Identity and territorial stigmatizations have been studied extensively over a long period of time. However, the interaction between the two has been relatively underexplored. Aimed at retrospection and clarification of the connotations of stigmatization, this study attempts to explore the relationship between pers on-place stigmatization from a geographic perspective. This paper proposes the concept of spatial stigmatization and systematically interprets its geographic process and formation mechanism. The paper puts forward the following arguments. First, spatial stigmatization involves stigmatizers who devalue a place's perceived value and identity construction in a specific historical environment and at a particular cognitive level through incomplete, inaccurate, and non-objective perception of space and its dependent people and objects, resulting in symbolic stigmatization of the place. Second, spatial stigmatization entails imagery construction, separation of the subject, and group interaction in the context of heterogeneous geo-spatial pattern and spatial positioning and symbolization. This forms local or heterogeneous types of direct and indirect stigmatization in different directions and at varying distances on various scales. Third, spatial inequality, exploitation and the struggle for rights, fear and avoidance, and topophilia and social order, are the bases of spatial stigmatization. Additionally, the spatial concentration and internalization of stigmatization is facilitated by complex interactions between people and places through perception, identification, positioning, and marking. This creates a spatial stigmatization mechanism that generates, disseminates, reacts, and reproduces in a continuous cycle. In the face of widespread spatial stigmatization, the key to eliminating its adverse effects lies in rebuilding a place through a new narrative system, correctly understanding the relationship between people and the Earth, and ultimately realizing "de-stigmatization space" in the context of the universal value of the human destiny community.

The "New Northeast China Phenomenon", marked by a sharp drop in economic growth, has gained prominence as a matter of uneven development in China since 2010. Based on theories of spatial political economy and industrial geography, this study develops a theoretical and empirical analytical framework for the causes of uneven development and the "New Northeast China Phenomenon". The study finds that: The uneven development is the result of capital movement in space, and the sharp decline in economic growth in Northeast China is closely related to spatial shifts in production networks. From 2002 to 2007, the Northeast region quickly participated in the vertical division of labor in the industrial chain of "international circulation" and "national circulation", enabling coordinated and balanced development between the Northeast region and other domestic regions. From 2007 to 2010, the Northeast region's involvement in both "international circulation" and "national circulation" was severely damaged by external demand shocks, while "regional circulation" was enhanced by government stimulus programs, sustaining high economic growth. From 2010 to 2017, the industrial chain correlation effect and trade substitution effect caused by external demand shocks began to emerge. The participation of the manufacturing industry in the Northeast region in the "ternary circulation" has decreased due to intensified competition and precipitating the "New Northeast China Phenomenon". This paper aims to offer fresh perspectives on the causal factors and empirical research strategies regarding China's uneven development, as well as policy recommendations to facilitate the Northeast region's deeper integration into the new development paradigm for economic revitalization.

In the course of urbanization in mountainous and hilly regions, the rapid and disorderly expansion of urban areas has led to environmental degradation of natural landscapes, the gradual erosion of cultural heritage inherent to landscapes, and an intensification of the conflict between human activities and environmental preservation. This dilemma has emerged as a prominent challenge confronting the sustainable development of cities. The integrated advancement of mountain management, water governance, and urban planning emerges not only as a pragmatic imperative for new urbanization and the realization of a visually appealing China, but also as a pivotal pillar supporting urban spatial restructuring and the pursuit of green, low-carbon transformations. This study advocates for a comprehensive exploration of the reciprocal influences and interactions between urban spatial expansion and natural landscapes, necessitating the adoption of an integrated research pattern. This pattern systematically scrutinizes the organizational dynamics and mechanisms of interaction among urban physical spatial configurations, natural ecological networks, and the structure of landscaping and cultural spaces. The spatial pattern termed "mountain-water-city" encapsulates the symbiotic relationships forged through the interplay and adaptation between urban artificial environments and natural landscape environment, with an emphasis on the holistic fusion of urban spaces, natural elements, and cultural components. Building upon this conceptual foundation, the present paper endeavors to elucidate the theoretical contexts and practical imperatives underlying the investigation of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern. It delves into the conceptual nuances of this spatial pattern, elucidating its constituent elements, hierarchical scales, and formation mechanisms from a comprehensive perspective integrating spatial, natural, and cultural interactions. Subsequently, it examines the analytical framework and future prospects for research on the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern, which should center on analyzing its spatiotemporal processes, identifying key controlling factors, and discerning its evolutionary patterns. Furthermore, it should elucidate the driving mechanisms, organizational models, and holistic impacts shaping the formation and evolution of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern, as well as explore governance strategies and regulatory pathways conducive to fostering the symbiotic development of this spatial pattern.

Technology transfer is pivotal in narrowing regional disparities, optimizing resource allocation, and fostering collaborative innovation. While existing literature predominantly explores the factors influencing technology transfer based on theories of technology disparity, technology demand, technology absorption, and proximity, this study introduces new insights from the perspective of network symbiotic evolution, with a focus on endogenous structures and micro mechanisms. By analyzing data on invention patent transfers obtained from the China National Intellectual Property Administration, this study constructs spatial linkage networks of technology transfer in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for six time points spanning 2007 to 2018. It then examines the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial patterns and explores the underlying mechanisms through temporal exponential random graph models. The findings reveal the following: (1) The technology transfer network in the Greater Bay Area has evolved from loose and homogeneous linkages to a dual-core pattern and subsequently to a polycentric structure. Shenzhen and Guangzhou are regional technology trade centers, while Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, and Huizhou are second-tier cities. Together, they form a Shenzhen-Dongguan-Huizhou-Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhongshan community characterized by multi-dimensional proximity. Hong Kong and Macao are relatively marginalized cities within the Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration, primarily engaged in one-way technology transfer due to institutional differences and regional division. (2) The scale and structure of the technology transfer network in the Greater Bay Area have significantly improved. The technology transfer path has undergone steady changes and gradual optimization, demonstrating increasing reciprocity. The hierarchical structure of the network tends to converge, exhibiting enhanced connectivity and cohesion as it develops into a balanced, clustering, and polycentric network. (3) Both endogenous and exogenous forces drive the evolution of the technology transfer network in the Greater Bay Area. Endogenous factors can reduce cities' reliance on exogenous factors. The level of economic development, R&D investment, and the ability to transform technological and scientific outputs within a city can promote technology transfer. Moreover, there are sender effects and receiver effects. Institutional proximity facilitates technology transfer, followed by spatial contiguity and technological proximity. Structural dependence and time dependence are crucial endogenous driving forces for the evolution of the technology transfer network in the Greater Bay Area, as evidenced by delayed reciprocity, transfer closure, stability, and innovation.

The perfection of the cross-border regional innovation system of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Hong Kong remarkably underpins the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) towards an international technological innovation hub. This paper focuses on the relational characteristics of the usage of technological innovation functions and elements including labor force, technology, and producer services from Hong Kong by high-technology firms in the PRD, and probes into the influencing factors by integrating the objective perspective on the impact of firm-level socioeconomic attributes and subjective perspective on the open interpretations on the reasons by using or not using technological innovation functions and elements from Hong Kong by various stakeholders in high-technology domains in the PRD. Key research findings are fourfold. First, Hong Kong's technological innovation functions primarily ride on its institutional advantages under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework to empower high-technology firms in the PRD by expanding their international market, international business operation, and financing, but cross-border investment and entrepreneurship has retrieved to a relatively marginalized position. The degree of supply-demand relations of producer services is the highest, followed by labor force and technology. Second, Hong Kong-invested, large-sized, and long-standing high-technology firms in the PRD are more inclined to use technological innovation elements from Hong Kong, while domestic, small-and-medium-sized, and start-up high-technology firms in the PRD are in turn gradually unhooked from the supply of technological innovation elements from Hong Kong. Third, Hong Kong enjoys both advantages and disadvantages in supplying labor forces, technologies, and producer services to high-technology firms in the PRD, with advantages in competitiveness, international linkages and visions, and disadvantages in high cost, lack of deeper mutual understanding between Hong Kong and the PRD, and the imperfect cooperation mechanisms. Fourth, interactions among the transitioning role of Hong Kong in the macro-level global and national economic development landscape, meso-level cross-border regional specificities under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework, and micro-level heterogenous practices and capabilities of firms influence the usage of technological innovation functions and elements from Hong Kong by high-technology firms in the PRD.

Airport cluster has become an emerging field of research in air transport geography. Using the social network analysis method, we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of the world-class airport cluster's aviation network in the Northeast Corridor of the United States from 1993 to 2018. This paper found that in this region the aviation network has undergone the transformation from the formative period to the mature period. The results are as follows: (1) The "core-edge" structural characteristics tended to be more significant, more flights concentrated in the core airports while the flights between the edge airports and core airports decreased. The core airports grew rapidly, and connectivity among core airports enhanced. Meanwhile the domestic and international transit function of some core hubs was strengthened. (2) The structural characteristic of the hub and spoke was gradually obvious, while the number of hub airports connected by spoke airports reduced. This means that the spoke airports focused the flights to the hub airports in the nearby multi-airport system. (3) The small-world characteristic and node hetero compatibility of the aviation network became obvious, nevertheless, the reduction of hub airports connected by the spoke airports resulted in the decrease of cluster coefficient. The formation of the hub-and-spoke structure weakened the small-world characteristic of the aviation network. Based on the empirical analysis, this paper constructed an aviation network evolution model of airport cluster in small and medium scales, which can provide an empirical basis for the development of aviation network evolution theory, as well as theoretical and empirical reference for the planning and construction of world-class airport clusters in China.