Research of China-EU trade based on the Northern Sea Route
Received date: 2020-06-23
Request revised date: 2021-03-23
Online published: 2021-07-25
Supported by
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M641458)
Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-ZS-2017-4)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071151)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701118)
Copyright
The Northern Sea Route has been increasingly attracting the attention from countries all over the world due to its important strategic status. By calculating the economic costs of shipping among China-EU ports through the Northern Sea Route and China-EU trade complementarity index, this study builds a trade gravity model in stochastic frontier based on the Northern Sea Route, and explores the influencing factors of China’s import from and export trade to 18 European countries, which shows the following: (1) Taking the traffic volume of 12000 TEU for comparison, the economic costs of shipping along the Northern Sea Route are 1.58-2.80 times those based on the traditional passage among China-EU ports. (2) In 2000-2018, the proportion of the China-EU trade complementarity index based on China’s export (CEij) greater than 1 accounted for 52.63%, and countries with higher CEij included Iceland, Denmark, Norway, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom, while the proportion of the China-EU trade complementarity index based on China’s import (CIij) less than 1 accounted for 94.74%, with a declining trend. So, China’s import and export with 18 European countries were less complementary. (3) In terms of trade scale of China’s export to 18 European countries, the economic scale of trade partner countries has a greater influence than that of China, and the economic costs of shipping are significantly negatively correlated with the trade scale based on the Northern Sea Route; in terms of trade scale of China’s import from 18 European countries, the economic scale of trade partner countries has a greater influence than that of China, and the positive correlation relationship between the economic costs of shipping and the trade scale has lower confidence based on the Northern Sea Route. (4) If the Northern Sea Route was taken for the China-EU trade, the trade efficiencies of China’s export to 18 European countries and import from them declined and rose to varying degrees, respectively, which means that the trade efficiency of China’s import and export had large room for improvement. This study can strengthen the research foundation of relationship between China-EU shipping and trade based on the Northern Sea Route, and provide references for China on participating in the construction of the Northern Sea Route, exploiting and utilizing Arctic resources, and reinforcing the trade between China and Europe.
WANG Wulin , WANG Chengjin . Research of China-EU trade based on the Northern Sea Route[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(5) : 1105 -1121 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202105005
TSij = YS+SS+HS+DSij+RSij+OSij+PSij+MSij+XSij+WSij+ISij
TNij = BN+HN+DNij+RNij+ONij+PNij+MNij+XNij+WNij+INij
表1 基于东北航线与传统航线的12000 TEU集装箱船船航运经济成本参数估值Tab. 1 Estimation of economic cost parameters of 12000 TEU container shipping through Northern Sea Route and the Traditional Passage |
| 航线 | YS | SS | HN或 HS | BN | DNij或 DSij | RNij或 RSij | ONij或 OSij | PNij或 PSij | MNij或 MSij | XNij或 XSij | WNij或 WSij | INij或 ISij |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 东北航线 | - | - | 72 | 180 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 0.0441 | 1.44 | 0.72 | 0.1728 | 0.09 | 0.1749 |
| 传统航线 | 50 | 7 | 28 | - | 1.11 | 4 | 0.0259 | 0.463 | 0.2315 | 0.0756 | 0.0556 | 0.1944 |
表2 变量描述性统计Tab. 2 Descriptive statistics of variables |
| 变量类型 | 变量 | 观测数量 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因变量 | lnEXijt | 342 | 16.68 | 25.08 | 22.02 | 1.89 |
| lnIMijt | 342 | 14.84 | 25.39 | 21.19 | 2.30 | |
| 影响因素 | lnGDPit | 342 | 27.82 | 30.24 | 29.15 | 0.82 |
| lnGDPjt | 342 | 22.46 | 29.00 | 26.38 | 1.68 | |
| lnECij | 342 | 9.05 | 9.21 | 9.12 | 0.04 | |
| lnCEijt | 342 | -0.32 | 0.35 | 0.0028 | 0.13 | |
| lnCIijt | 342 | -0.82 | 0.29 | -0.2981 | 0.18 |
表3 12000 TEU运输量下东北航线较传统航线的航运经济成本增量(万美元)Tab. 3 Economic cost increment of shipping along the Northern Sea Route compared with the Traditional Passage under the traffic volume of 12000 TEU (10000 dollars) |
| 港口 | 大连 | 秦皇岛 | 天津 | 青岛 | 连云港 | 上海 | 宁波 | 厦门 | 深圳 | 广州 | 防城港 | 海口 | 平均 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 摩尔曼斯克 | 394.21 | 400.88 | 402.77 | 397.15 | 400.65 | 404.66 | 409.13 | 456.25 | 491.11 | 492.18 | 523.87 | 513.37 | 440.52 |
| 圣彼得堡 | 620.63 | 630.71 | 632.60 | 626.98 | 630.48 | 634.49 | 638.96 | 686.08 | 720.94 | 722.01 | 753.70 | 743.20 | 670.07 |
| 奥斯陆 | 598.18 | 604.85 | 606.74 | 601.11 | 604.62 | 608.63 | 613.10 | 660.22 | 695.08 | 696.15 | 727.84 | 717.34 | 644.49 |
| 哥德堡 | 598.69 | 602.51 | 604.40 | 598.78 | 602.28 | 606.30 | 610.76 | 657.88 | 692.74 | 693.82 | 725.50 | 715.00 | 642.39 |
| 赫尔辛基 | 636.81 | 642.71 | 644.60 | 638.98 | 642.48 | 646.49 | 650.96 | 698.08 | 732.94 | 734.01 | 765.70 | 755.20 | 682.41 |
| 塔林 | 635.82 | 642.35 | 644.24 | 638.61 | 642.12 | 646.13 | 650.60 | 697.72 | 732.58 | 733.65 | 765.34 | 754.84 | 682.00 |
| 里加 | 625.85 | 632.37 | 634.27 | 628.64 | 632.15 | 636.16 | 640.63 | 687.75 | 722.60 | 723.68 | 755.37 | 744.87 | 672.03 |
| 克莱佩达 | 618.96 | 625.49 | 627.38 | 621.75 | 625.26 | 629.27 | 633.74 | 680.86 | 715.72 | 716.79 | 748.48 | 737.98 | 665.14 |
| 格但斯克 | 619.68 | 626.35 | 628.24 | 622.62 | 626.12 | 630.13 | 634.60 | 681.72 | 716.58 | 717.65 | 749.34 | 738.84 | 665.99 |
| 汉堡 | 612.51 | 619.18 | 621.07 | 615.44 | 618.95 | 622.96 | 627.43 | 674.55 | 709.41 | 710.48 | 742.17 | 731.67 | 658.82 |
| 哥本哈根 | 607.56 | 614.08 | 615.97 | 610.35 | 613.85 | 617.87 | 622.33 | 669.45 | 704.31 | 705.38 | 737.07 | 726.57 | 653.73 |
| 鹿特丹 | 625.16 | 631.83 | 633.72 | 628.09 | 631.60 | 635.61 | 640.08 | 687.20 | 722.06 | 723.13 | 754.82 | 744.32 | 671.47 |
| 安特卫普 | 631.62 | 638.29 | 640.18 | 634.56 | 638.06 | 642.07 | 646.54 | 693.66 | 728.52 | 729.59 | 761.28 | 750.78 | 677.93 |
| 勒阿弗尔 | 648.21 | 654.88 | 656.77 | 651.15 | 654.65 | 658.66 | 663.13 | 710.25 | 745.11 | 746.18 | 777.87 | 767.37 | 694.52 |
| 毕尔巴鄂 | 701.53 | 708.05 | 709.94 | 704.32 | 707.82 | 711.84 | 716.30 | 763.42 | 798.28 | 799.36 | 831.05 | 820.54 | 747.70 |
| 里斯本 | 745.64 | 752.31 | 754.21 | 748.58 | 752.09 | 756.10 | 760.56 | 807.68 | 842.54 | 843.62 | 875.31 | 864.80 | 791.95 |
| 南安普顿 | 650.13 | 656.66 | 658.55 | 652.93 | 656.43 | 660.44 | 664.91 | 712.03 | 746.89 | 747.96 | 779.65 | 769.15 | 696.31 |
| 都柏林 | 641.15 | 647.67 | 649.57 | 643.94 | 647.45 | 651.46 | 655.93 | 703.05 | 737.90 | 738.98 | 770.67 | 760.17 | 687.33 |
| 雷克雅未克 | 605.66 | 612.33 | 614.23 | 608.60 | 612.11 | 616.12 | 620.59 | 667.71 | 702.56 | 703.64 | 735.33 | 724.83 | 651.98 |
| 平均 | 622.00 | 628.60 | 630.50 | 624.87 | 628.38 | 632.39 | 636.86 | 683.98 | 718.83 | 719.91 | 751.60 | 741.10 | —— |
表4 面板数据单位根检验结果Tab. 4 Result of unit root test of panel data |
| 变量 | LLC检验统计量 | P值 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|---|
| lnEXijt | -8.9735 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnIMijt | -7.4359 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnGDPit | -6.4064 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnGDPjt | -7.8754 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnCEijt | -3.5680 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnCIijt | -4.8176 | 0.000 | 平稳 |
| lnEXijt、lnGDPit、lnGDPjt、lnCEijt协整检验 | T统计量: -4.9656 | 0.000 | 存在协整关系 |
| lnIMXijt、lnGDPit、lnGDPjt、lnCIijt协整检验 | T统计量: -4.6801 | 0.000 | 存在协整关系 |
表5 基于东北航线的面板随机前沿贸易引力模型回归结果Tab. 5 Regression result of trade gravity model in stochastic frontier based on the Northern Sea Route |
| 因变量lnEXijt | 系数 | 因变量lnIMijt | 系数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 常数项 | -7.15*** | 常数项 | -63.38* |
| lnGDPit | 0.62* | lnGDPit | 0.28*** |
| lnGDPjt | 0.98*** | lnGDPjt | 0.87*** |
| lnECij | -1.90* | lnECij | 7.72 |
| lnCEij | -0.06 | lnCIij | 0.03 |
| Bij | 0.31 | Bij | 0.39* |
| FTAij | -0.16 | FTAij | -0.48** |
| μ | 0.00 | μ | 0.00 |
| η | -0.01 | η | 0.04 |
| γ | 0.91 | γ | 0.95 |
| 0.69 | 1.61 | ||
| 0.07 | 0.08 | ||
| 对数似然值 | -110.50 | 对数似然值 | -95.93 |
| LR | 399.37 | LR | 467.69 |
注:***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%水平上显著。 |
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