Xinjiang is one of major cotton production regions in China. Its natural conditions as well as production traditions have been analysed. Considering the land and water resources, the cot-ton production in Xinjiang might reach at 0.533 million hectare and 0.5 million ton. A sugges-tion of spatial allocation strategic has been proposed. 1) The plantation of upland cotton (G hirsutum) with high quality and long-staple cotton (G barbadeuse) should be emphasised in sou-th Xinjiang; A specialized cotton production b0lt along the Yarkant River and the Tarim Riv-er would be established. 2) The production areas of cotton with high quality in north Xinjiang should be strengthened and improved; In the area of Mosauwan-Xiayedi-Chepaizi a specialized cotton production belt will arise. 3) The ultra long-staple cotton plantation region in east Xin-jiang should be steadily enlarged.