Geomorphology and origin of yardangs in Lop Nur Lake region
Received date: 2021-07-07
Request revised date: 2021-08-24
Online published: 2021-11-25
Supported by
The State Scientific Survey Project of China(2017FY101000)
Copyright
Yardang is a typical, aeolian erosion landform widely distributed on Earth and discovered on other planets (Venus and Mars) too. Because of its various forms and volatility, yardang's morphological characteristics have attracted attention for generations. Lop Nur is located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China. Although there are many yardangs with various types in the area of Lop Nur, there is a lack of study about this impressive landform there. On the basis of field investigation, the authors found that UAV drones can efficiently and effectively collect yardang morphology data. Based on collected yardang morphology data (including field survey and DEM from UAV), using the terrain digital extraction method, after measuring the morphological parameter data of yardang, this article attempts to clarify the morphological characteristics of yardangs in the Lop Nur area, and to discuss its formation processes. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The lengths of yardangs in the Lop Nur area are often < 20 m, although a few of them are even > 160 m. The widths of yardangs in our study area are mainly < 8 m, with a height of mostly < 2 m. It shows that the sizes of yardangs in the study area are generally small, although some large ones occur too. The ratio of length vs. width (R) of yardangs ranges from 2:1 to 4:1, and even > 10:1. The orientations of the yardangs in our study area are mainly toward 22.5°-67.5°, consistent with the predominant wind directions. Our observations suggest that the morphology of yardangs in the study area initiated from a dome-shaped form and then changed to drop-shaped, and finally to linear forms. The number of yardangs occurring nearby is often 3-4, and the distance between them is often < 20 m but occasionally 40-80 m. (2) The most likely evolution processes of yardangs in the Lop Nur area can be summarized into four stages: embryonic, juvenile, mature and decay periods. However, due to the influence of various controlling factors such as stratum sediment characteristics, wind erosion, and flowing water, yardang's morphology in the Lop Nur area become quite complex. (3) The developments of yardangs in the Lop Nur area have multiple periods. Since the Quaternary, there have been four main development periods in late Pleistocene (ca. 90 ka B.P.), early Holocene (8-9 ka B.P.), late Holocene (after 1.6 ka B.P.) and Little Ice Age (around 0.5 ka B.P.). According to morphological characteristics and environmental evolution, we infer that yardangs in Longcheng and Bailongdui were formed in the late Pleistocene, the northern Loulan grand yardangs formed in the Early Holocene, yardangs in central and northern Loulan formed in the late Pleistocene and the small yardangs in Loulan area formed probably during the Little Ice Age. Based on the chronology and yardangs' height, the average wind erosion rate near the Loulan site after 0.5 ka B.P. was calculated to be 6.2 mm a-1. Accurately describing the morphological characteristics of yardangs in the Lop Nur area and understanding its evolution procession is of great significance for analyzing the morphological development of yardangs and the regional wind erosion process.
Key words: geomorphology; wind-eroded landform; Yardang; Lop Nur
SONG Haoze , YANG Xiaoping , MU Guijin , QIN Xiaoguang , LIN Yongchong . Geomorphology and origin of yardangs in Lop Nur Lake region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(9) : 2187 -2202 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202109011
表1 雅丹形态参数名称及指示意义Tab. 1 Names and definitions of yardang morphological parameters |
类别 | 缩写字母 | 单位 | 名称 | 指示意义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
规模特征 | L | m | 长度(长) | 雅丹主延伸方向最大规模 |
W | m | 宽度(宽) | 雅丹垂直主延伸方向最大规模 | |
H | m | 相对高度(高) | 风蚀强度及雅丹所受风蚀作用时间的长短 | |
形态特征 | l | ° | 走向 | 风蚀动能集中作用方向 (近似指示盛行风方向) |
R | - | 长宽比 | 雅丹平面形态 | |
Rh | - | 形高比 | 雅丹平面形态与其所受风蚀作用时间长短的关系 | |
空间特征 | Nadj | 个 | 相邻雅丹数 | 雅丹空间距离及雅丹空间分布密度 |
MD | m | 平均顶间距 |
表2 雅丹形态参数实测值和自动测量值对比及相对误差Tab. 2 Names and definitions of yardang morphological parameters |
类别 | YD-1 | YD-2 | YD-3 | YD-4 | YD-5 | YD-6 | YD-7 | YD-8 | YD-9 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lm | 4.46 | 60.23 | 6.02 | 220.2 | 20.35 | 23.8 | 250.91 | 286.95 | 270.4 | - |
Wm | 1.48 | 7.14 | 1.3 | 53.5 | 6.56 | 7.94 | 45.58 | 54.75 | 35.92 | - |
Hm | 0.59 | 4.9 | 0.89 | 18.23 | 4.94 | 3.5 | 23.27 | 26.24 | 15.75 | - |
La | 4.37 | 58.17 | 5.85 | 211.35 | 18.59 | 21.86 | 243.33 | 278.39 | 258.76 | - |
Wa | 1.54 | 6.76 | 1.18 | 49.3 | 6.26 | 7.52 | 43.25 | 52.8 | 33.5 | - |
Ha | 0.63 | 4.5 | 0.97 | 19.12 | 5.14 | 3.26 | 23.87 | 25.62 | 15.15 | - |
RE-L | 2.02 | 3.42 | 2.82 | 4.02 | 8.65 | 8.15 | 3.02 | 2.98 | 4.30 | 4.38 |
RE-W | 4.05 | 5.32 | 9.23 | 7.85 | 4.57 | 5.29 | 5.11 | 3.56 | 6.74 | 5.75 |
RE-H | 6.78 | 8.16 | 8.99 | 4.88 | 4.05 | 6.86 | 2.58 | 2.36 | 3.81 | 5.39 |
注:Lm、Wm和Hm分别表示长宽高的实测值,La、Wa和Ha分别表示长宽高的自动测量值,RE-L、RE-W和RE-H分别表示长宽高的相对误差,所有测量值单位均为m。 |
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