Multi-time scale analysis of water conservation in a discontinuous forest watershed based on SWAT model
Received date: 2019-05-14
Request revised date: 2020-02-10
Online published: 2020-07-25
Supported by
The Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Process and Control on the Loess Plateau, Ministry of Water Resources(2017003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41877167)
Copyright
A method has been developed based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to quantitatively evaluate the water conservation function of forests and its multi-time scale characteristics in a discontinuous forest watershed. Using this method, we have divided hydrological response units (HRU) based on the spatial distribution of forests, and derived a formula to quantify the water conservation in discontinuous forest watershed based on the water balance method. Here we take the Jinjiang River Basin in southeast coastal China as an example. We constructed SWAT model under land use conditions in 2006 and analyzed the temporal variation of forest water conservation in the study river basin under precipitation conditions from 2002 to 2010. The results show that (1) the SWAT model of the study area is of high accuracy, and the hydrological response unit can accurately reflect the distribution of forest patches when the area threshold is zero. The model provides a new method for evaluation of forest water conservation function in the discontinuous forest watershed using a distributed hydrological model. (2) The annual conservation of forest water in the Jinjiang River Basin was 271.41-565.25 mm. The annual conservation function of forest water is relatively stable, and there was no runoff regulation between consecutive years. The monthly conservation ranged from -29.15 mm to 154.59 mm, which is positive for most months of the year. The forest water conservation was positive in extreme precipitation period, and negative in extremely dry period. This demonstrates the function of forest water conservation in retaining rainwater in wet periods to decrease flood in the river and supplying water in dry periods to supplement the flow at the daily scale was more effective than that at the monthly scale.
LIN Feng , CHEN Xingwei , YAO Wenyi , FANG Yihui , DENG Haijun , WU Jiefeng , LIN Bingqing . Multi-time scale analysis of water conservation in a discontinuous forest watershed based on SWAT model[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020 , 75(5) : 1065 -1078 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202005013
表1 3个站点不同时间尺度模型模拟值与实测值的比较Tab. 1 Model performance: calibrated and validated results for annual, monthly and daily runoff for Shilong, Anxi and Shanmei catchments |
| 时间尺度 | 水文站 | 校准期(2002—2006年) | 验证期(2007—2010年) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ens | PBIAS(%) | R2 | Ens | PBIAS(%) | R2 | |||
| 年 | 石垄站 | 0.96 | 7.15 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 5.47 | 0.96 | |
| 安溪站 | 0.96 | -2.4 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 8.2 | 0.96 | ||
| 山美站 | 0.99 | -0.8 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 2.77 | 0.99 | ||
| 月 | 石垄站 | 0.95 | 10.86 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 10.07 | 0.94 | |
| 安溪站 | 0.95 | 1.64 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 12.81 | 0.94 | ||
| 山美站 | 0.97 | 5.43 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 6.87 | 0.99 | ||
| 日 | 石垄站 | 0.87 | 6.87 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 6.07 | 0.83 | |
| 安溪站 | 0.86 | 8.01 | 0.89 | 0.76 | 8.9 | 0.82 | ||
| 山美站 | 0.89 | 2.06 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 3.17 | 0.87 | ||
表2 不同土地利用HRU与实际土地利用面积比较Tab. 2 Comparison of different land use HRUs with actual patches when the area threshold is set to 0. |
| 土地利用 | 实际面积(km2) | 模型概化后的面积(km2) | 实际占流域面积比例(%) | 模型概化后占流域面积比例(%) | HRU 数量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耕地 | 460.33 | 461.55 | 9.13 | 9.15 | 403 |
| 旱地 | 157.31 | 156.30 | 3.12 | 3.10 | 301 |
| 森林 | 2805.87 | 2815.75 | 55.65 | 55.85 | 468 |
| 园地 | 1057.30 | 1061.43 | 20.97 | 21.05 | 448 |
| 建设用地 | 388.23 | 391.55 | 7.70 | 7.77 | 426 |
| 草地 | 39.33 | 39.58 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 199 |
| 水域 | 62.01 | 47.63 | 1.23 | 0.94 | 269 |
| 裸地 | 68.07 | 67.96 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 260 |
| 汇总 | 5042 | 5041.75 | 100 | 100 | 2774 |
图8 森林水源日涵养量和降雨量差异比较Fig. 8 Comparison of daily forest water conservation and rainfall (a: maximum daily value; b: maximum five-day value) |
表4 不同面积阈值取值条件下各土地利用HRU面积比较Tab. 4 Area comparison of land use HRU under different threshold conditions |
| 阈值 | 不同土地利用HRU的面积(km2) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 森林 | 耕地 | 园地 | 建设用地 | 草地 | 旱地 | 裸地 | 水域 | |
| Y000000 | 2805.81 | 460.42 | 1057.05 | 391.71 | 39.44 | 157.23 | 68.23 | 61.86 |
| Y011010 | 2841.36 | 465.21 | 1070.07 | 394.55 | 25.98 | 153.14 | 56.32 | 35.13 |
| Y051010 | 3037.92 | 431.81 | 1137.66 | 338.30 | 2.18 | 70.50 | 21.28 | 2.10 |
| Y101010 | 3276.56 | 347.31 | 1137.16 | 237.83 | 0 | 22.79 | 19.87 | 0.23 |
| Y102010 | 3276.56 | 347.31 | 1137.16 | 237.83 | 0 | 22.79 | 19.87 | 0.23 |
| Y102020 | 3276.56 | 347.31 | 1137.16 | 237.83 | 0 | 22.79 | 19.87 | 0.23 |
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