High-speed urbanization has brought the deep embedment and blending of urban spaces, and further resulted in the phenomenon of spatial friction and negotiation and even contradiction. Among them, the phenomenon and problems of spatial competition between schools, key actors and urban functional spaces have not been fully understood and studied. Taking a private primary school for migrant children in the largest urban village in Guangzhou as a case, this paper takes the theory of heterotopia as a starting point, discusses it through field investigation methods such as semi-structured interview and participatory observation, examines the spatial character of urban village schools, and interprets the production process of schools as heterotopia spaces. The findings are as follows: (1) The existence of schools in urban villages is different from that of other schools, which is understood as "an oasis in urban villages"; (2) In order to maintain the uniqueness and independence of educational space in the urban village, the school adopts various ways to maintain and strengthen its material and symbolic boundaries; (3) There is complicated spatial friction and negotiation between the school and the external urban spaces, but the school is in a marginal position in the local power structure. The research theoretically enriches the spatial knowledge of educational research, reveals the sociality and politics of schools as a heterotopia, and thus talks about the current heterotopia studies. At the same time, it is expected to deepen the academic understanding of the mechanism of the spatial dilemma of private schools in urban villages, arouse the concern of all sectors of society for private schools in urban villages, and create a better and fairer educational environment for migrant children in urban and rural areas.

Introduction of the concept of metacoupling framework into the study of agricultural land use transition to carry out system integration in spatial dimensions is expected to achieve more accurate understanding on the "teleconnection" mechanism of urban-rural land systems. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the study progress of agricultural land use transition and finding out the deficiencies in the research of land system "teleconnection", this paper demonstrates the scientific basis of the theoretical innovation from two aspects: the metacoupling framework and the linkage of food system. By taking food system as the linkage between rural and urban areas, as well as the linkage for integrating "flow space" and location space, we propose the theoretical framework for agricultural land use transition under the metacoupling framework of urban food system. This paper clarifies the concept and connotation of agricultural land use transition under the metacoupling framework of urban food system, the research path for explanation of agricultural land use transition and the content system of agricultural land use transition research. It is believed that the transition of agricultural land use under the metacoupling framework of urban food system is the results of the synergistic effects of the resource intrinsic power, the external driving force of essential factors, market allocation power and government regulatory power through the feedback path of urban production factors, the food shortage path in urban areas and the demand-driven path of urban-rural residents. In-depth analysis of agricultural land use transition under the metacoupling framework of urban food system requires adopting a geospatial network mode thinking, that is, it is necessary to integrate "flow space" and location space, making explanation of the agricultural land use transition of the case study area in connection with many other areas from the perspective of factor supply and demand and environment. This paper also introduces the five factor mobility effects that need to pay attention to in explanation of the agricultural land use transition, pointing out that several aspects should be focused on in research of agricultural land use transition under the metacoupling framework of urban food system, including the agricultural land use transition mechanism, the spatial differences and evolutionary patterns of agricultural land use forms within urban food domain, the response level of agricultural land use to demand changes and the influencing factors, and the regulation of agricultural land use transition, and so on. This paper is expected to open a new research field for agricultural land use transition and provide theoretical reference for addressing the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the new era.

In the new era, the law of spatial evolution for the development of people's livelihood is of great theoretical and practical significance for fostering people's livelihood development and creating general prosperity in China. Based on the data from 2010 to 2021, we examined the spatial evolution and influence mechanism of the Chinese people's livelihood development level by using methods including the fixed base range entropy weight method, standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation, spatial Markov chain, and geographically and temporally weighted regression. The findings show that the Chinese people's livelihood development level has improved remarkably, with eastern region having the highest level, followed by central region, western region, and finally northeastern region; the people's livelihood development level in China is related to regional development to a certain extent, and the high-value and low-value clusters are concentrated, with the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region being stable hot spots, and Sichuan a stable cold spot. Additionally, the focus of the livelihood development has shifted from the northeast to the southwest, showing a gradual spatial trend, and the difference in the livelihood development among the four major regions is gradually increasing, with a trend of polarization between the country and the western region. Moreover, the shift in the focus of Chinese people's livelihood level has been affected by the neighboring provinces. Finally, the economic development, science and technology progress, aging population, and fiscal decentralization have positive effects, whereas urbanization has a negative effect on people's livelihood development, and the effects of these five factors exhibit spatial variations.

Based on the data of listed companies in the core industry chain of China's new energy vehicles in 2015 and 2021, this paper constructs their industrial network from the perspective of the value chain, and uses methods such as social network and negative binomial regression model to study the characteristics, evolution, differences, and formation mechanisms of different value chain networks. The results show that: (1) R&D-oriented, production-oriented, and service-oriented networks share several common features: These networks are simultaneously expanding in scale and transitioning towards more efficient "small world" network; The degree distribution in these networks follows a power-law distribution, indicating a scale-free network structure; There is a decrease in the power-law exponent of network's degree distribution, indicating an increase in network heterogeneity. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between the degrees of nodes in networks with diverse value chains, suggesting that the same node holds a similar level of significance across different networks. (2) The number of power-prestige, power and prestige nodes increases in the networks of all value chain segments, except in the service-oriented network, where there are no power nodes. In each value chain network, these nodes have different agglomeration directions. In R&D-oriented network, the nodes tend to cluster around headquarters and high-level cities. In contrast, service-oriented network shows a concentration of nodes in municipalities, sub-provincial and provincial capitals. Similarly, production-oriented network demonstrates a clustering of nodes in traditional production bases. (3) Different value-added segments of industry form different types of agglomeration in pursuit of different factor endowments and agglomeration effect, and form the spatial structure of the strongest connection industrial network with different characteristics. The R&D-oriented networks have always been an integrated and closely connected multiple core-periphery structure community with the influence of social, technological and geographical proximities; transformation of service-oriented network from an integrated and closely connected multiple core-periphery structure community to a multiple core-semi-periphery-periphery structure community with the influence of social, geographical and institutional proximities; transformation of production-oriented network from the partially integrated and localized core-periphery structure community to the more decentralized multiple independent core-periphery structure community with the influence of the social, institutional and administrative boundaries and geographical proximities.

The integration of production chain and innovation chain is the key to enhancing industrial competitiveness and promoting high-quality development. However, the integration has sectoral and spatial configuration, which shows different coupling patterns in different production sectors and locations. With the deepening of industrial divisions, the sectoral and spatial differences increase. The electronic computer industry, a typical knowledge and technology intensive industry with the long production chain and huge innovation outputs, is the best object for studying the integration of production and innovation chains. In order to understand the evolution path and spatial integration pattern of industrial production and innovation, this paper takes the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as the research study, analyzes the spatial pattern and evolution characteristics of production centers and innovation centers in different sectors from 2010 to 2020 by the means of location quotient and weighted average based on the patent application data and enterprise data. The results show that the electronic computer industry in the PRD has formed a clear industrial division in production and innovation. Late-developing edge cities such as Zhaoqing and Jiangmen have strong innovation advantages in the upstream sectors of industry, but their production advantages are weak. Dongguan, Guangzhou and other core cities have strong production advantages and innovation advantages in the middle and lower reaches of industry. Economic globalization promoted the horizontal and vertical division of electronic computer industry, which makes late-developing edge cities such as Zhaoqing and Jiangmen gain international and domestic technical diffusion and become innovation centers in upstream sectors with low technical threshold such as electronic components through technical catch-up. However, due to location stickiness and path dependence, the production centers of upstream sectors are still concentrated in early-developed cities such as Dongguan and Foshan. As for the downstream sectors such as Internet of Things technology and software, their innovation and production centers are normally concentrated in the core cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen with larger market size and higher activation. As an empirical study, this paper discusses the mechanism of spatial dynamic change of electronic computer industry chain in the PRD under the background of industrial division and upgrading, which is of great significance to the high-quality development and competitiveness improvement of local and national computer industry.

The construction of urban human settlements is an important content to promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, and it is also a comprehensive way to realize the coordination of human-earth relations in the watershed. This paper constructs an urban human settlements evaluation index system based on the perspective of "production-living-ecological" function, and comprehensively uses the Grey Relation Analysis-Technique for Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution (GRA-TOPSIS) method, spatial Markov chain, Geographically weighted Random Forest (GWRF) and other methods to analyze the dynamic evolution and influencing mechanism of urban human settlements in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2011 to 2020. The results show that: (1) The urban human settlements in the YRB generally exhibits the positive spatial distribution characteristics of "high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north", forming a high-value area of the human settlements dominated by Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Qingdao and Jinan, and a low-value area of the urban human settlements dominated by cities of Tongchuan, Zhongwei and Jiayuguan. (2) The dynamic evolution of the urban human settlements in the YRB has significant spatial interaction and dynamic transfer convergence. There is a certain degree of "self-locking" effect of the transfer path at the level of the human settlements. The level of the human settlements usually only transfers between adjacent levels, and the probability of cross-level transfer is small. (3) The human settlements are the result of the comprehensive effects of economic level, environmental quality and social resources. The economic level dominates, while consumption level, air quality, and transportation resources are the main factors that affect the level of urban human settlements. (4) GWRF model can effectively explain the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of influencing factors in the local geographic space. It is expected to become a more effective explanatory tool in the field of human settlements research. This paper deepens the theoretical methods of human settlements research and provides a scientific reference for promoting the construction and high-quality development of the human settlements in the YRB.

Infrastructure construction reflects the interaction between "human" and "land" in the process of transforming and utilizing the natural environment, whose implementation process involves complex interactions between human and land. With the continuous advancement of China's Belt and Road Initiative, the significantly increased cross-border infrastructure activities on different scales, such as the global, regional, national, and urban, as well as the complex interactions between human and land involved in their implementations, have triggered collisions and conflicts between Chinese and foreign scholars on the geography of infrastructure construction. This paper systematically compares the concerns and research contexts of Chinese and foreign geographic research on infrastructure-related issues, and on this basis, it reflects the key issues of infrastructure research based on the perspective of geography. It believes that infrastructure construction reflects the various purposes and methods of how nature is transformed and utilized by human beings. At present, domestic geographical studies have focused on the economic function of infrastructure construction, while international geographical studies have paid more attention to the heterogeneity of the "human" and "land" involved in infrastructure's concern on human-land relationship. This paper insists that this academic boundary is caused by different demands of the various social development stages on infrastructure, and it is essentially a continuous process. On the basis of comparing the differences in infrastructure studies between domestic and international geography, this paper discusses how the infrastructure corrects and regulates human-land relationships from a more dynamic, multidimensional, systematic, and relational ontology perspective, and then explores the core geographical issues involved in infrastructure under the background of this new and systematic infrastructure ontology. From a theoretical perspective, this paper integrates the ontological differences in infrastructure studies within and outside China and constructs a unified conceptual framework and ontological foundation for effective dialogue between domestic and international geographical studies. From the practical perspective, under the background of "Infrastructure Going First" in China's "Going Globally" strategy, this paper also has important reference value for China's overseas infrastructure construction.

The paper builds a framework for analyzing the determinants of the scale of enterprises, including city attributes and firm attributes, from the perspective of internal and external economies of scale jointly determining enterprise scale. Based on the understanding of the scale and structure of the local labor market, we take Japanese multinational enterprises (JMEs) in the Bohai Sea Rim region as the research object. This paper focuses on the shared labor force and dedicated labor force to establish multiple regression decision models, and to analyze the determinants of the scale of JMEs and its spatial and temporal changes. The results show that: (1)The scale of the local labor force and the shared labor force have an inhibiting effect on the scale of JMEs, and the scale of the dedicated labor force has an expansionary effect on the scale of the enterprise. (2) The scale of the local labor force has a significant and robust inhibition effect on the scale of JMEs during the studied period. The inhibition effect of the scale of the shared labor force on the scale of JMEs is only significant after 2001, while the expansion effect of the scale of the dedicated labor force on the scale of JMEs is significant before 2001. Over time, the weakening of the expansion effect of the dedicated labor force and the strengthening of the inhibition effect of the shared labor force have jointly affected the shrinking scale of JMEs. (3) Among the enterprise attributes, enterprise age has an expansion effect on the scale of JMEs, while sole proprietorship entry and service-oriented industry have a significant and robust inhibiting effect on the scale of JMEs. The number of local development zones is the most important city attribute and has a significant expansion effect on the scale of JMEs. The expansion effect of local enterprise agglomeration on JMEs is most pronounced in Shandong province, but insignificant in the model of the dedicated labor force, and tends to strengthen in the models of the local labor force and the general labor force in the Bohai Sea Rim region.

At present, the empirical analysis of regional dual-nuclei structures at the national level is still relatively rare. How to define the provinces with the characteristics of dual-nuclei structures and analyze their impact needs further empirical discussion. In this paper, the spatial Dubin model and the data of 259 prefecture-level cities are used to analyze the distribution characteristics of regional dual-nuclei structure in China and its influence on provincial development. The empirical results show that 11 provincial-level regions (hereafter provinces) in China show the characteristics of dual-nuclei structure. The regional dual-nuclei structure plays a significant role in promoting the economic development of the province, but the northern and southern regions show great differences. The regional dual-nuclei structure has a promoting effect on provincial industrial agglomeration and helps to promote the improvement of local scientific and technological innovation. In general, compared with some single-core provinces with small scale and weak radiation driving force in some provincial capitals, the regional dual-nuclei structure can make up for these shortcomings to a certain extent by virtue of the number of central cities and spatial distribution, which is more conducive to driving local economic development and scientific and technological innovation.

Regional economic resilience is closely related to the state of the regional industrial structure. During the process of the region undergoing and recovering from external shocks, whether and how the spatio-temporal correlation between economic resilience and the evolution of the established industrial structure should be further explored. The micro and mesoscopic views of enterprises and industries, multi-year economic growth data, and enterprise status in the counties of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were employed to measure regional economic resilience at the county level and divide its economic development stages. In addition, a spatio-temporal correlation between regional economic resilience and industrial structure was appropriately tested, and the main industries affecting regional economic resilience were distinguished. Finally, the coupling mechanism of regional economic resilience and industrial structure evolution was analyzed. The major findings are as follows: (1) The periods of rapid and slow economic growth occur alternately in the study region, and the economic resilience shows a fluctuating growth trend. Meanwhile, central urban areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang exhibited high economic resilience, and a typical center-periphery structure gradually took shape. (2) There was a significant spatial correlation between regional economic resilience and industrial structure. In economically developed regions, such as Beijing and Tianjin, the agglomeration of high economic resilience and high industrial structure was evident. There was a two-way causal correlation and consistency in time-series changes. (3) The industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region had gradually improved. Compared to the effect of industrial structure, the effect of competitiveness contributed more to economic resilience. Primary industries as well as those pertinent to consumer services and social services have played a pivotal role in improving regional resisting economic resilience. Besides, the development of consumer services and social services leads to the strengthening of the region's recovering economic resilience. (4) The evolution of the industrial structure achieved the evolution of the development path, which was revealed in the distinction of economic resilience at the county level. In addition, the coupling correlation between regional economic resilience and the evolution of industrial structure in the study region was mainly revealed in the time scale, which had not yet led to the fundamental restructuring of the regional spatial structure, and the center-periphery structure is still relatively significant.

Rural area has abundant ecological resources. Ecological industrialization has become the emerging trends in rural areas and the new driving forces for rural revitalization. This study summarized the evolution of China's ecological environmental policies, and clarified the promotion mechanisms of regional ecological industrialization development to rural revitalization from the perspectives of ecosystem and human society, ecological products and economic development, ecological industrialization and rural revitalization, and discussed the models and pathways of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization by developing modern organic industry based on the regional ecological resources from the case study of Yangxian county in southern Shaanxi province. Three stages of China's ecological environmental policies were summarized, including "Focus on economy and light on environmental protection", "Environmental protection and scientific development" and "ecological civilization construction". Relationship between natural ecosystem and human social welfare reflects the objective needs of social and economic development and subjective initiative of human utilization of nature. The crucial ecological products and economic development was the engine of "nature-ecology-society-economy" in the core of benefits. The core of ecological industrialization and rural revitalization is the guarantee mechanism of "human-land-industry-right". Organic industry development is the typical model and important direction of ecological industrialization. In Yangxian county, the organic production paradigm of "product-industry-production area" promotes the transformation of organic practitioners from single subject management to multi-agent operation, and the transformation of land use type from resource optimal allocation to man-land coordination. In the future, coupling of ecological protection and socio-economic development can be realized by the model construction of modern organic agriculture and rural revitalization in Hanjiang River basin from the aspects of improving organic products quality and yield, enhancing organic industrial integration and value, reducing consumption and increasing efficiency in production areas.

Exploring the functional status and correlation effects of a city in the cross-scale networks has significant implications for enhancing its urban functions. In this paper, Chinese films whose revenue accounted for over 75% of value of the total box office revenue during the period 2003-2019 were selected as research samples. Then, the functional differentiation of cities in cross-scale networks encompassing the levels of local, national, and global significance, as well as the evolutionary characteristics of cross-scale network functional correlations among different types of cities, was explored based on film industry chains. The results showed that: (1) A significant urban functional differentiation, characterized as five types, was shown in the multi-scale networks of industrial chains, namely diversified core cities, diversified hub cities, diversified node cities, hybrid node cities, and singular peripheral cities. (2) Cities exhibited dynamic correlation effects among cross-scale network functions, with variations in urban functional types and industrial chain segments. Generally, this result would be more significant in cities with comprehensive scale functions and diverse industrial chain functions compared to those with relatively singular functions. (3) Diversified core and hub cities exhibited significant correlation effects across various segments, with differentiation in significance and correlation degree influenced by the network structure and externalities of each segment. Under financial impetus, the production segment served as the primary channel for diversified node and hybrid node cities to gradually enhance their enterprise concentration, thereby gaining limited benefits through network externalities. However, lower enterprise concentration levels and limited interactions of intra-city industrial chains failed to promote their integration into external networking. Singular peripheral cities, characterized by a low development level and a sole focus in scale function and industrial chain function, did not exhibit significant correlation effects.

A comprehensive understanding of the connectivity of the Belt and Road trade network and the scientific identification of critical nodes in the Belt and Road trade cooperation are crucial for China to effectively promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). From the perspective of network connectivity, this paper proposes the concept of "gateway country", and integrates the frontier methods of network analysis, including Top network, community detection, and gateway coefficient, to examine the evolution of the spatiotemporal patterns of the Belt and Road trade network, analyses the structural changes of trade blocs and identifies trade gateway countries and their functional roles, intending to develop foreign trade and economic cooperation and promote the Belt and Road construction in China. The results show that: (1) The trade volumes of the BRI countries have continued to grow, gradually forming trade network patterns with increasingly close ties, complex structures and significant hierarchical features. (2) The core nodes of the BRI backbone network are prominent, and the polarisation effect is significant, evolving from "relative equilibrium" to "superpower dominant", with China becoming the leading force in the whole trade network. (3) Against the globalisation and regionalisation interaction background, the BRI trade network has formed four to five communities. The community structures exhibit geographical proximity and instability in the number of communities, their scale and membership composition in different years. (4) China, Russia, India, Turkiye, Singapore, Malaysia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Egypt, Israel, and Lebanon have become gateway countries along the Belt and Road, either as major trading countries or as hub countries with unique geographical locations. As functional nodes and strategic hubs that consolidate and maintain the Belt and Road trading system, the gateway countries play crucial roles in promoting the trade network connectivity and should be a priority strategic choice for China's economic and trade cooperation with the BRI countries.

Knowledge exchange at international academic conferences is an important function emerging from the globalization of science and technology and the evolution of global innovation networks, and its spatio-temporal complexity has become an emerging theme in human economic geography. The spatio-temporal evolution pattern of knowledge exchange at global academic conferences from 2000 to 2019 and its affecting elements are depicted from spatio-temporal multiple scales by integrating big data mining, mathematical statistics, GIS spatial analysis, and spatial measurement methods. The research found that: Firstly, the knowledge exchange at global academic conferences follows the "downturn-recovery-boom-decline" mid-cycle pattern, and the inter-month variation forms a double-peak structure in June and September; the knowledge exchange fields are concentrated in the "Pasteur Quadrant," and application-oriented basic research like computer science, electrical & electronic engineering, control science, materials science, and communication science becomes the core frontier in these fields. Secondly, the exchange of academic conferences globally takes the form of a polycentric structure with three hubs, numerous sub-centers, and clusters concentrating in North America, Western Europe, and East and Southeast Asia. This structure demonstrates a duality of path locking and path creation, adhering to the law of "resource-economy" oriented location selection. Thirdly, different levels of knowledge exchange at global academic conferences cities are developing, and the knowledge exchange fields are heavily concentrated in the three major disciplines of computer science, electrical & electronic engineering, and physics. These three disciplines converge with the global "turn to applied science," and there is also significant heterogeneity in the type of "the scale concentration and disciplinary dominance" relationship in these cities. Finally, there are notable differences in the drivers of knowledge exchange at global academic conferences between cities in developed and developing countries, with the knowledge exchange at global academic conferences not only being closely related to its embeddedness but also being fueled by a combination of improved exchange environments, lower exchange costs, and increased academic prestige.