Drawing on the theories and methods of China's cryosphere service regionalization, physical and human geography regionalization, this paper integrates the components of China's cryosphere (glaciers, frozen soil and snow cover) and its social and cultural elements (nationalities, history, settlements, tourism culture and administrative divisions) and puts forward a special regionalization scheme of Chinese cryosphere culture service oriented by "cultural service+cultural industry+economic development" by using the methods of similarity and difference, comprehensiveness and dominance, hierarchy and logic, spatial continuity and administrative boundary. Based on spatial clustering method and the expert judgment, Chinese cryosphere culture divisions can be identified into five regions, namely, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau glacier-frozen soil- snow cover-culture region, northwestern China glacier - snow cover culture region, northeastern China frozen soil- snow cover culture region, northern China snow cover culture region and southern China snow cover culture region. According to the heterogeneity of culture and region, the five regions can be divided into 12 subcategories and 51 basic types. The thematic regionalization scheme is in good agreement with the spatial distribution of the cryosphere and the comprehensive regionalization of physical geography and human geography, which reflects the interdependent relationship between natural elements of the cryosphere and cultural elements of the cryosphere region and the rules of regional spatial heterogeneity. This research can deepen the understanding of China's cryospheric cultural service and their spatial heterogeneity, and provides a scientific basis for the protection, inheritance and promotion of cryospheric culture, as well as the development of cryospheric tourism industry, and the operation and management of related industries in different regions.

The ice sports in Beihai Park are one of the main elements of physical culture heritage and the representative leisure symbol during winter in Beijing. Enhancing the research on impacts of global climate change and appropriate adaptation is of great importance to its responses to the challenge of global climate change and practices of vigorously developing ice-snow economy. We extracted and analyzed the opening and closing information of the park rink over the past decades from document archives. Then, on the basis of temperature observational data and four climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) data, we compared the prediction effects of different temperature parameters and fitting equations by using the leave-one-out cross validation, analyzed the projected changes in ice-sports phenology characteristics from 2021 to 2099 and their potential impacts on the tourists, and recommended the following countermeasures for the tourism to deal with climate change risks. The conclusions show that: (1) The beginning date, final date and duration of ice-sports season in the park during the past 30 years, whose mean values were January 1, February 5, and 36 days, respectively, had the corresponding insignificant trends of 1.00 d/10a, -0.77 d/10a, and 1.11 d/10a. The years of variations in ice-sports season can be divided into three periods of 1989-2000, 2001-2013 and 2014-2018. (2) The beginning and final dates of ice-sports season respond sensitively to 59-day daily minimum temperature before the former and 94-day daily maximum temperature before the latter, respectively. Furthermore, the two phenological dates can be predicted well by using Boltzmann function fitting and these two temperature parameters. (3) The estimated average beginning date, final date, and duration of the ice-sports season in 2021-2099 will be one day later, one day earlier, and two days shorter than those in the last 30 years, respectively. The variation amplitudes of these three dates will decrease, while their trends will be significant. (4) In the future 79 years, the climatic suitability for ice sports during the New Year's Day vocation will be better than that in the Spring Festival. Under four climate change scenarios, climatic suitability for ice sports in the Spring Festival will be not different greatly, while the climatic suitability in the other festivals will be much different. (5) Differences of the ice-sports-season predictions on the basis of three regional climate models (BCC-CSM2-MR, CanESM-5, and UKESM) are very limited, while the impact of the heat island effect is unclear. (6) In order to better adapt to tourists' potential changes in destination, travel time, and activity types under global warming, rink operators should strengthen safety management, develop new tourism products, and purchase ice insurance. In addition, researchers should focus more on the complexity of climate change impacts and improve the prediction effect of tourism flows; the departments concerned should vigorously promote the compilation of risk-management reports and pay great attention to the dynamic assessment of climate change risks.

Urban heat island aroused by urbanization has become one of the most serious environmental problems in China. To solve such an "urban disease" and achieve sustainable development, the relationships between urban heat and natural, socio-economic, and landscape pattern factors need to be explored. Firstly, this study identified the "source-sink" landscape of urban heat islands based on the identification of Heat Source and Sink Landscapes (HSI). Secondly, the contribution index (CI) of the "source-sink" landscape and its ratio was calculated to analyze spatial and temporal evolution. The spatial Durbin model was used to analyze the influence of natural, socio-economic, and landscape morphology factors on the CI of "source-sink" landscapes. The results are as follows: (1) During 2005-2015, more provinces could alleviate the heat island effect in winter than they could in summer. In winter, the "strong" and "weak" Landscape Index regions were concentrated in northern and southern China, whereas in summer, the "strong" Landscape Index areas were concentrated in the northern region. (2) Considering local factors, the landscape shape had a great impact on the contribution of the "source" or "sink" landscape. Therefore, to reduce the heat island effect, adjacent small "sink" patches can be combined to lessen the dispersion of the surface temperature of "sink" landscapes. In addition, to achieve the best cooling effect during the summer, the relative humidity and vegetation coverage needs to increase in the "source" landscape, and the building density and height of the "source" landscape and "sink" landscape need to be strictly controlled. (3) The relative humidity and building density of neighbourhoods showed significant impact on the local heat island. Thus, by increasing the dispersion of "source" landscapes and their edge density, or by increasing the concentration of "sink" landscapes and simplifying their shape, it is possible to alleviate the heat island effect in neighborhoods.