Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City: The Activity and Living Space
Received date: 2009-08-08
Revised date: 2010-06-06
Online published: 2010-10-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40701041; The Sumitomo Foundation: Japan-Related Research Projects (2008); Project of the 11th Five-Year Plan of Philosophy and Social Science of Guangdong Planning (2009)
Market reform and opening-up policies stimulate the rapid and sustained growth of the foreign trade in some coastal cities of China, and bring a large number of foreigners into China for business. Japanese transnational migrants, especially, is an important group in this trend. This paper focuses on the Japanese expatriates in Guangzhou, taking Garden Hotel, Guangdong International Hotel and CITIC Plaza as study spots. It mainly makes efforts to shed light on the features of their living space as well as the underlying mechanism. After a short description of Guangzhou's exporting economy, the booming of Japanese-funded enterprises is examined. Under a macroscopic lens, based on the data sourced from real estate agents, eight Japanese 'spots agglomeration' were identified: Huadu, Baiyun-Liuhua, Huanshidong, Tianhebei, Zhujiang New Town, Ersha island, Panyu and Zengcheng, where at least hundreds of Japanese are living in the relatively agglomerated areas. On the other hand, under a microscopic and experience scale, this study uses both questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as the main methods. Questionnaires target on Japanese expatriates and their wives (housewives) who are now living or working in the foregoing three study spots, inquiries range from living conditions, daily consumption, commuting, and education to social intercourse. A total of 34 questionnaires have been collected and available. Moreover, 14 semi-structured interviews in total have been conducted. It is shown that Japanese expatriates in Guangzhou, whose characteristics are reflected by the typical individual daily life, have been transforming into an isolated ethnic group. There are two pivotal factors for this result: one is due to the institutional restrictions which originated from the lack of multi-language environment, policy/law and social welfare system for immigrants, which hinder the social integration of Japanese expatriates in China. The other is owing to the differences in cultural identity originated from the habits/customs and national characteristics of Japanese, which forces them to form their own "small community", and retards the social assimilation to the host society.
LIU Yungang, TAN Yuwen, ZHOU Wenting . Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City: The Activity and Living Space[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010 , 65(10) : 1173 -1186 . DOI: 10.11821/xb201010003
[1] Castells M. The Rise of The Networked Society. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000: 130-132.
[2] Yeoh B S A, Willis K. Singaporeans in China: Transnational women elites and the negotiation of gender identities. Geoforum, 2005, 36(2): 211-222.
[3] Gu Yu, Chen Di. Foreigners pursue their dreams in China. Chronicle Beijing, 2007, 16(12): 8-9.
[谷雨, 陈笛. 世界各地 移民到中国追梦. 北京纪事, 2007, 16(12): 8-9.]
[4] Southern China Morning Post. A total of 180 thousand foreigners with employment permits working in China, 2007. http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngzb/html/2007-06/01/content_489171.htm (Accessed 2010-06-22).
[南国早报. 18 万“洋 打工”: 中国就业新大军, 2007. http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngzb/html/2007-06/01/content_489171.htm (访问日期: 2010-06-22)]
[5] Ministry of Labor and Social Security, National Bureau of Statistics (China). Statistical Communiqué on Labor and Social Security, 2009. http://w1.mohrss.gov.cn/gb/zwxx/2010-05/21/content_382330.htm (Accessed: 2010-06-22).
[人力资源和社会保障部, 国家统计局. 2009 年度劳动和社会保障事业发展统计公报, http://w1.mohrss.gov.cn/gb/zwxx/ 2010-05/21/content_382330.htm (2010-06-22).]
[6] Shanghai Bureau of Statistics. Statistics of resident foreigners in Shanghai (2005-2007). Shanghai Statistical Yearbook (2008). Shanghai: Shanghai Bureau of Statistics, 2008.
[上海市统计局. 在沪外国常住人口(2005-2007). 上海统计年 鉴2008. 上海: 上海市统计局, 2008.]
[7] Huang Shiding, Ning Chaoqiao. Report on the living conditions of foreigners in Guangzhou//Tang Yingwu, Jiang Nianyun//Annual Report on Social Development of Guangzhou in China (2008). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2008: 230-244.
[黄石鼎, 宁超乔. 在穗外国人生活状况调研报告//中国广州社会发展报告(2008). 北京: 社会 科学文献出版社, 2008: 230-244.]
[8] Massey D S, Arango J, Hugo G et al. Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998: 1-10.
[9] Wei Qi. Comparative research on foreigners management system. Journal of Political Science and Law, 2006, 23(5): 91-96.
[魏琪. 外国人管理制度比较. 政法学刊, 2006, 23(5): 91-96.]
[10] UN, Social and Human Sciences. Migration and integration: Some basic concepts. http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev. php-URL_ID=3020&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (2010-06-22).
[11] Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Chinese Permanent Resident Examination and Approval Measures. Decree No.74 released in Aug 15 2004. http://news.xinhuanet.com/ zhengfu/2004-08/20/content_1835486.htm (Accessed: 2010-06-22).
[中国公安部、外交部. 外国人在中国永久居留审 批管理办法. 公安部、外交部第74 号令, http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2004-08/20/content_1835486.htm (2010-06-22)]
[12] Yao Huasong, Xu Xueqiang. Progress of research on migration in Western countries. World Regional Studies, 2008, 17 (1): 154-166.
[姚华松, 许学强. 西方人口迁移研究进展. 世界地理研究, 2008, 17(1): 154-166.]
[13] Zhang Xiaoqing. Evaluation of theories on international migration. Population Journal, 2001, 127(3): 41-45.
[张晓青. 国际人口迁移理论述评. 人口学刊, 2001, 127(3): 41-45.]
[14] Arango J, Huang Weiwei. Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. International Social Science Journal, 2001, 18(3): 35-46.
[华金·阿郎戈, 黄为葳. 移民研究评析. 国际社会科学杂志, 2001, 18(3): 35-46.]
[15] Park R E, Burgess E W, Janowitz M. The city: Suggestions for investigation of human behavior in the urban environment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. (originally published in 1915). The American Journal of Sociology, 1915, 20(5): 577-612.
[16] Zhou Yu. Beyond ethnic enclaves: Location strategies of Chinese producer service firms in Los Angeles. Economic Geography, 1998, 74(3): 228-251.
[17] White P. The Settlement patterns of developed world migrants in London. Urban Studies, 1998, 35(10): 1725-1744.
[18] Cohen R. The new international division of labour, multinational corporations and the urban hierarchy//Dear M J, Scott A J//Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society. London: Methuen, 1981: 287-318.
[19] Kofman E. The invisibility of skilled female migrants and gender relation in studies of skilled migration in Europe. Interantional Journal of Population Geography, 2000, 6(1): 45-59.
[20] Iredale R. The migration of professionals: Theories and typologies. International Migration, 2001, 39(5):7-26.
[21] Beaverstock J V. Transnational elites in global cities: British expatriates in Singapore's financial district. Geoforum, 2002, 33(4): 525-538.
[22] Koser K, Salt J. The geography of highly skilled international migration. International Journal of Population Geography, 1997, 3(4): 285-303.
[23] Beaverstock J V, Smith R G, Taylor P J. A roster of world cities. Cities, 1996, 16(6): 445-458.
[24] Sassen S. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. 2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 2001: 3-13.
[25] Consular and Migration Policy Division, Consular Affairs Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (2007). Tokyo: National Printing Bureau, 2008.
[日本外务省领事 局政策课. 海外在留邦人数統計(平成19 年版). 东京: 国立印刷局, 2008.]
[26] Liu Yungang, Tan Yuwen. Trends of Japanese migration in the world and China//The Proceeding of the Third Annual Conference of Space and Behavior Research. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2009: 136-144.
[刘云刚, 谭宇文. 全球化背 景下日本海外移民的动态研究. 第三次空间与行为研究会论文集. 上海: 同济大学, 2009: 136-144.]
[27] He Yaping, Luo Keren. An empirical study on cross-border migration and population flow in Shanghai: A case study on Japanese living in Shanghai and Chinese returned from Japan. Journal of SJTU: Philosophy and Social Sciences, 2007, 54(2): 53-60.
[何亚平, 骆克任. 上海跨国迁移与流动人口的实证研究: 以在沪日本人和赴日返沪人员为例. 上 海交通大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2007, 54(2): 53-60.]
[28] Chen Zu'en. Early cultural activities of Japanese residents in Shanghai. Archives and History, 2001, (2): 35-40.
[陈祖恩. 早期上海日本居留民的文化活动. 档案与史学, 2001, (2): 35-40.]
[29] Glebe G. Segregation and intra-urban mobility of a high status ethnic group: The case of the Japanese in Düsseldorf. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1986, 9(4): 461-483.
[30] Glebe G. Segregation and the ethnoscape: The Japanese business community in Dusseldorf//Goodman R, Peach C, Takenaka A. Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003: 98-115.
[31] White P. The Japanese in London: From transience to settlement?//Goodman R, Peach C, Takenaka A//Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003: 79-97.
[32] White P, Hurdley L. International migration and the housing market: Japanese corporate movers in London. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(4): 687-706.
[33] Ben-Ari E. Globalization, "Folk Models" of the world order and national identity: Japanese business expatriates in Singapore//Reader I, Soderberg M//Japan in Asia. London: Curzon Press, 1998: 51-77.
[34] Ben-Ari E. "Not-Precisely-Work": Golf, entertainment and imbibement among Japanese business executives in Singapore//Clammer J, Ben-Ari E. Japan in Singapore: Cultural Presences. Richmond: Curzon Press, 2000: 150-174.
[35] Ben-Ari E. Global Talk? Discourse and cognition among Japanese business managers in Singapore//Clammer J, Ben-Ari E//Japan in Singapore: Cultural Presences. Richmond: Curzon Press, 2000: 37-62.
[36] Ben-Ari E. The Japanese in Singapore: The dynamics of an expatriate community//Goodman R, Peach C, Takenaka A. Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 116-130.
[37] Thang L L, MacLachlan E, Goda M. Expatriates on the margins: A study of Japanese women working in Singapore. Geoforum, 2002, 33(4): 539-551.
[38] Thang L L, MacLachlan E, Goda M. Living in "my space": Japanese working women in Singapore. Geographical Science, 2006, 61(3): 156-171.
[39] Nakazawa T, Yui Y, Kamiya H et al. Experience of international migration and Japanese identity: A study of locally hired Japanese women in Singapore. Geographical Review of Japan, 2007, 81(3): 95-120.
[中澤高志, 由井義通, 神谷 浩夫等. 海外就職の経験と日本人としてのアイデンティティ. (日) 地理学評論, 2007, 81(3): 95-120.]
[40] Sakai C. The Japanese community in Hong Kong in the 1990s: The diversity of strategies and intentions//Goodman R, Peach C, Takenaka A. Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003: 131-146.
[41] Sakai J. Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora. London: Routledge, 2000: 85-118.
[42] Befu H, Stalker N. Globalization of Japan: Cosmopolitanization or spread of the Japanese village?//Befu H//Japan Engaging the World: A Century of International Encounter. Japan Studies. No.1. Teikyo Loretto Heights University: Center for Japan Studies, 1996: 101-120.
[43] Machimura T. Living in a transnational community within a multi-ethnic city: Making a localised 'Japan' in Los Angeles//Goodman R, Peach C, Takenaka A. Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003: 147-156.
[44] Guangzhou Bureau of Statistics. Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook (2008). Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2008.
[广州统 计局. 广州市统计年鉴2008. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2008.]
[45] Consular and Migration Policy Division,Consular Affairs Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (1995-2007). Tokyo: National Printing Bureau, 2008.
[日本外务省领事局 政策课. 海外在留邦人数統計(1995-2007). 东京: 国立印刷局, 2008.]
[46] Li Zhigang, Xue Desheng, Lyons M et al. The African enclave of Guangzhou: A case study of Xiaobeilu. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(2): 207-218.
[李志刚, 薛德升, Lyons M等. 广州小北路黑人聚居区社会空间分析. 地理 学报, 2008, 63(2): 207-218.]
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |