The transition from fossil energy to renewable energy will change the structure of global energy geopolitical power structure, national relations, and the driving factors of geopolitical game, which will have a far-reaching impact on the geopolitical shaped by fossil energy. On the basis of combing the origin of energy and geopolitics, this paper expounds the internal logic of the energy transition to reconfigure geopolitics and provides an outlook on the geopolitics of the energy transition. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The connotation and attributes of energy, as well as the differences between energy and geopolitics, determine that energy geopolitics presents significant intergenerational transformation characteristics. (2) The competition for key minerals, the game of low-carbon technology, the reconstruction of geopolitical pattern and the global energy governance are the four dimensions of the geopolitics of energy transformation reconstruction, of which the competition for key minerals is the basis of the geopolitical game of energy transformation, the game of low-carbon technology is the new focus of the geopolitics of energy transformation, and the reconstruction of geopolitical pattern is the direct characterization of the geopolitics of energy transition, energy governance is the path to ease the geopolitical game of energy transformation. (3) In the process of energy transformation and reconstruction of geopolitics, the competition for key minerals, the game of low-carbon technology, the reconstruction of geopolitical pattern and global energy governance are interrelated and interacted, which aggravates the complexity and uncertainty of energy geopolitics in the era of renewable energy. (4) Looking forward to the future, to better promote the development of energy geography and serve the major strategic needs of national energy security, the geopolitical research of energy transformation urgently needs to strengthen the theoretical innovation of energy transition reshaping geopolitics, promote the quantitative research of the geopolitical impact of energy transformation, construct the path of China's deep participation in global energy governance, and pay attention to the energy security issues caused by energy transformation under the background of "carbon neutrality".

As a strategic resource, energy has become essential to national geopolitical strategies competition over energy structural power between states, and has implications for both their state power and energy security. Using the cross-country input-output data collected from the United Nations, we measure the structural power of energy in each country from 2001 through 2017. We evaluate the evolution of global structural power in energy through spatial structure, network, and the distribution of value added and identify the key drivers of its shift. The study shows that (1) The global energy structural power system was increasingly polarized and volatile and conflicts among energy superpowers gave rise to a big number of shatter belts. (2) We saw the rise of the East and the decline of the West in the trend of the global structural energy power, and China, the United States, and Germany are its major leading forces. Specifically, energy exporting power increasingly shifted to China, whereas energy importing power was further centered in West Europe and North America. (3) The associations of global structural engergy power saw both shrinkage and diffusion: they expanded their coverage in the Asia-Pacific and Eastern Europe whereas decreased their coverage in Western Europe and the United States. (4) The hierarchical order of global energy structural power gradually shifed from dual cores, triple cores, to mutiple cores, and the relationship between different hierarchical orders changed drastically. (5) As for the core chain of energy value flow, energy structural superpowers represented by Germany and the United States led the chain and dominated the distribution of energy value, while small nations in energy production serve as followers and subordinates were stuck in low-end industries. The sections of the energy industrial chain exhibited a U-shaped curve in which energy exploration, mining, processing perform relatively high values, whereas transportation and storage produce relatively low values. (6) The key drivers of national energy structural power gradually shifted from early energy endowment and energy trades to market capitals. We propose corresponding policy advice that fosters the consolidation of China's structural energy power.

Exploring the spatial differentiation and driving factors of the coupling coordination between the scale of China's overseas farmland investment and geo-economy can provide a reference for Chinese enterprises to scientifically implement overseas farmland investment activities. This paper establishes a system to evaluate China's overseas farmland investment scale and geo-economy, measure the degree of coupling coordination between the two using the coupling coordination model, and analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics and driving factors. The results show that: (1) The scale of China's overseas farmland investment and the geo-economic ties between China and each host country are highly decentralized, with the regions having a higher investment scale and closer geo-economy located in Russia and Southeast Asia. (2) The coupling coordination degree of investment scale and geo-economy is significantly and positively correlated, and strong spatial differentiation has been observed in certain localities. The high-high agglomeration is distributed in Southeast Asia. (3) The coupling coordinated development is heavily influenced by six factors, including the ease of doing business index, GDP, per capita freshwater resource ownership, cereal yield, internet ownership of millions of people and legal rights strength index. (4) The effects of six factors, namely the ease of doing business index, GDP, per capita freshwater resource ownership, cereal yield, internet ownership of millions of people and legal rights strength index, has spatial differences and enhanced interaction effects. Among them, the enhancement effect value produced by GDP and any factor is more obvious. The following four aspects should be considered to strengthen the coupling coordination development of overseas farmland investment and geo-economy: optimizing the spatial pattern between the two, exploring regional differentiation paths, improving strategic planning and considering the factors influencing the promotion of the coupling coordination.

Ladakh is located in the northwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the western section of the Himalayas, and the upper reaches of the Indus River valley. It is now part of Indian-controlled Kashmir. Since ancient times, Ladakh has been the "key point" from northwest South Asia to the Ngari Prefecture of Xizang and southern Xinjiang. However, most existing research on Ladakh focuses on its local history and culture. Although there are some related works on geopolitical relations, few have studied the historical changes of this region and its subordinate relationship and geographical value with China over a long time scale and analyzed the geographical significance of Ladakh. At the same time, some erroneous views and geographical maps have been disseminated on the Internet at home and abroad, which urgently needs a comprehensive correction from the academic level. Based on a variety of historical documents, map data, and a detailed review of previous research results, this paper demonstrates the changes in place names, historical evolution, and regional scope of Ladakh from the 1st to the 21st century and analyzes its significance in the homeland security of western China. The results show that: (1) As the native land of China's Xizang Ladakh was part of the Tubo Dynasty until the 9th century. After the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty in the middle of the 9th century, Ladakh was an essential part of the Ngari local administration established by the descendants of the Tubo Royal family. In the 13th century, Ladakh was again united within the territory of China's Yuan Dynasty and continued through the Ming and Qing dynasties. It remained until the mid-19th century when the Prince-state of Jammu in southern Kashmir invaded it and incorporated it into the British Indian colony. It was then occupied by the Indian army in 1947. (2) Ladakh region has a tortuous history with many changes in place names. However, when Jammu annexed it in modern times, Ladakh only referred to the upper reaches of Indus Valley between the Western Himalayas and the Karakoram Mountains, with Leh as the center. (3) The complexity of the historical and geographical processes in the Ladakh region makes it the central area of conflicts created by India in the western section of the China-India border. Therefore, China should adopt active strategies to avoid India's continuous "assimilation" policy.