Rural areal system is a multidimensional object of rural revitalization in the new era, and its complexity and dynamics require a breakthrough in single-domain thinking. Through the in-depth fusion of system science theories, multi-source data-driven technical methods and sustainable transformation paths, the full-chain governance of system diagnosis-scenario simulation-precise policy implementation should be carried out. Based on the scientific theory of human-land system and the multi-scale analysis paradigm of geography, this paper explores the "element-structure-function" cascade analysis system of rural areal system, analyzes the scientific connotation of rural areal system and rural revitalization, clarifies the multi-scale evolution law and transformation mechanism of rural areal system, develops rural areal system development status assessment and scenario simulation technology, and sorts out and proposes a "three-device" (diagnostic device, detector, simulator) platform framework for the transformation mechanism and simulation of rural areal system. By innovating multimodal spatiotemporal data fusion and intelligent interpretation methods, it can break through the technical bottleneck of quantitative inversion of rural areal system elements, establish a multi-factor collaborative observation indicator system and a data sharing application platform, reveal the spatial pattern of rural transformation under different development paths, and explore and create "three major systems", including a theoretical system of rural areal system with multi-dimensional interaction of nature-society-technology, a technical system of cross-platform coordinated observation of rural areal system, and a system of standards and norms for the scientific path of rural revitalization and its management. The findings will help to achieve the systematization of coordinated observation and scenario simulation of multi-source heterogeneous data in rural areal system, and provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the scientific formulation of rural revitalization plans and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization strategic decisions. Additionally, focusing on the current trend of technological progress, modern geography should connect with the international scientific frontier and national strategic needs, and take the system integration of geographic science-technology-engineering-practice (Geo-STEP) as the core to promote the transition of rural areal system research from "problem explanation" to "future design" and "scientific governance".

By tracing the theoretical evolution of new geopolitics, this paper constructs a methodological framework for new geopolitics studies, trying to bridge the paradigmatic gap between new geopolitics and traditional geopolitics, thus enhancing the cohesion of geopolitics on the discipline level in a completely different background of social transformation. The methodological construction of the new geopolitics studies in this paper is mainly reflected in the multi-level analysis and the diversity of inter-state exchanges in the wide geopolitical discussions. From the perspective of multi-level analysis, new geopolitics has expanded in terms of scale and agency dimensions, including multi-scale spatial units such as cities and communities, as well as multiple actors such as grassroot groups into the discussion of geopolitics. While from the perspective of inter-state exchange, new geopolitics depicts how the details of people's everyday life such as culture and tourism become key factors in shaping global geopolitics. Moreover, this paper also proposes to procedurally incorporate qualitative research methods such as ethnography and textual analysis, which is based on the discussions of the multi-level analysis and the diversity of inter-state exchanges, into the methodology of geopolitics, in an attempt to provide a different perspective from traditional geopolitics to re-understanding and studying geopolitics in the new era context. Under the backdrop of the revolutionary impact of globalization and informatization upon the inter-state geopolitical relationship, the methodological construction of new geopolitics in this paper can help to describe the transformation of factors affecting the evolution of the global geopolitical pattern and its occurrence process and mechanism, and can also widely guide the processing of new geopolitics studies. Furthermore, in the context of China's increasingly active overseas socio-economic activities and the increasingly obvious geopolitical risks from the "bottom-up" perspective, the methodological construction of new geopolitics also has important practical value for systematically guiding the studies on geopolitics related to China's overseas socio-economic activities.

Space of flows research provides a novel analytical perspective in the domain urban and regional development, facilitating the elucidation and comprehension of dynamic interactions within urban systems and inter-regional networks. This research not only offers scientific analytical tools for urban governance and spatial planning but also provides theoretical guidance for promoting sustainable urban and regional development by optimizing resource allocation and improving spatial efficiency. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes the connotation of the space of flows in terms of its concept, attributes, characteristics, and fundamental elements. Based on this, the paper proposes and examines the evolutionary framework of space of flows research. Through theoretical tracing, research trend analysis, and hotspots identification, the study reveals that space of flows research exhibits a development pattern characterized by "super-core, polycentric, and pan-thematic" tendencies. Furthermore, this paper explores the analytical paradigm of space of flows research and its significant shifts: the research domain has expanded from singular economic linkages to multi-dimensional connections encompassing social, cultural, ecological, and geographical spheres; research data have evolved from traditional statistical surveys to an integration of conventional data and multi-source big data; and research methodologies have transitioned from qualitative studies to dynamic quantitative research. Future directions for deepening space of flows research include innovating data acquisition and integration technologies, developing advanced analytical tools, expanding cross-scale research methods, enhancing the synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration in the context of spatial dynamics and urban-regional systems.

Border ports serve as critical frontlines against potential threats from neighboring countries, with their risk status directly impacting national security and the livelihoods of local residents and businesses. Despite this importance, there remains a lack of quantitative assessments of geo-risk at these border ports. This study addresses this gap by constructing a geo-risk assessment model based on the concepts of probability and potential loss. By integrating multi-source spatio-temporal data, the geo-risk at border ports is estimated for type classification and feature analysis. The results reveal several key findings: geo-risk stress is gradually shifting westward, with significant accumulation at southwestern border ports, and comprehensive border ports are experiencing heightened risk. Geo-risk probability is high at China-Myanmar and China-Vietnam border ports, with notable risks at northern transit node ports, and Ruili ranks highest in geo-risk probability among all ports. Potential losses are concentrated along the southern border, especially at critical nodes of external transit routes and ports along the Belt and Road. The overall spatial distribution of geo-risk at border ports follows a pattern of "dense in the south, sparse in the north, and balanced across multiple points,"with risks categorized into four types: high risk, high probability, high loss, and low risk, with approximately one-quarter of ports categorized as high-risk. This study enhances the understanding of border risk, and the constructed geo-risk assessment model provides a valuable reference for risk quantification in other countries or regions while offering a scientific basis for decision-making related to border security.

Intercity competitive and cooperative relationships provide crucial lenses for understanding the structure, processes, and dynamics of urban systems. While existing studies have explored the network structure of cooperative intercity relationships and offered case analyses of competition between cities, there remains a relative scarcity of quantitative research on the competitive dimension. Building on a review of domestic and international research on competitive intercity dynamics, this study adopts a firm-centric approach to propose a quantitative framework for analyzing competitive intercity relationships. Drawing on multidisciplinary measures of competitive relationships, this framework aims to quantify intercity competition through "structure + scale" similarities and market niche overlap while accounting for the asymmetry of competition. Theoretically, this framework integrates place-based perspectives, which focus on similarities in city attributes, with network-based perspectives that emphasize positional similarities within flow structures. This captures intercity competition in both resource aggregation and external linkages. Methodologically, a bipartite "firm-city" matrix is constructed, applying distance and similarity measures from ecology and management sciences, enabling the identification of both "structure + scale" and market competition within the same dataset while ensuring measurement reliability. Finally, the study applies this method to measure the competitive relationships among cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, using data from innovative enterprises, which effectively validates the proposed method. Overall, the study provides a methodological framework for deeper exploration of intercity competition and encourages urban systems and urban network research to place greater emphasis on this critical dimension.

As the most basic unit of society, family is a key object for understanding urban society, activity, and space. However, the systematic exploration of interaction pattern between family activity and urban environment was not sufficient, and they were always in an imbalanced state, which raised a few concerns. Therefore, it is essential to introduce the concept of "human-environment relationship" into family research, exploring the relationship between family and urban environment, that is the study of "human-environment relationship" of urban families (here, we call it "family-environment relationship"). To this end, we firstly propose a brand-new identification method for family and its spatiotemporal behaviors based on mobile phone location big data. Subsequently, taking the case of Wuhan, we verify the effectiveness of this method by using China Unicom's mobile signal data, which proves that the family identification samples can be regarded as large-scale sampling of realistic families. Finally, based on the concept of "human-environment relationship", we attempt to build a theoretical framework for "family-environment relationship" at the urban micro scale, and summarize how family big data should be appropriately applied in this framework. Our study provides a theoretical framework and a series of methods for exploring the interaction pattern between family and urban environment, which contribute to accurately diagnose the imbalance phenomenon of family-environment relationship and effectively formulate "family oriented" environmental optimization strategies, thus formulate a strong push for improving the quality of family life, constructing a family friendly city, and promoting sustainability of urban society.

As an important aspect of the notion that "spatial is special", spatial heterogeneity has been a central topic of geospatial analytics. It is also closely related to the methodological tradition of geography and replicability of geographic research. The emergence of fine-grained big geospatial data and the development of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) have brought new opportunities and challenges to spatial heterogeneity modeling. Spatial heterogeneity may refer to (1) values of geographic variables; and (2) associations, or the generation process of geographic variables, which correspond to data and process heterogeneity, respectively. Moreover, the specification of spatial heterogeneity may be categorized as continuous and discrete. Based on the dichotomies above, we summarize the main scenarios of spatial heterogeneity modeling and review corresponding methods: (1) homogeneity-based regionalization; (2) local spatial regression; and (3) spatial regime regression. In particular, we discuss approaches to delineate spatial regimes in an endogenous manner. We also review related methodological advances in GeoAI, where the principle of spatial heterogeneity is reflected in the design of neural network models. Finally, we point out several potential directions for future research. As emerging directions in spatial heterogeneity modeling, spatial regime regression and GeoAI methods need more attention from researchers.

The low-carbon transformation of the energy system has emerged as a key strategy for addressing climate change risks, promoting high-quality development, and ensuring energy security. However, the clean transformation of the energy system faces significant uncertainties and challenges due to the complex constraints of multiple goals. This paper provides a comprehensive review and integrated analysis of the basic concepts, research methods, and challenges associated with energy transformation, drawing the following conclusions: (1) Shifting focus of energy transition: The energy transition in the context of carbon neutrality has evolved from being primarily technology-driven to problem-driven. The pace and success of energy transitions vary greatly across regions and nations, with policy regulation, technological innovation, market mechanisms, and behavioral factors playing pivotal roles in driving change. (2) Quantitative research on energy transition primarily centers on assessing the extent of the transition and forecasting its future trajectory. However, due to the intricate interconnections and mutual influences among multiple systems, including energy, economy, environment, and society, the predictive simulations often exhibit a pronounced "black box" effect, making interpretation and transparency more challenging. (3) Controversies and future research directions: There is ongoing debate within the international community regarding the comprehensive effects of energy transformation. The development model and pathways that balance low-carbon goals, economic growth, and energy supply security still require further theoretical and empirical exploration. While significant attention has been paid to the environmental, economic, and safety benefits of energy transformation, the social impacts have received less focus, which may undermine the long-term sustainability of the transition. Future research should integrate the dual objectives of climate change mitigation and economic development, adopt diversified transformation strategies, emphasize supply-demand coordination, and promote regionally coordinated transitions. Furthermore, strengthening multi-scale, cross-sectoral analyses will enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of energy transformations. This research aims to deepen understanding of the epistemology and methodology surrounding energy transformation, offering geographical scholars new perspectives and avenues for further investigation into this critical area of study.

With the emergence of "modern diseases" such as depopulation, land abandonment, and environmental degradation, the proper management of land has become an urgent development issue in China and around the world. Rewilding, as a concept and method of natural mastery, provides a path for the above dilemmas to be solved. It is of great significance to build a community of life between human beings and nature and to promote high-quality development in urban and rural areas. However, the concept of rewilding is broad, and there are gaps in research, that necessitate the formation of a more interpretive theoretical framework. This paper, through reviewing and analyzing relevant literature in Western geography, points out that understanding the concept of rewilding involves grasping the relationships between wilderness and wildness, as well as non-human autonomy and human intervention. Under the guidance of relational ontology, the paper adopts a three-tiered scale analysis, macro, meso, and micro, to explore the operational logic of rewilding from a global to local perspective: (1) At the macro level, rewilding aims to contribute as both an ecological strategy and a socio-economic strategy, contributing to global ecosystem protection and global urban-rural development. (2) At the meso level, rewilding examines issues of heterogeneity and boundaries while exploring the dynamics of imbalanced power. It advocates for the return of local knowledge and public involvement. (3) At the micro level, rewilding presents local experiences under the operational logic of the macro and meso levels, calling for attention to micro-level community expressions within grand narratives, in order to promote more context-specific rewilding policies. Finally, based on summarizing the characteristics and current status of rewilding research in China, the paper looks forward to the theoretical and practical directions in which future Chinese rewilding research can further explore, in hopes of providing theoretical nourishment and practical references from geography for China's exploration of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in the context of Chinese-style modernization.

Health is the eternal pursuit of human beings, and health sustainability is the basis of social sustainability. This study adopts the "pressure-state-response" (PSR) model to construct the index system of China's health sustainability. This study examines the spatio-temporal characteristics, structural evolution, and improvement path of health sustainability in China from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that: (1) China's health sustainability index (HSI) has been steadily improved, and the health sustainability level (HSL) has been continuously enhanced, generally reaching a "sustainable" state. The differences between regions and provinces are shrinking, and the trend of balanced development is obvious. The cold spot area gradually disappears, and the hot spot area tends to weaken. The distribution center has shifted from the southeast to the northwest. (2) The structure of China's health sustainability system has been progressively optimized, exhibiting favorable development trends. The structural balance has increased and is approaching 1, and the structural coordination has improved and is transitioning towards advanced coordination, and the structural dominance has shifted from health pressure-dominated (HP) to health status-dominated (HS) and is now evolving towards health balance-dominated (HB). (3) The improvement of China's health sustainability can be divided into three first-level areas: I priority improvement area, II key improvement area, III consolidation improvement area, and six second-level areas: Ⅰ₁ (Xizang), Ⅰ₂ (Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia), Ⅱ₁ (Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing), Ⅱ₂ (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan), Ⅱ₃ (Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Anhui, Shanxi), Ⅲ (Beijing). (4) In the future, the improvement of China's health sustainability should focus on improving the responsiveness of health resources, reducing the health risks caused by social and economic pressures, enhancing road safety and social security level, and upgrading the national social health status. The health sustainability index system constructed in this study provides a theoretical framework and path strategy for the evaluation of national and regional health sustainability systems, and has guiding significance for the construction of sustainable society and healthy country.

Chinese materia medica (CMM) is derived from nature, inherited from history, used in society, prospered in industry and benefited in the region. The ancient Chinese people began studying the relationship between CMM and their origin very early, which reflects that CMM is closely related to geography, and it is also the natural way of the formation of CMM, but the interdisciplinary fusion of CMM and geography has not yet formed. Based on the geographical characteristics of herbs, resources, products, industry and business of CMM, this paper analyzes the research framework of the medicine-geography relationship in CMM geography, and preliminarily analyzes its research objects, scientific problems, research contents and research methods. Results show that: (1) CMM geography is a science that studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CMM and medicine-geography relationship. It is a discipline that examines the regional differences, spatial patterns, medicine-geography relationship, and sustainable utilization of CMM at the geographic spatial level, based on the division of production areas, featuring Daodi herbs, and aiming to ensure healthy use of drugs. (2) On the basis of the concept of "following the rules of time" in traditional Chinese medicine, CMM geography studies the medicine-geography relationship from three aspects: medicinal use, time, and space, based on the characteristic of "different origins of medicinal materials have differences" in CMM. It adheres to the concept of "selecting, using, and developing traditional Chinese medicine based on geographical differences and characteristics". (3) The study of CMM geography has the characteristics of intersectionality, comprehensiveness, regionalism, and dynamism. It integrates the research results and theoretical methods of CMM and geography, and conducts research on the regional differentiation, spatial structure, and evolutionary laws of five elements: the ecological attributes of CMM resources, the temporal attributes of CMM (herbal medicine), the social attributes of CMM products, the economic attributes of the CMM industry, and the regional attributes of CMM industry. (4) CMM geography integrates CMM with geography, utilizing techniques such as origin identification, changes in production areas, and spatial relationship models, following the principles of combining micro and macro perspectives, qualitative and quantitative approaches. It conducts research on the medicine-geography relationship, in order to promote the integration of pharmacology, medical science, physiology, and geography, and enrich the research content of traditional Chinese medicine and geography.

The Yellow River is an important ecological security barrier in northern China. Scientifically evaluating the ecological health status of its mainstream and pointing out the key problems to be solved in the future are of great significance to explore the comprehensive management of large-scale river environment. Based on ecosystem types, this study defines segmented sections of the mainstream and their corresponding basins as evaluation areas, and subsequently develops an ecological health evaluation index system comprising four criteria layers: water quality, hydrology, biology, and habitat. Some issues of traditional evaluation were explored and resolved, including: using the variable infiltration capacity model (VIC) to restore natural monthly runoff, and adopting multi-criteria water sediment matching evaluation to reflect regional characteristics. Through the comprehensive evaluation model based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and fuzzy C clustering (FCM), the health rating is transformed into a sample classification problem, which reduces the subjective impact. The results show that: (1) The water quality of the mainstream can meet the needs of the ecological environment. (2) The period of lack of ecological flow is concentrated in August. Compared with the mid-20th century, the annual flow distribution changes greatly. (3) Human activities have had many impacts on the mainstream habitat, including increasing the fragmentation of the riparian zone, reducing the vertical connectivity, and improving the surface vegetation coverage. (4) In recent decades, the mainstream has lost most of its fish diversity (about 40% in the middle and upper reaches and about 70% in the lower reaches), and the fish structure is evolving towards tolerance. (5) The spatial heterogeneity of health degree in each evaluation area is obvious, and the order from high to low is Heyuan District, Ningmeng District, Xiaobeiganliu District, Xiayou District, Lanzhou District, and Beiganliu District. From the perspective of health classification, Heyuan District is classified as good, while Ningmeng District, Xiaobeiganliu District, Xiayou District, Lanzhou District and Beiganliu District are classified as medium. It is recommended to focus on branch water pollution, and ecological flow guarantee during summer, so as to effectively protect and restore biological habitats.

Poverty remains a persistent global challenge affecting both human society and economic development. In China, a distinctive approach has emerged through the integration of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) preservation with targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) initiatives. This model, cultivated through decades of cultural heritage conservation and poverty reduction practices, holds significance for promoting cultural prosperity and comprehensive rural revitalization. This study establishes a three-dimensional theoretical framework, encompassing capability, industry, and environment, through an in-depth analysis of ICH-driven poverty alleviation within impoverished areal system. Applying this framework, the research examines China's pioneering success in rural poverty reduction via a case study of Gaohua village, Guizhou province. There are three main findings. First, China's practice of ICH-based poverty alleviation predates formal policy implementation. In Gaohua village, efforts since 2008 have progressed through three phases: the experimental phase (2008-2012), targeted poverty alleviation through ICH (2013-2020) and the comprehensive rural revitalization since 2021. Second, at the macro level, rural poverty alleviation through ICH results from the interplay of endogenous dynamics, exogenous forces, and cultural drivers. Policy-guided, targeted interventions prove optimal for simultaneously advancing poverty reduction and heritage conservation. Third, at the micro level, enhanced individual capabilities (human) and optimized industrial structures (industry) address the root causes of Pin (poverty), and strengthened geographical capital (environment) mitigates Kun (hardship). The coupling interactions among "human" "industry" and "environment" collectively resolve multidimensional poverty in rural areas. Poverty alleviation through ICH serves as a critical engine for cultural preservation and economic development in China's ethnic regions. Geography, with its unique disciplinary strengths, should actively contribute to advancing theoretical research and practical applications of ICH-based poverty alleviation, offering valuable insights for global sustainable poverty reduction efforts.

Sustainable development is a significant scientific issue of global concern. Geography, as a comprehensive discipline focusing on the coupled relationship between human activities and the natural environment, provides systematic research and solutions for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework and research progress of Geography supporting the SDGs and explores its future key research areas. This article indicates that: (1) Geography, in conducting integrated research on human-nature systems and serving regional and global sustainable development processes, has innovatively proposed and developed theoretical frameworks such as social-ecological systems, pattern-process-service-sustainability, metacoupling, and Classification-Coordination-Collaboration. These research frameworks include elements of human-environment system interconnections, process coupling, spatial coupling, and systematic regulation oriented towards SDGs, forming a comprehensive theoretical framework supporting sustainable development research in Geography, also referred to as "sustainable geography theoretical framework". (2) Geography has made positive progress in supporting the United Nations SDGs research in areas such as multi-source data acquisition, localization of indicator systems and multi-scale progress assessment, analysis of inter-target linkage mechanisms, and SDG achievement pathways. Geography provides important theoretical and methodological support for SDG research. (3) Geography and sustainable development-related research mainly focus on climate-ecological crisis response, sustainable utilization of food-energy-water resources, regional development and planning, human well-being and social governance, and the construction of SDG assessment indicators and databases. (4) In future research, there is a need to innovate and develop sub-disciplines of Sustainable Geography, optimize the construction of SDGs indicator systems, develop SDGs assessment and decision-making models, strengthen artificial intelligence geography, deepen research on human-nature system coupling, and promote regional and global sustainable development in the process of advancing innovation in the discipline of Geography.

Rural development in the new era has ushered in material development opportunities but it is still faced with significant problems of imbalance and inadequacy. Rural social innovation is not only an important endogenous driving force to promote socioeconomic development and reform, but also a key force to break the dual "exogenous-endogenous" structure in rural areas, realize their neo-endogenous development, and promote the full implementation of the rural revitalization strategy to build a livable, viable, and beautiful countryside. This study interprets the conceptual characteristics of social innovation and rural social innovation in the theoretical perspective, sorts out the practical evolution of rural social innovation at home and abroad, explains the internal logic of rural social innovation and rural revitalization in the new era, summarizes the pathway for the realization of rural social innovation to promote rural revitalization, and looks ahead to the future key research areas of rural social innovation. The results show that the essence of rural social innovation lies in enhancing the active capabilities of rural society to achieve sustainable social benefits and promote rural sustainable development. From the perspective of social innovation theory, China's rural development has gone through an initial trial stage, a tortuous exploratory stage, a formal practice stage, and an innovative development stage. Rural social innovation plays a positive role in promoting rural revitalization and neo-endogenous development through innovation initiatives, processes, representation, and goals. In addition, rural revitalization can also react to and strengthen rural social innovation. According to the strategic and practical needs of rural revitalization, one method for promoting rural revitalization through rural social innovation is to reconstruct the relationships among the government, markets, and society. Future research into rural social innovation in the new era should be focused on examining its logical evolution and theoretical exploration, identifying its key elements and invisible thresholds, summarizing its network evolution and driving mechanism, and realizing its dynamic tracking and effect evaluations to provide theoretical guidance and a practical reference for the neo-endogenous development of rural revitalization in China.

The optimal allocation and scientific management of rural logistics resources is the key to unblock the domestic transportation cycle, and it is also the focus of the construction of a powerful transportation country and the integration of urban and rural transportation. From two perspectives of driving and walking, this study constructs a research framework for the evaluation of rural logistics terminal distribution with accessibility and equity. This study analyzes the accessibility of 440000 administrative villages in China and their nearest rural logistics terminal facilities. By using the online map tool, this study reveals the spatial distribution pattern and regional differences of rural logistics terminal facilities, and evaluates the spatial equity of rural logistics terminal facilities at the county level with Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The results show that: (1) Accessibility of rural logistics terminal facilities presents significant regional difference, and it declines from the coast to the interior, which is consistent with the socio-economic development pattern in China. (2) Accessibility of logistics terminal facilities presents significant urban-rural differences. According to the comparative analysis of travel distance, travel time, and travel modes, the urban-rural differences have been widened on travel time and by walking. (3) Based on the analysis with rural population distribution, the distribution of rural logistics terminal facilities presents the transport-related exclusion. The above findings can provide scientific support for the scientific layout of rural logistics terminal facilities so that we could promote the people-oriented integrated development of urban and rural transportation, and assist rural revitalization, so as to achieve common prosperity.

Lunar landforms, characterized by the elevation variations on lunar surface, is a result of diverse internal and external forces acting upon it since its formation. Lunar geomorphological classification serves as the cornerstone of lunar geomorphology research and is crucial for lunar geomorphology mapping. This study draws inspiration from terrestrial geomorphological classification systems to propose a comprehensive framework for categorizing lunar landforms. We consider multiple factors, including macroscopic morphology, genesis, morphological characteristics, combinational morphology, sub-morphology, slope morphology, material composition, and age. Based on these indicators, the paper constructs a multi-level classification scheme for lunar landform types, encompassing nine levels. To demonstrate the applicability of this multi-level classification, we conducted a case study in the Chang'e-5 sample return area. We generated a detailed geomorphological map and established a corresponding database of lunar landform types for the landing area. This research provides a foundational framework for lunar geomorphological mapping and offers valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that have shaped the lunar surface. The proposed classification scheme can serve as a reference for future lunar exploration missions and contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary process of lunar landforms.