Comprehensive scientific expeditions rely on scientific instruments, paradigms, and technological methods to conduct multidisciplinary analyses of surface conditions, resource endowments, and their dynamic changes and mechanisms, serving major national (regional) strategic needs. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, successive comprehensive scientific expeditions have played a significant role in frontier development, ecological environment governance, and national economic development. In the new era, comprehensive scientific expeditions must clarify regional resource and environmental conditions and their changes, fill knowledge gaps in related fields, and support national and regional development and strategic requirements. The development of new technologies and equipment, such as low-orbit satellite constellations, artificial intelligence, and unmanned monitoring, provides important opportunities for comprehensive scientific expeditions in the new era. To advance comprehensive scientific expeditions in the new era, it is essential to fully utilize new technologies, equipment, and methods for innovate expedition paradigms. Guided by national strategic needs, expedition tasks should be organized, which can achieve large-scale, high-frequency, and high-precision investigations of geographical resource elements, filling knowledge gaps in border areas, underground spaces, and deep-sea zones. Based on the regional differentiation of China's natural and human geographical environments, comprehensive scientific expeditions should be conducted in key domestic regions. Focusing on the six major economic corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative and key maritime areas, global comprehensive scientific expeditions should be carried out to promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Geomorphologic regionalization is the division of geomorphologic regions based on geomorphologic similarities and differences. The study of Martian geomorphic regionalization is of great significance to the understanding of Martian geomorphic evolution history as well as the rational development and utilization of Martian resources. However, there is currently a gap in the study of Martian geomorphologic regionalization. Conventional Martian location names lack clear boundaries. Additionally, the boundaries of force modification landscapes have not been clarified. On the basis of these situations, the "senior region, sub-senior region, region" Martian three-grade geomorphologic regionalization scheme was proposed using multi-source data, including bouguer gravity, topographic data, optical image data, and geological maps. Firstly, the boundaries of the Martian geotectonic domain were mapped based on data from geophysical and topographic features, which were used as the boundaries of the senior region. Secondly, the geologic units clustered by geomorphic similarity were used as the boundaries of the sub-senior region based on different terrain factors using random forests combined with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) model. Thirdly, the data on volcanic, glacial, wind-sand, and fluvial landforms were collected and the results from adaptive optimal bandwidth kernel density estimation method were used as the boundaries of the region. Finally, the three boundaries were integrated. The geomorphic regionalization units were named in an order from senior region to region. The semi-automatic methods reduced the workload and subjectivity of global mapping. The problem of high fragmentation results from traditional clustering was solved in this scheme. The geomorphic regionalization scheme coupled geomorphic morphology and genesis and took into account the influence of different elements on the boundaries of tectonic domains, which is of high reference value for future research on the geomorphic evolution of Mars.

To realize the "dual carbon" goals, it is necessary to actively explore the "dual carbon" response strategy in the national spaces and innovate the research on carbon emission reduction and carbon sink enhancement pathways within the existing Chinese national conditions and institutional framework. Currently, discussions centered around supporting carbon neutrality predominantly emphasize the carbon reduction dimensions of a single space or department, lacking comprehensive coordination and specific pathways demonstration research across multiple spaces and departments. This has led to unclear goal positioning and accountability relationships for carbon emission reduction and carbon sequestration in different national spaces, making it challenging to decompose the overall tasks and implement them concretely. On the basis of considering the spatial functional attributes and interactions of ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space, this study first establishes a cognitive framework for carbon balance effects of three types of space (ecological, agricultural, and urban spaces) and proposes design principles for carbon emission reduction and carbon sink enhancement pathways. Then, based on the share of carbon reduction undertaken by the three types of space, as well as the current application status, historical contributions, scope of application, and future potential of each pathway, this study further summarizes and proposes a multi-spatial coordinated pathway for enhancing carbon sinks within ecological spaces, reducing carbon emissions and increasing sinks in agricultural spaces, and decreasing emissions in urban spaces. This initiative not only contributes to achieving sustainable ecological restoration, efficient cropland management, and effective urban control, but also fosters the formation of climate mitigation optimization strategies and green transformation response methods under the integration of future national space.