Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of the epidemic disasters for the past 3000 years in China
Received date: 2020-06-05
Request revised date: 2021-07-08
Online published: 2021-10-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41171408)
National Social Science Foundation of China(12&ZD145)
Copyright
Epidemics are one of the most severe events in the human disaster network. On the basis of establishing the epidemic sequence by using historical epidemic data, and using the methods such as historical section analysis, factor correlation analysis, and time sequence analysis, this article examines the spatiotemporal characteristics and causes of the epidemic disasters for the past 2720 years (770 BC-AD 1949) in China. The results show that: (1) The frequency and intensity of epidemic disasters in China have a long-term upward trend, with troughs in the warm periods and peaks in the cold periods. (2) The epidemic prevalence in China generally occurred mainly in summer and autumn, but varied with time, so that since the 1450s, the seasonal difference tended to be less significant due to the increase of the kinds and frequency of epidemics. (3) China's epidemic fluctuation cycles are mainly 620-610 a, 320-310 a, 230-220 a, 170 a, 90 a, etc., which confirms the existence of "Twelve Earthly Branches" cycle and the significant impact of sunspot activity on the epidemic cycles. (4) For the past 3000 years, within the China's territory, the Epidemic Widespread is 93.51%, which indicates the percentage of the number of affected counties to the total number of counties, and the Epidemic Thickness is 16.86 layers, which represents the ratio of cumulative affected counties to the total number of administrative counties. The epidemics in the southeast half of China occurred much more frequently and severely than those in the northwest half. (5) The expansion of the epidemic prevalent areas in China is synchronized with the areal land exploration. The change of the epidemic centers of gravity is obviously affected by the spatial changes of the economic centers of gravity. The centers shifted from north to south before the Southern Song Dynasty, and moved from east to west after that. The import of foreign infectious diseases has a great impact on the distribution pattern of epidemics in China. (6) The prevalence of epidemics is not only a natural phenomenon, but also a sociocultural phenomenon. The change in the spatiotemporal distribution of epidemics reflects the change of human-environmental relationship. The densely populated areas, the areas along the traffic line, the surrounding areas of the capital city, the natural foci areas and the disaster-prone areas are all epidemic-prone areas. (7) The geographical environment has a basic impact on the spatial distribution of epidemics, that is, low altitude, warm and humid areas are prone to the prevalence of epidemics. Natural disasters can induce epidemics, so the disaster-prone area is also the epidemic-prone area, and the disaster-prone period is also the epidemic-prone period. Climate change has impacts on epidemic fluctuations, so epidemics are more frequent in the cold periods than in the warm periods. The land excessive development and the conflict between human and land resulting from population growth intensified the epidemic prevalence. Moreover, epidemics always follow wars, that is, the frequent periods of war are also the frequent periods of epidemic.
GONG Shengsheng , LI Zimo , XIE Haichao , WANG Xiaowei , ZHANG Tao , SHI Guoning , CHEN Fahu . Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of the epidemic disasters for the past 3000 years in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(8) : 1976 -1996 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202108012
表1 中国3000年疫灾等级划分标准Tab. 1 Division standard of epidemic levels for the past 3000 years in China |
定性描述 | 微疫 | 小疫 | 中疫 | 大疫 | 巨疫 | 特大疫 | 超大疫 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Le | 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 6级 | 7级 |
Nec (个) | 1~3 | 4~29 | 30~50 | 51~190 | 191~419 | 420~644 | 645~833 |
Ned (人) | ≤ 2000 | 2000~5000 | 5000~10000 | 10000~30000 | 30000~50000 | 50000~100000 | > 100000 |
表2 中国3000年各世纪的疫灾等级结构表Tab. 2 The structure of levels of epidemic disasters for the past 3000 years in China |
世纪 | BC7 | BC6 | BC5 | BC4 | BC3 | BC2 | BC1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 小计 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1级疫灾 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 184 |
2级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 58 | 62 | 69 | 36 | 0 | 370 |
3级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 5 | 13 | 0 | 87 |
4级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 75 |
5级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 8 | 49 |
6级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 13 | 54 |
7级疫灾 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 24 | 71 |
合计 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 8 | 18 | 16 | 42 | 51 | 43 | 47 | 68 | 97 | 98 | 97 | 100 | 50 | 890 |
注:20世纪的疫灾为1900—1949年的疫灾,即仅半个世纪的疫灾。 |
表3 中国3000年疫灾流行的主周期Tab. 3 Main cycles of epidemic prevalence for the past 3000 years in China |
疫灾指数序列 | 全时段(770 BC—AD 1949) | 前时段(770 BC—AD 960) | 后时段(AD 960—AD 1949) |
---|---|---|---|
疫灾年数指数序列Iey | 910 a、620 a、220 a | 320 a、170 a | 610 a、370 a、230 a;310*a、170*a |
疫灾等级时点序列Ley | 612 a | 72 a | 96 a |
疫灾等级指数序列Iel | 1300 a、620 a | 410 a、250 a | 220 a、90 a |
疫灾等级平均序列Ael | 1330 a、960 a、590 a | 960 a、390 a、260 a | 560 a、90 a、230 a |
注:*为Iec对数序列周期;除Ley为即年的时点序列外,其余均为10 a间隔的时期序列。 |
表4 中国历史时期各时间断面的疫灾空间分异Tab. 4 Spatial differentiation of epidemic disasters in different sections of Chinese historical period |
区域范围 | 政区县数(个) | 项目 | 汉唐时期 | 宋元时期 | 明代时期 | 清代时期 | 中华民国时期 | 历史时期 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全国版图 | 2435 | Nec (个) | 1207 | 1499 | 953 | 1754 | 2201 | 2277 |
∑Nec (县次) | 5116 | 4903 | 3019 | 10480 | 17546 | 41064 | ||
Wec (%) | 49.57 | 61.56 | 39.14 | 72.03 | 90.39 | 93.51 | ||
Te (层) | 2.10 | 2.01 | 1.24 | 4.30 | 7.21 | 16.86 | ||
东南半壁 | 1927 | Nec (个) | 1171 | 1495 | 937 | 1558 | 1854 | 1911 |
∑Nec (县次) | 5079 | 4898 | 2994 | 9711 | 15148 | 37830 | ||
Wec (%) | 60.77 | 77.58 | 48.62 | 80.85 | 96.21 | 99.17 | ||
Te (层) | 2.64 | 2.54 | 1.55 | 5.04 | 7.86 | 19.63 | ||
西北半壁 | 508 | Nec (个) | 36 | 4 | 16 | 196 | 347 | 366 |
∑Nec (县次) | 37 | 5 | 25 | 769 | 2398 | 3234 | ||
Wec (%) | 7.09 | 0.79 | 3.15 | 38.58 | 68.31 | 72.05 | ||
Te (层) | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1.51 | 4.72 | 6.37 |
表5 中国3000年疫灾与地理环境、自然灾害、气候变迁的相关系数Tab. 5 Correlation coefficient of epidemic disasters with geographical environment, natural disasters and climate change for the past 3000 years in China |
分析阶段 | 历年数(a) | 站点数(个) | 时空关系 | 年均气温/ 气温指数 | 年均降水/ 干湿指数 | 平均 海拔 | 旱灾 | 水灾 | 蝗灾 | 地震 | 饥荒 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
汉唐时期 200 BC—AD 959 | 1160 | 63 | 空间站点相关 | 0.55*** | 0.48*** | -0.37** | 0.82*** | 0.65*** | 0.61*** | 0.64*** | 0.64*** |
时间序列相关 | -0.37*** | -0.14 | - | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.24*** | 0.18** | |||
宋元时期 960—1396年 | 410 | 454 | 空间站点相关 | 0.29*** | 0.29*** | -0.16*** | 0.16*** | 0.19*** | -0.12** | 0.22*** | 0.21*** |
时间序列相关 | -0.28* | -0.32** | - | 0.18* | 0.41*** | 0.23 | 0.44*** | 0.33** | |||
明代时期 1360—1649年 | 290 | 238 | 空间站点相关 | 0.16** | 0.07 | -0.44*** | 0.66*** | 0.68*** | 0.56*** | 0.39*** | - |
时间序列相关 | -0.61*** | -0.35* | - | 0.86*** | 0.74*** | 0.68*** | 0.64*** | - | |||
清代时期 1640—1909年 | 270 | 638 | 空间站点相关 | 0.05 | 0.09 | -0.40*** | 0.54*** | 0.52*** | 0.43*** | 0.40*** | 0.51*** |
时间序列相关 | -0.09 | -0.19 | - | 0.18 | 0.40** | 0.39** | 0.34* | 0.35** |
注:***表示显著水平为0.01,**表示显著水平为0.05,*表示显著水平为0.1。表中相关系数系对原始数据进行归一化处理后计算所得。 |
表6 中国3000年疫灾变化与气候变迁、土地开发、战争动乱的相关系数表Tab. 6 Correlation coefficient of epidemic disasters and climate change, land development and war/disturbance for the past 3000 years in China |
相关分析区间 | 温度距平 | 降水量 | 尘暴指数 | 人口总数 | 耕地面积 | 战争指数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
近3000年疫灾指数 (840 BC—AD 1949) | -0.31*** | -0.79*** | 0.10* | 0.65*** | 0.99*** | 0.25*** |
近2000年疫灾指数 (0—1949年) | -0.31*** | -0.71*** | 0.17** | 0.64** | 0.92** | 0.15** |
近1000年疫灾指数 (960—1949年) | -0.60*** | -0.51*** | 0.27** | 0.54*** | 0.82*** | -0.21** |
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