Measuring the spatial accessibility of public services by optimal supply-demand allocation
Received date: 2020-12-18
Request revised date: 2021-08-18
Online published: 2022-06-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No(41871307)
Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Institution of Higher Education, No(21A170007)
Copyright
Spatial accessibility is an important index for measuring fairness in public services such as health care, education, and outdoor leisure. It has also been widely used in the layout planning of public facilities. However, the existing accessibility models cannot fully illustrate the direct relationship between service supply and demand, and thus, the accessibility indicators cannot be explained with explicit meanings. This article introduces a new method for measuring accessibility based on optimal supply and demand allocation, which is different from the supply-demand relationships in existing methods. Given the supply locations, the demand locations, their attributes, and the travel costs between them, the transportation problem model is used to allocate services to demands. The classical model can be easily solved with optimal total travel cost. Based on the model results, the spatial accessibility of services can be measured. The proposed method was tested on healthcare services in a district in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. There were 25 healthcare centres and 1333 residential communities in the study area. The instance model was effectively built by an open-source MIP solver in 2.2 seconds. The service area of each healthcare centre and the travel time from each community were obtained according to the modelling results. In addition, the coverage percentages with predefined service thresholds were calculated. The proposed method was also compared with popular methods, such as the two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA), Gaussian 2SFCA, and gravity 2SFCA. Areas with poor healthcare services were identified by using the results from the three 2SFCA methods. However, the spatial variation in service accessibility might be very different when selecting different search thresholds and/or distance decay coefficients. The optimal supply-demand accessibility method (OSD) proposed in this study has advantages such as being parameter-free, easy to calculate, and easy to explain. The authors believe that the method has application potential to replace the existing methods in evaluating public services and facility planning.
ZHAI Shiyan , HE Xinxin , KONG Yunfeng , LUO Jingjing , SONG Genxin . Measuring the spatial accessibility of public services by optimal supply-demand allocation[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022 , 77(4) : 1028 -1038 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202204017
表1 郑州市金水区不同时间阈值下医疗服务覆盖统计Tab. 1 The coverage percentages of healthcare services within different time thresholds in Jinshui District, Zhengzhou |
分类(min) | 实际服务能力最优分配 | 最大服务能力最优分配 | 服务现状 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人数(人) | 占比(%) | 人数(人) | 占比(%) | 人数(人) | 占比(%) | |||
≤ 5 | 134038 | 8.29 | 141442 | 8.75 | 120419 | 7.45 | ||
5~10 | 368009 | 22.76 | 385789 | 23.86 | 321689 | 19.89 | ||
10~15 | 358494 | 22.17 | 359843 | 22.25 | 310973 | 19.23 | ||
> 15 | 756538 | 46.78 | 730005 | 45.14 | 863998 | 53.43 |
表2 基于2SFCA“15 min”步行搜索半径下医疗服务可达性统计(%)Tab. 2 Statistics of healthcare service accessibility within a "15-minute" walking search radius by 2SFCA |
可达性计算方法 | 差(≤ 0.4) | 较差(0.4~0.8) | 一般(0.8~1.2) | 较好(1.2~1.4) | 好(> 1.4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
简单2SFCA | 42.82 | 4.12 | 22.16 | 7.94 | 22.95 |
高斯2SFCA | 51.51 | 6.63 | 9.57 | 7.97 | 24.32 |
重力2SFCA(β=1) | 43.43 | 17.26 | 10.75 | 6.95 | 21.62 |
重力2SFCA(β=1.2) | 46.01 | 19.13 | 8.60 | 7.44 | 18.82 |
重力2SFCA(β=1.5) | 52.93 | 15.63 | 9.06 | 7.34 | 15.03 |
重力2SFCA(β=1.8) | 59.97 | 13.54 | 8.93 | 3.93 | 13.63 |
重力2SFCA(β=2) | 63.60 | 14.09 | 6.56 | 3.10 | 12.65 |
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