Enhancing the carbon sequestration capabilities of terrestrial ecosystems by optimizing territorial spatial layout is a feasible approach to achieving the "carbon neutrality" goals. However, accurately identifying and characterizing the spatial differentiation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks on a regional scale remains a challenge. As a result, effective territorial spatial management measures have yet to be established. To address this issue, this study uses Zhejiang province as an example, employing the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) to simulate terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks at 1-km grid resolution. Based on simulation results under different future climate change scenarios, we identify and delineate carbon sink conservation areas with adaptive features in response to climate change. The analysis results show that terrestrial ecosystems within carbon sink conservation areas exhibit a significant carbon sequestration advantage. Within these areas, the average Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) per unit area of forests, shrubs, and grasslands exceeds approximately 15%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. Under medium to high social vulnerability and radiative forcing scenarios, the carbon sequestration advantage of the terrestrial ecosystems within carbon sink conservation areas is further amplified. Additionally, by contrasting the carbon sink conservation areas with the existing Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) in the study region, it is discovered that more than half of the areas have not yet been incorporated into the ECR. In comparison to the ECR, it is estimated that the total Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) within the carbon sink conservation areas is over 7 MtC annually, with the average carbon sequestration efficiency of forested regions surpassing the ECR by 15-22 g C/m². This study underscores the importance and necessity of integrating and enhancing the consideration of ecosystem carbon sink function in optimizing territorial spatial patterns and existing ECR systems from a quantitative standpoint. Furthermore, we put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

The domestication of animals has provided humans with a stable food source. The wild yak is a unique species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and plays an irreplaceable role in daily life of the Tibetan people. This study collected 291 localities of wild yaks on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and modeled the spatiotemporal evolution of wild yaks on the plateau every 500 years since the Holocene (11.0-3.0 ka BP) by Maxent. The accuracy of the simulation result reached above 0.9. The results indicated that the main environmental factors affecting the suitable habitat of wild yaks on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau include the average temperature of the coldest quarter, the coefficient variation of precipitation, the precipitation of the wettest quarter, and the accumuation of the annual snowfall. From a spatiotemporal perspective, the distribution area was the smallest in the early Holocene (11.0-9.0 ka BP), mainly distributed in areas like Hala Lake, the eastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau, the highlands and valleys in the southern Tibetan Plateau, and the highlands in the western Kunlun Mountains. During the early period of the middle Holocene (9.0-6.0 ka BP), the distribution area was located between that of the early and late Holocene, mainly in areas such as the Qilian Mountains, the western part of the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the southern Qinghai Plateau. In the middle to late Holocene (6.0-3.0 ka BP), the distribution area reached its maximum, mainly in areas such as the Qinghai Lake basin, the northern Tibetan Plateau, the Qiangtang Plateau, and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Lancang River. In addition, since the Holocene, the habitat of the wild yak has gradually expanded, possibly due to climate and environmental changes. Comprehensive analysis of the Human Living Environment Index and the Wild Yak Habitat Index revealed that the earliest potential domestication time of the wild yak is around 4.5-4.0 ka BP, with potential domestication areas including the Qinghai Lake basin, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Lancang River, and the Hengduan Mountains.

Ecological justice is an important element in realizing the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, and it is an effective path for promoting the coordination of ecological protection and livelihood development in natural-based tourism destinations. This paper constructs a theoretical framework and index system for the impact of ecological justice on farmers' livelihood resilience in nature-based tourism destinations. Taking Huangshan district of Anhui province as a case study, the dynamic impacts and threshold effects of ecological justice on farmers' livelihood resilience from 2000 to 2021 are systematically explored in terms of the three dimensions of ecological resource allocation justice, ecological rights enjoyment justice, and ecological responsibility sharing justice by using a time-varying parameter-vector autoregressive model and threshold regression model. The results show that: First, the medium-term positive impact of ecological justice on farmers' livelihood resilience is significant, and the short- and long-term impacts show "inverted V-shaped" time-varying pattern of alternating positive and negative impacts. The short-term positive impact of ecological resource allocation justice is the strongest, the medium-term positive impact of ecological rights enjoyment justice is the strongest, and the impact intensity of ecological responsibility sharing justice has the characteristic of diminishing marginal efficiency over time. Second, the moderating effects of ecological justice and ecological responsibility sharing justice on farmers' livelihood resilience are more affected by changes in the ecological construction environment, and ecological resource allocation justice is more sensitive to shocks from changes in the tourism development environment. Third, ecological justice, ecological resource allocation justice, and ecological rights enjoyment justice have a single threshold effect on farmers' livelihood resilience, with threshold values of 33.021, 51.377, and 33.021, respectively. Ecological responsibility sharing justice has a double threshold effect, with the most significant positive impact on livelihood resilience when the level of ecological justice crosses the second threshold value of 43.250.

The poverty among elder adults in rural areas of China poses a significant challenge to the achievement of shared prosperity. The concept of development resilience offers a novel perspective for examining livelihood and poverty, with scientific implications for quantitatively analyzing "silver-haired poverty" and proposing countermeasures of alleviating poverty among the rural elderly. This paper constructs a comprehensive framework for analyzing the relative poverty risk and development resilience of the rural elder adults, using a case study conducted in Shizhu, a mountainous county of Chongqing. Here, the paper evaluates the relative poverty risk and development resilience of the rural elder adults from 2010 to 2020, revealing their heterogeneity and spatiotemporal change characteristics. Moreover, the paper elucidates the relationship and feedback paths between relative poverty risk and development resilience, while explaining the determinants of development resilience. The results indicate that: (1) The relative poverty risk increased by 19.3% from 2010 to 2020. Health and natural disaster risks emerged as primary concerns, with market risk and health risk showing a noticeable upward trend. The rural elder adults engaged in traditional and guaranteed livelihoods faced a relatively high risk of poverty. The spatial distribution of relative poverty risk showed heterogeneity, with middle-altitude mountain areas experiencing a more pronounced increase in this risk. (2) The development resilience varied significantly among the elder adults across different livelihood types, as did the extent to which it increased. Rural areas witnessed the highest level of resilience development among elder adults engaged in multi-crop farming and casual labor. The spatial differentiation of development resilience in the study area was clearly evident, presenting a multi-gradient distribution pattern characterized by alternating high and low values from northwest to southeast. (3) Relative poverty risk coupled with development resilience given the dynamics status of the rural elderly, shaping both positive and negative feedback loops. (4) The development resilience of the rural elder adults was influenced by multiple factors at different levels. The community environment exerted an impact on the historical accumulation and subsequent development of development resilience. Policy formulation provided a safety baseline to withstand risk shocks. Intergenerational support played the role of a risk-sharing mechanism. The productive activities and psychological preferences of the elderly were the intrinsic driving forces for the formation of development resilience.