Transformation characteristics and development mechanism of typical agricultural settlement in Southern Hebei Plain since reform and opening-up
Received date: 2020-02-10
Request revised date: 2020-12-12
Online published: 2021-06-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671138)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571164)
Humanities and Social Sciences Financed by Ministry of Education(20YJCZH069)
Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(D2020205001)
Universities' Humanities and Social Science Research Program of Hebei Province of China(SQ201140)
Copyright
The scientific understanding of the transformation process and rules of agricultural settlement since the reform and opening-up after 1978 is very important to revitalizing and improving the agricultural economy and living condition. In this paper, we take a small village, Licheng, Ningjin County of Hebei Province as an example to explore the transformation process and development mechanism of agricultural settlement from settlement space, economic situation and social life since the reform and opening-up. In this case, some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The total space of construction area increased significantly, with the gradual enlargement of residential space and the expansion of industrial land along the edge of the old village. Three stages have been identified, namely, slow development, rapid expansion, and high speed reconstruction. (2) With the continuous improvement of agricultural mechanization and farm products commercialization, the proportion of non-agricultural income increased gradually, indicating more and more commercial production and consumption in farmers' daily life. The transformation of village economic situation also has gone through three stages: agricultural livelihood stage, part-time agricultural and part-time non-agricultural livelihood stage, non-agricultural and part-time agricultural livelihood stage. (3) Due to the enlargement and reconstruction of social relation between villagers, the transformation of villagers' social life went through three stages: traditional rural life stage, separation of occupation and residence stage, and partly empty-nest elderly and partly empty-nest stage. (4) Natural endowment, behavior representatives (village committees, peasant households, and enterprises), urban-rural interaction, and policy environment respectively play roles of basic binding force, internal pushing force, external pulling force, and space-economy-society regulating force in the transformation of agricultural villages, which interact and jointly promote the transformation and development of agricultural settlements. A new concept of town and village co-community was proposed. It will provide a theoretical reference for implementing the strategy of rural revitalization and solving the dilemma of agricultural settlement transformation in China.
LI Zhi , LIU Jinsong . Transformation characteristics and development mechanism of typical agricultural settlement in Southern Hebei Plain since reform and opening-up[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(4) : 939 -954 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202104011
表1 1978—2018年历城村建设用地和人均住宅用地统计数据Tab. 1 Statistics of construction land and residential land per capita in Licheng village from 1978 to 2018 |
| 年份 | 建设用地总 规模(hm²) | 住宅用地总 规模(hm²) | 工业用地总 规模(hm²) | 户籍/常住 人口(人) | 户籍/常住人均 住宅用地(m²/人) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 2.47 | 2.24 | 0 | 302/302 | 74.01/74.01 |
| 1985 | 3.36 | 3.15 | 0 | 369/365 | 85.38/86.31 |
| 1995 | 4.90 | 4.68 | 0 | 462/460 | 101.46/101.90 |
| 2005 | 7.23 | 5.67 | 1.36 | 517/470 | 109.74/120.71 |
| 2018 | 10.04 | 6.97 | 2.89 | 599/401 | 116.44/173.73 |
注:建设用地数据根据历城村聚落空间图层数据统计得出。 |
表2 1978—2018年历城村农业种植结构变化(hm2)Tab. 2 Changes of cropping structure in Licheng village from 1978 to 2018 (hm2) |
| 年份 | 耕地总面积 | 农业种植用地结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 59.47 | 冬春季:小麦(51.47)、蔬菜(3.33)、棉花(4.67) 夏秋季:玉米(48.80)、谷子(2.67)、蔬菜(3.33)、棉花(4.67) |
| 1985 | 59.47 | 冬春季:小麦(34.14)、蔬菜(2.00)、花生(3.33)、棉花梨树兼作(20.00) 夏秋季:玉米(30.14)、谷子(4.00)、花生(3.33)、蔬菜(2.00)、棉花梨树兼作(20.00) |
| 1995 | 59.47 | 冬春季:小麦(36.13)、花生(3.34)、棉花(10.67)、梨树(9.33) 夏秋季:玉米(34.80)、谷子(1.33)、花生(3.34)、棉花(10.67)、梨树(9.33) |
| 2005 | 49.47* | 冬春季:小麦(42.13)、花生(3.34)、棉花(4.00) 夏秋季:玉米(42.13)、花生(3.34)、棉花(4.00) |
| 2018 | 49.47* | 冬春季:小麦(48.80),闲置(0.67) 夏秋季:玉米(48.80),闲置(0.67) |
注:*2003年因国家建设青银高速(G20)公路,占用历城村南部耕地10 hm2。 |
表3 2018年历城村农业投入和产出平均状况(元/hm2)Tab. 3 Average status of agricultural input and output in Licheng village in 2018 (yuan/hm2) |
| 类别 | 农业投入和产出平均状况(元/hm2) |
|---|---|
| 投入 | 种子(小麦1125+玉米450=1575)、化肥(4500)、农药(小麦3次×300+玉米2次×300=1500)、机械灌溉(小麦3次×675+玉米1次×675=2700)、机械翻地(1350)、机械种植(小麦300+玉米300=600)、机械收割(小麦900+玉米900=1800),合计:14025(劳动力成本不计) |
| 收入 | 小麦17250+玉米15000=32250 |
| 利润 | 18225 |
注:数据来自50个农户调研结果。 |
表4 1978—2018年历城村农户年均日常生活消费支出情况(元/户)Tab. 4 Average annual living consumption of a household in Licheng village from 1978 to 2018 (yuan/household) |
| 项目 | 1978年 | 1985年 | 1995年 | 2005年 | 2018年 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 日常生活必需品消费(共性消费) | 水费 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 130 |
| 电费 | - | 40 | 150 | 250 | 1200 | |
| 燃料费 | 60 | 350 | 1100 | 1700 | 2300 | |
| 油肉蛋奶蔬等消费额* | 170(农户 自给率95%) | 390(农户 自给率90%) | 1830(农户 自给率38%) | 3860(农户 自给率5%) | 9850(农户 自给率2%) | |
| 小计1 | 230 | 780 | 3080 | 5810 | 13480 | |
| 生活必需品消费(半共性消费) | 服装鞋包等 | 70 | 240 | 800 | 2000 | 3860 |
| 网络电话 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 650 | 840 | |
| 交通消费 | 0 | 20 | 130 | 360 | 730(若拥有汽车,费用4350) | |
| 小计2 | 70 | 260 | 930 | 3010 | 5430 | |
注:单位为元/户(当年价格),每户设定为4人;1978年该村尚未通电,电费不计;*农户的粮面等主食自给率几乎为100%,不列入生活必需品消费支出。数据来自50户村民调查问卷,难以获取精确数据,故表中数据为约数。 |
表5 1978—2018年历城村成年人口的职业构成(人)Tab. 5 Occupational compositions of adults in Licheng village from 1978 to 2018 (person) |
| 职业 | 1978年 | 1985年 | 1995年 | 2005年 | 2018年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全职农民 | 175 | 144 | 167 | 94 | 32 |
| 兼业农民 | 0 | 24 | 103 | 135 | 147 |
| 在本地打工的非农村民(住村) | 0 | 9 | 21 | 91 | 160 |
| 在外地打工的非农村民(居外) | 2 | 7 | 15 | 55 | 59 |
| 其他成年村民(村干部,大学生,残疾、重病等失能人员) | 16 | 19 | 27 | 30 | 42 |
| 合计 | 193 | 203 | 333 | 405 | 440 |
注:统计口径为成年户籍人口;表中数据来自《历城村人口户籍登记表》和重点访谈对象调研。 |
表6 农业村落转型不同阶段的主导作用力Tab. 6 Major driving forces of agricultural settlement in different transformation stages |
| 转型阶段 | 动力因素 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 自然禀赋 | 行为主体 | 城乡互动 | 政策环境 | |
| 缓慢发育阶段 | ++ | -- | -- | ++ |
| 快速成长阶段 | + | ++ | ++ | + |
| 加速重构阶段 | -- | ++ | + | ++ |
注:“++”代表作用力强,“+”表示作用力较强,“--”号表示作用力弱。 |
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