Social-Ecological System (SES) is a collection of social subsystems, ecological subsystems, and the interactions between them. It is a common difficulty of cross-multidisciplinary fields to predict the changes in human-earth systems and support the relevant management decisions through clarifying the interaction between the ecological environment and human society. The framework of ecosystem service provides a new perspective for revealing the transmission and the role of various elements in SES. Taking ecosystem service as an entry point, this study follows the context of "Ecological System Supply-Ecological Coupling Human Intervention-Promoting Social Development". And the research progress and trends of existing coupling simulation methods related to SES are summarized. This article argues that in the conduction research of the ecosystem services cascade, the academic cognition has emphasized the "impact of natural ecosystem to social-economic system" rather than the "interaction and feedback mechanisms for ecosystems and social systems". In terms of research content, scholars have trsnsformed their focus from "changes in ecosystems and environmental effects" to "social-economic system and the effect on different groups". The focus of research has shifted from the theoretical inquiry of the "internal mechanism and power mechanism" to the applied practice of "optimization and regulation strategy" among the coupling systems. Future research of SES should strengthen the simulation of social-ecological coupling with equal emphasis on nature and humanities. It is the focus of breakthroughs to comprehensively understand the internal interactions and feedback of complex systems.

The interaction between the energy system and human society is the main focus of energy geography research, encompassing multiple dimensions such as economy, politics, environment, and culture. The uneven distribution and spatial flow of energy, as well as its environmental effects, have attracted the attention of geographers, who can also analyze energy issues through unique perspectives and research methods. The study of energy geographies has emerged due to economic activities and geopolitics in the energy system on the earth's surface and has entered a new prosperous stage due to the challenge of global climate change and discussions on social equity. Due to the different stages of development, energy and environmental issues, and academic atmospheres between China and foreign countries, scholars have different focuses on perspectives and research characteristics. Foreign energy geography research started from the study of resource distribution and economic geography, and has gradually formed an academic community under the traction of energy and environmental issues. In the long-term development process, diverse research topics such as energy production networks and energy flows, energy geopolitics and energy security, energy transitions and climate governance, energy justice and energy poverty have emerged, which can provide many useful references for Chinese scholars. Since the mid-20th century, China's research on energy geographies has roughly formed the tradition of "world resource geography" and "sectoral economic geography", and has continued to carry out practical application research based on national strategic needs. Since the beginning of the 21st century, research on carbon emissions and residential energy consumption has gradually been in line with international standards. In recent years, under the background of emphasizing the carbon peaking and neutrality goals, energy transition, and energy security, energy geography has ushered in new development opportunities. However, there are also internal and external challenges. To build the subject of "energy geography", we need to make innovations in theory and methods, consultation and think tank research, popular science communication, and talent team construction based on inheriting valuable traditions.

As the second language of geography, maps have similar structure, function, and property to the natural language. The linguistic mechanisms of the map symbol are the focus of the previous map language research, however, the connotation and characteristics of the map language are still hardly studied from the perspective of geography. Additionally, with the development of information technology and the advent of the big data era, the concept of "pan-map" has been proposed and further developed, which brings noticeable changes and new features to the forms and contents of the map representation. Firstly, we analyzed the linguistic connotation of geographical language based on linguistic theory and indicates that, from the perspective of geography, the concept of map language should be shifted from the linguistics of map symbol to the entire map system. Then, we further examined the linguistic connotations of map, and elucidated the concept generalization of the modern map language, specifically, the concept generalization of the "signifier: and "signified". Next, from the perspective of geographical language, we explored the phonetic, semantic, and syntactic structures of map, along with the evolutionary characteristics of language structures during the map evolution process. Finally, we analyzed the meta-functions of map language by analogy with the concept of meta-functions in linguistics, that is ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function. We also found the new characteristics of functional aspects that emerge during the map evolution, including new features manifested by maps in terms of information carrying, information dissemination, cognitive and simulation function. From the perspective of linguistics, we studied the geographic language property of the map and its evolution, which deepens the understanding of the language mechanisms of maps and offer a new paradigm for research in geographic linguistics.

The geo-computational social sciences (GSS) has emerged as a new frontier in the interdisciplinary fields. However, the GSS has somehow trapped into a predicament as the field evolves, due to many fundamental theoretical issues remaining unsettled, such as the underlying theoretical legitimacy, conceptual domains, and research paradigm. Aiming to rectify these fundamental flaws, this paper first traces the evolving and intersecting trajectories of sociology, geography and geographical information science and focuses on the spatial turn and ideological trend of computationalism, based on which the theoretical legitimacy of GSS is defended. Second, we crystalize its conceptual domains with reference to Deleuze's conceptualization of Rhizome and further unfold the conceptual domains from two perspectives. Third, in reference to Kuhn's paradigm framework, we clarify the research paradigm of GSS through a systematic theoretical deduction from three aspects, i.e., epistemology, ontology and methodology. Finally, we propose the research agenda for GSS against China's context in the post-pandemic era to advance the theoretical innovations and applications of modern geography.