Comprehensive urbanization level and its dynamic factors of five Central Asian countries
Received date: 2019-07-31
Request revised date: 2020-08-25
Online published: 2021-04-25
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20040402)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971209)
Copyright
Central Asia was the main thoroughfare of the ancient Silk Road and is the core hub of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The healthy urbanization process in Central Asian countries will inevitably play a significant role in promoting regional socio-economic progress. In the context of the accelerated development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the urbanization of Central Asian countries. However, the current research does not focus enough on the urbanization of Central Asia; in addition, there is a lack of research on the outward force of urbanization in the era of globalization. This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns and evolution of urbanization from 1991 to 2017, since the independence of the five Central Asian countries, by establishing an evaluation index system at the level of comprehensive urbanization. A fixed-effect panel data regression model is used to analyze the dynamic factors of comprehensive urbanization from the perspective of "internal-external force". The results are as follows: (1) The urbanization process of Central Asian countries is significantly influenced by the political and economic situation and presents periodic characteristics. All the five countries experienced a stagnation development stage at the beginning of independence and a rapid growth stage after the beginning of the 21st century. (2) The differences in the urbanization of Central Asia are obvious, and the evolutionary characteristics of each subsystem of urbanization are different. It is necessary to distinguish and clearly understand the urbanization process of each country in Central Asia. (3) Internal and external factors play a role in the urbanization process of Central Asian countries. The external railway transportation facilities are particularly important for the development of urbanization in these countries. The two outward forces of import and export trade and the introduction of foreign capital have a significant impact on urbanization. (4) Countries with smaller populations and economic scales should participate in international cooperation to promote the healthy development of urbanization. The results of the study indicate that internal and external factors work together in the urbanization process of Central Asian countries, and external forces are particularly important for the development of such urbanization. Central Asian countries need to drive the healthy development of urbanization by establishing high-quality and comprehensive external contacts. The Silk Road Economic Belt supports joint construction and sharing. Therefore, the development of multi-faceted international cooperation with China will bring about advantageous opportunities for the development of urbanization in Central Asia.
MA Haitao , SUN Zhan . Comprehensive urbanization level and its dynamic factors of five Central Asian countries[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021 , 76(2) : 367 -382 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202102009
图1 中亚五国区位示意图注:基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号为GS(2016)1666的标准地图绘制,底图无修改。 Fig. 1 The location of five Central Asia countries |
表1 2018年中亚五国主要经济社会指标对比Tab. 1 Main economic and social indicators in five Central Asia countries in 2018 |
哈萨克斯坦 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 土库曼斯坦 | 塔吉克斯坦 | 吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 中亚地区 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
独立时间 | 1991年12月 | 1991年8月 | 1991年10月 | 1991年9月 | 1991年8月 | - |
国土面积(万km2) | 272.49 | 44.74 | 48.81 | 14.14 | 20.00 | 400.17 |
人口总量(万人) | 1827.65 | 3295.54 | 585.09 | 910.08 | 631.58 | 7249.94 |
城镇化率(%) | 57.43 | 50.48 | 51.59 | 25.23 | 39.10 | 48.16 |
人口密度(人/km2) | 6.77 | 77.47 | 12.45 | 65.57 | 32.93 | 18.47 |
GDP(亿美元) | 1705.39 | 505.00 | 407.61 | 75.23 | 80.93 | 2774.16 |
人均GDP(美元/人) | 9331.05 | 1532.37 | 6966.64 | 826.62 | 1281.36 | 3826.45 |
表2 中亚五国综合城镇化水平评价指标体系Tab. 2 Comprehensive urbanization evaluation index system of five Central Asian countries |
目标层 | 准则层 | 权重 | 指标层 | 单位 | 熵值法权重 | 德尔菲法权重 | 最终权重 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
综合城镇化水平 | 人口城镇化 | 0.278 | 城镇人口占比 | % | 0.052 | 0.130 | 0.091 |
城镇人口增长率 | % | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.070 | |||
非农就业人员占比 | % | 0.057 | 0.177 | 0.117 | |||
经济城镇化 | 0.284 | 人均GDP | 千美元/人 | 0.075 | 0.115 | 0.095 | |
人均工业总产值 | 千美元/人 | 0.056 | 0.122 | 0.089 | |||
非农产值比重 | % | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | |||
社会城镇化 | 0.216 | 人均公共医疗支出 | 美元/人 | 0.075 | 0.105 | 0.090 | |
人均公共教育支出 | 美元/人 | 0.080 | 0.042 | 0.061 | |||
互联网覆盖率 | % | 0.109 | 0.021 | 0.065 | |||
空间城镇化 | 0.222 | 土地城镇化率 | % | 0.126 | 0.044 | 0.085 | |
城镇建成区面积 | km2 | 0.072 | 0.030 | 0.051 | |||
城市路网密度 | m/km2 | 0.129 | 0.043 | 0.086 |
表3 中亚五国城镇化水平的解释变量指标选择Tab. 3 Explanatory variable of urbanization dynamics in five Central Asian countries |
类型 | 指标 | 单位 | 内涵 |
---|---|---|---|
内向力 | 城镇人均收入(PI) | 美元/人 | 城镇化的城市收入拉力 |
人均农业产值(PA) | 美元/人 | 城镇化的乡村收入推力 | |
政府最终消费额(GC) | 万美元 | 城镇化的政府行政力量 | |
市场资本总额(MC) | 万美元 | 城镇化的市场经济力量 | |
外向力 | 实际利用外资(AFC) | 万美元 | 城镇化的外部引资动力 |
商品进出口总额(TMT) | 万美元 | 城镇化的外部贸易动力 | |
内外双向力 | 铁路建设长度(RW) | km | 城镇化的内外交通设施连接动力 |
铁路货运量(RFV) | 百万t×km | 城镇化的内外物流联通动力 |
表4 解释变量数据的协整检验结果Tab. 4 Data cointegration test results |
检验方法 | 检验指标 | t值 | P值 |
---|---|---|---|
Kao检验 | Modified Dickey-Fuller | -2.7650 | 0.0028 |
Dickey-Fuller | -2.1039 | 0.0177 | |
Augmented Dickey-Fuller | -2.6177 | 0.0045 | |
Unadjusted modified Dickey-Fuller | -2.6768 | 0.0037 | |
Unadjusted Dickey-Fuller | -2.0764 | 0.0189 | |
Pedroni检验 | Modified Phillips-Perron | 1.8399 | 0.0329 |
Phillips-Perron | -2.3175 | 0.0102 | |
Augmented Dickey-Fuller | -2.0685 | 0.0193 |
表5 面板数据模型的检验结果Tab. 5 Test results of model assumptions |
检验方法 | 原假设 | F统计 | P值 | 检验结论 |
---|---|---|---|---|
F检验 | 混合模型 | 88.54 | 0.0000 | 固定效应模型 |
Hausman检验 | 随机效应模型 | 230.35 | 0.0000 | 固定效应模型 |
图2 1991—2017年中亚及五国综合城镇化水平的演变Fig. 2 Evolution of comprehensive urbanization level of Central Asia and its five countries during 1991-2017 |
表6 固定效应模型的解释变量系数估计结果Tab. 6 Coefficient estimation results of fixed effects model |
类型 | 变量 | 系数 | T值 | P值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
内向力 | 城镇人均收入(PI) | 0.2813 | 5.18 | 0.000 |
人均农业产值(PA) | -0.2218 | -7.43 | 0.000 | |
政府最终消费额(GC) | 0.2348 | 4.30 | 0.000 | |
市场资本总额(MC) | 0.0612 | 2.45 | 0.016 | |
外向力 | 实际利用外资(AFC) | 0.0806 | 2.11 | 0.017 |
商品进出口总额(TMT) | 0.0937 | 2.27 | 0.007 | |
内外双向力 | 铁路建设长度(RW) | 0.5665 | 4.94 | 0.000 |
铁路货运量(RFV) | 0.0887 | 2.88 | 0.005 | |
常数项 | -13.64932 | -15.89 | 0.000 |
表7 固定效应模型的整体显著性检验结果Tab. 7 Overall estimation of fixed effects model |
F值 | R2-within | R2-between | 整体R2 | P值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
207.25 | 0.9218 | 0.8386 | 0.7365 | 0.0000 |
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