Evaluation of geopolitical environment along the Belt and Road
Received date: 2023-09-11
Revised date: 2024-11-01
Online published: 2025-02-13
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071153)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41101119)
Focusing on the investment security of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), this study analyzes the geopolitical environment of countries (regions) along the Belt and Road from two dimensions: the political-business environment and political inclination. Since the proposal of the BRI in 2013, the political-business environments of the participating countries (regions) have shown slight improvements, though there are significant regional disparities. Generally, these environments are better at the eastern and western ends of the BRI countries (regions), while the central regions lag behind. There is no significant spatial dependence in the political-business environments of these countries (regions), but a weak trend toward homogenization exists, with lower-scoring countries (regions) mainly located in the former Commonwealth of the Independent States, the Middle East, and the Indochina Peninsula. These regions show weak interconnections and exhibit characteristics of "being alike but not cohesive", suggesting that BRI efforts should focus on contiguous breakthroughs rather than scattering in isolated points. The evaluation of political inclination shows that the political division among the BRI countries (regions) is significant, with varying attitudes towards China. As the attitudes towards China warm up, the political-business environment tends to deteriorate. This negative correlation between the two factors indicates that countries (regions) actively participating in the BRI are relatively politically unstable and economically underdeveloped, seeking to leverage the initiative for their development. Therefore, in the construction of the Belt and Road, while ensuring investment security, we should actively promote Chinese values, striving for the support and participation of more countries (regions) with favorable political-business environments. Given the realities of underdeveloped political-business environments and political divisions along the Belt and Road, China urgently needs to explore a geopolitical theory that fits the geopolitical pattern of the BRI to ensure the progress and reclaim the political narrative power through reshaping the geopolitical strategic narrative. This paper's quantitative evaluation of political inclination provides a preliminary exploration into the political fragmentation among these countries (regions) and serves as a reference for advancing research on the geopolitical environment.
NIU Fangqu , XUAN Bingcheng . Evaluation of geopolitical environment along the Belt and Road[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2025 , 80(2) : 475 -489 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202502013
表1 政商环境评价指标体系及统计特征Tab. 1 The political-business environment evaluation index system and its statistical characteristics |
| 指标 | 指标含义 | 说明 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 方差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X1 | 公民言论与问责机制 | 值越高,表明机制越完善。 | -1.960 | 1.191 | -0.486 | 0.808 |
| X2 | 政局稳定度与无暴力情况 | 值越高,表明政局越稳定,暴力事件越少 | -2.660 | 1.490 | -0.295 | 0.951 |
| X3 | 政府对市场管理和促进能力 | 值越高,表明管理和促进能力越强 | -2.300 | 2.290 | -0.010 | 0.749 |
| X4 | 公共政策和制度的执行力 | 值越高,表明执行力越强 | -2.020 | 2.230 | 0.013 | 0.779 |
| X5 | 社会规则的信任与遵守度 | 值越高,表明信任度和遵守度越强 | -2.070 | 1.860 | -0.180 | 0.724 |
| X6 | 腐败控制 | 值越高,表明政府越清廉。 | -1.780 | 2.170 | -0.226 | 0.674 |
| X7 | 人均GDP(US$) | 值越高,表明经济发展水平越高 | 355.78 | 77710.09 | 12786.13 | 239656287.5 |
表2 聚类跃迁类型Tab. 2 Spatiotemporal transition of clusters |
| 类型 | 描述 | 跃迁方向 |
|---|---|---|
| I | 自身跃迁,邻域稳定 | HHt→LHt+1,LHt+1→HHt+1,HLt→LLt+1,LLt→HLt+1 |
| II | 自身稳定,邻域跃迁 | HHt→HLt+1,LHt→LLt+1,HLt→HHt+1,LLt→LHt+1 |
| III | 自身与邻域均跃迁 | HHt→LLt+1,LHt→HLt+1,HLt→LHt+1,LLt→HHt+1 |
| IV | 自身与邻域均稳定 | HHt→HHt+1,LHt→LHt+1,HLt→HLt+1,LLt→LLt+1 |
表3 政商环境评价指标的主成分及变量载荷Tab. 3 Principal component and variable loadings of political-business environment evaluation indicators |
| 变量 | 主成分1变量载荷 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2021 | |
| X1 | 0.670 | 0.661 |
| X2 | 0.748 | 0.812 |
| X3 | 0.966 | 0.941 |
| X4 | 0.879 | 0.882 |
| X5 | 0.972 | 0.974 |
| X6 | 0.938 | 0.943 |
| X7 | 0.689 | 0.776 |
| 特征值 | 5.012 | 5.200 |
| 变化(%) | 71.603 | 74.274 |
注:粗体表征变量对主成分贡献较大。 |
表4 变量权重Tab. 4 Weights of variables |
| 变量 | 权重 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2021 | 平均值 | |
| X1 | 0.114 | 0.110 | 0.112 |
| X2 | 0.128 | 0.136 | 0.132 |
| X3 | 0.165 | 0.157 | 0.161 |
| X4 | 0.150 | 0.147 | 0.149 |
| X5 | 0.166 | 0.163 | 0.164 |
| X6 | 0.160 | 0.157 | 0.159 |
| X7 | 0.118 | 0.130 | 0.124 |
表5 “一带一路”沿线国家(地区)政商环境空间依赖关系的跃迁Tab. 5 Transition in spatial dependence of political-business environment of the BRI countries (regions) |
| t/t+1 | HHt+1 | HLt+1 | LHt+1 | LLt+1 | 统计 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HHt | 0.370(Ⅳ型) | 0.030(Ⅱ型) | 0(Ⅰ型) | 0(Ⅲ型) | I 型:0.077 II 型:0.098 III型:0 IV型:0.825 SHTI:0 |
| HLt | 0.017(Ⅱ型) | 0.068(Ⅳ型) | 0(Ⅲ型) | 0.017(Ⅰ型) | |
| LHt | 0.030(Ⅰ型) | 0(Ⅲ型) | 0.150(Ⅳ型) | 0.017(Ⅱ型) | |
| LLt | 0(Ⅲ型) | 0.030(Ⅰ型) | 0.034(Ⅱ型) | 0.237(Ⅳ型) |
注:I型为自身跃迁、邻域稳定,II型为自身稳定、邻域跃迁,III型为自身与邻域均跃迁,IV型为自身与邻域均稳定。 |
感谢南京师范大学张庆慧同学在前期的数据准备与分析中给予的帮助,并对编辑部及3位匿名审稿专家表示诚挚的谢意,专家所提意见对于文章的提升有很大帮助。
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