has not yet formed. Based on the geographical characteristics of herbs, resources, products, industry and business of CMM, this paper analyzes the research framework of the medicine-geography relationship in CMM geography, and preliminarily analyzes its research objects, scientific problems, research contents and research methods. Results show that: (1) CMM geography is a science that studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CMM and medicine-geography relationship. It is a discipline that examines the regional differences, spatial patterns, medicine-geography relationship, and sustainable utilization of CMM at the geographic spatial level, based on the division of production areas, featuring Daodi herbs, and aiming to ensure healthy use of drugs. (2) On the basis of the concept of "following the rules of time" in traditional Chinese medicine, CMM geography studies the medicine-geography relationship from three aspects: medicinal use, time, and space, based on the characteristic of "different origins of medicinal materials have differences" in CMM. It adheres to the concept of "selecting, using, and developing traditional Chinese medicine based on geographical differences and characteristics". (3) The study of CMM geography has the characteristics of intersectionality, comprehensiveness, regionalism, and dynamism. It integrates the research results and theoretical methods of CMM and geography, and conducts research on the regional differentiation, spatial structure, and evolutionary laws of five elements: the ecological attributes of CMM resources, the temporal attributes of CMM (herbal medicine), the social attributes of CMM products, the economic attributes of the CMM industry, and the regional attributes of CMM industry. (4) CMM geography integrates CMM with geography, utilizing techniques such as origin identification, changes in production areas, and spatial relationship models, following the principles of combining micro and macro perspectives, qualitative and quantitative approaches. It conducts research on the medicine-geography relationship, in order to promote the integration of pharmacology, medical science, physiology, and geography, and enrich the research content of traditional Chinese medicine and geography.

Based on extensive and detailed field investigations in the Zoige Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, the Niangyiqu (NYQ-A) section was found on the second terrace of the Yellow River in the basin. Through systematic stratigraphic division and sample collection in the field, combined with laboratory analysis of grain size, geochemical elements, paleontology, and OSL/AMS ¹⁴C dating, different sedimentary layers in the section and its paleoenvironmental significance were identified. Furthermore, this study focuses on investigating the lake level changes of the Zoige paleolake recorded by the lacustrine deposits and their causes. The results show that: (1) The sedimentary stratigraphy of the section, from bottom to top, consists of the following layers: deep lacustrine deposits A, shallow lacustrine deposits A, deep lacustrine deposits B, shallow lacustrine deposits B, overbank flood deposits of the Yellow River, aeolian loess, and modern meadow soil. (2) The deep lacustrine deposits A, dating to 51.82±2.34 ka, records a deep lake environment of the Zoige paleolake during the (Marine isotope stages) MIS 3c period. During this period, warm and wet climate conditions led to high precipitation and glacial meltwater inflow, resulting in a high paleo-lake level. The shallow lacustrine deposits A formed between 51.01±2.19 and 39.54±1.72 ka, indicating a shallow lake environment of the Zoige paleolake during the MIS 3b period. During this period, cold and dry climate conditions caused a lowered paleo-lake level. The deep lacustrine deposits B accumulated between 39.18±2.03 and 36.77±1.66 ka, inferring a deep lake environment of the Zoige paleolake during the MIS (Marine isotope stages) 3a period. During this period, warm and wet climate conditions led to increased precipitation and glacial meltwater, raising the paleo-lake level once again. (3) Notably, shallow lacustrine deposits B records a sudden transition of the Zoige paleolake from a deep lake environment to a shallow marshy environment at 36.77±1.66 ka during the MIS 3a period. Based on the previous studies on the development and evolution of the Zoige paleolake, our results further confirm that under the influence of warm and humid climate and the strong tectonic activity of the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault, the headward erosion and downcutting of the paleo-Yellow River intensified. At ca. 37 ka, the paleo-Yellow River captured the Zoige paleolake, causing the continuous discharge of the paleolake water and the transition to warm shallow marshy environment. This environment created favorable living conditions for aquatic gastropods (Radix) and numerous mammals (such as the woolly rhinoceros and primitive cattle). These results are of significance in understanding the evolution of the river-lake system within the Zoige Basin.