Rank-size distribution of the modern China urban system based on the China Postal Atlas in 1936
Received date: 2020-05-28
Request revised date: 2021-07-08
Online published: 2021-10-25
Supported by
Yongyou Foundation(2018Y09)
General Project of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning(2018BLS008)
Copyright
The lack of governmental and systematic urban population data limit the study progress in urban systems in China's historical period, which has great negative effect on quantitative analysis of urban system rank-size distribution. This paper digitized the "China Postal Atlas" in 1936, based on its 13240 postal points and more than 40000 km postal routes, and examined the spatial distribution of the kernel density of postal points and routes, using the Thiessen Polygon, Zonal Statistics and other GIS tools to give value to the postal capacity T of modern Chinese cities. T-value is used as a proxy for city size in modern China to analyze the rank-size rule. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The distribution of rank-size of cities in modern China based on the T-value was in accordance with Zipf's law. (2) In 1936, there were five postal aggregation areas in China: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Wuhan and Chengdu-Baxian region, which is highly consistent with the current distribution of China's urban agglomerations. (3) In 1936, the spatial distribution of postal points and routes was very different on both sides of the "Hu Huangyong Line". The northwestern half to the line had a slightly smaller proportion of points than that of population, but a much higher proportion of high-grade points and routes than that of population. (4) In this paper, the sample size of urban system in modern China increased from about 200 (urban population) to 2360 (T-value). For the first time, the "three-stage" distribution caused by the unique "depression in the middle section" of the city size curve was found, which was quite different from that of the United States and China today. (5) The postal capacity T-value can be considered as a proxy for city size in urban geography studies in modern China.
Key words: China Postal Atlas; urban system; rank-size rule; urban population; Hu Huanyong Line; China
WANG Zhe , ZHENG Fachuan . Rank-size distribution of the modern China urban system based on the China Postal Atlas in 1936[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(8) : 1910 -1923 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202108007
表1 1936年中国邮政网点及官方设定标准Tab. 1 Standards for the postal points in 1936 |
等级 | 数量(个) | 官方设定标准 |
---|---|---|
邮政管理局 | 29 | 省会或首都 |
一等邮局 | 47 | 营收5000元/月 |
支局 | 195 | 位于大城市内部;视同二等邮局 |
二等邮局 | 984 | 营收600元/月 |
三等邮局 | 1562 | 营收200元/月 |
邮政代办所 | 11536 | 营收27元/月 |
村镇信站 | 93 | 乡村邮递员所经村落 |
注:官方设定标准见参考文献[35]。 |
表2 1936年“胡焕庸线”西北半壁邮政网点和邮路比例Tab. 2 Percentage of postal points and routes on two sides of "Hu Huanyong Line" in 1936 |
邮政等级 | 数量(个) | “胡焕庸线”西北半壁数量(个) | “胡焕庸线”西北半壁占比(%) |
---|---|---|---|
邮政管理局 | 29 | 5 | 17.2 |
一等邮局 | 47 | 10 | 21.3 |
支局 | 195 | 4 | 2.1 |
二等邮局 | 984 | 40 | 4.1 |
三等邮局 | 1562 | 66 | 4.2 |
邮政代办所 | 11536 | 272 | 2.4 |
村镇信站 | 93 | 18 | 19.4 |
邮路数 | 17604 | 613 | 3.5 |
邮路总里程(km) | 407799 | 55776 | 13.7 |
合计 | 13240 | 415 | 3.1 |
注:所谓邮路数,简单起见,指的是任一个邮政网点之间的邮路,均视为1个独立的邮路。 |
表3 基于邮政能力T值的近代中国城市位序规模分析结果及与1949年后的对比Tab. 3 Statistical results of rank-size distribution of modern China cities in 1936 based on postal capability value T comparisons with 1953, 1963 and 1973 |
观察范围 | q(斜率) | R(相关系数) |
---|---|---|
所有观察值 | -0.85 | -0.941 |
观察值前500位城市 | -0.94 | -0.953 |
观察值前100位城市 | -1.02 | -0.898 |
观察值前50位城市 | -0.53 | -0.974 |
1953年(中国前100位城市) | -0.91 | -0.990 |
1963年(中国前100位城市) | -0.84 | -0.992 |
1973年(中国前100位城市) | -0.81 | -0.991 |
注:1949年后数据来自参考文献[48]。 |
表4 基于邮政能力T值的近代中国城市位序规模分析结果及美国的对比Tab. 4 Statistical results of city rank-size distribution based on postal capability value T in comparison of China in 1936 with the USA in 1930 |
观察范围 | q(斜率) | R(相关系数) |
---|---|---|
所有观察值(近代中国邮政) | -0.850 | -0.9411 |
所有观察值(美国1930年) | -1.179 | -0.9512 |
观察值前50位城市(近代中国邮政) | -0.531 | -0.9736 |
观察值前50位城市(美国1930年) | -0.743 | -0.9894 |
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