Received date: 2007-05-14
Revised date: 2007-12-15
Online published: 2008-06-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.50608033; No.40601033; National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Youths of China, No.40125003
Guangzhou had been one of the most important foreign trade harbors before the Qing Dynasty. Port market, foreign trade, cultural diversity and the "Fan Fang (the authorized residential cluster for foreigners)" etc. had exerted a significant impact on the urban socio-spatial structure. In the earlier Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was designated as the only foreign trade harbor, which promoted the flourish of transnational trade. The "Xi Guan (the outside of the west gate of Guangzhou)" and the southern area close to the Pearl River attracted the local rich and foreign traders for living, while the inner city was mainly occupied by the Man nationality and the Han nationality, and the former with higher social status was more privileged in residential choice etc. In general, Guangzhou had a "dual-core" socio-spatial structure, that is, the rich in the western part and the bureaucracy in the eastern part. The "Xi Guan" and "Nan Guan (close to the Pearl River)" were better-off due to their closeness to the Pearl River and the transnational trade. Meanwhile, the old inner city had been the feudal official area and the residence for the bureaucracy and the aristocrat. This is the evolutional path of socio-spatial differentiation of Guangzhou. For the "Xi Guan" in the later Qing Dynasty, it could be sorted into the weaving factories for the workers, the newly-built residences for the local rich and the transnational trade district for the foreign traders, which had some characteristics of the colonial trade harbor city. By and large, the natural conditions had affected the urban sprawl; the designation of the only foreign trade harbor made Xi Guan become the merchant and tradesmen district, the inner city was the upper scholar-officials district. All of these could contribute to the formation of urban socio-spatial structure of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty.
Key words： urban socio-spatial structure; Guangzhou; the Qing Dynasty
WEI Lihua,YAN Xiaopei, LIU Yuting . The Socio- spatial Structur e of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008 , 63(6) : 613 -624 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200806006
[1] Ban Gu (The Han Dynasty) (ed.). The Han Shu. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, 1670.
[(汉) 班固撰, (唐) 颜 师古注. 汉书. 北京: 中华书局, 1962, 1670.]
[2] Gu Yanwu (The Qing Dynasty) ed. Tian Xia Jun Guo Li Bing Shu Bu Fen Juan. In: Xu Xiu Si Ku Quan Shu·597·Shi Bu·Di Li Lei, Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Press, 2003. 381-383.
[(清) 顾炎武撰. 天下郡国利病书不分卷. 见: 续修四库 全书·597·史部·地理类, 续修四库全书编篡委员会编. 上海: 上海古籍出版社, 2003. 381-383.]
[3] Zuo Zheng. Guangzhou: The Developing Economic Center in South China. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press, 2003. 7.
[左正. 广州: 发展中的华南经济中心. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 2003. 7.]
[4] Shen Guangyao. The History on the Foreign Trade in Ancient China. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press, 1985, 147-152, 311-316.
[沈光耀. 中国古代对外贸易史. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 1985. 147-152; 311-316.]
[5] Lu Shan. Study of harbor city of the Song Dynasty. Huazhong Architecture, 2002, 20(5): 100-102, 106.
[卢山. 宋代港 市发展初探. 华中建筑, 2002, 20(5): 100-102, 106.]
[6] Lu Shan. Port city and culture in the Song Dynasty. Urban Planning Review, 2004, 28(5): 68-70.
[卢山. 宋代港市与文 化.城市规划, 2004, 28(5): 68-70.]
[7] Wang Mingming. The lost prosperity: A study on an old city from the view of the historical anthropology. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Press, 1999. 74-77.
[王铭铭. 逝去的繁荣: 一座老城的历史人类学考察. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社, 1999. 74-77.]
[8] Huang Qichen ed. The Sea Silk Road in Guangdong. Guangzhou: Guangdong Economy Book Concern, 2003. 535-538.
[黄启臣. 广东海上丝绸之路. 广州: 广东经济出版社, 2003. 535-538.]
[9] Williams S W. The Chinese commercial guide. In: Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China (the 1st vol.). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1962. 545-548.
[威廉姆斯. 中国贸易指南. 见: 中国近代对外贸易史资料 (第1 册). 北京: 中华书局, 1962. 545-548.]
[10] Chen Daiguang. The History of the Guangzhou Development. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press, 1997. 325-328.
[陈代 光. 广州城市发展史. 广州: 暨南大学出版社, 1997. 325-328.]
[11] Huang Foyi ed. Records on Urban Construction of Guangzhou. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press, 1994. 7, 23-25, 533-534, 635-636, 667, 688.
[黄佛颐编篡. 仇江, 郑力民, 迟以武点注. 广州城坊志. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 1994. 7, 23-25, 533-534, 635-636, 667, 688.]
[12] Zhao Shiyu, Zhou Shangyi. The structure of the urban social space in the Ming-Qing Beijing. Journal of Historical Science, 2001, (2): 112-119.
[赵世瑜, 周尚意. 明清北京城市社会空间结构概说. 史学月刊, 2001, (2): 112-119.]
[13] Ma Qiang. The development orientating consciousness of the Muslim intellectuals in Guangzhou City in the Period of Republic of China. Northwest Minorities Research, 2003, (4): 95-102.
[马强. 民国时期广州穆斯林文人的忧患意识. 西北民族研究, 2003, (4): 95-102.]
[14] Liu Fengyun. Lanes, blocks and communities in the Ming-Qing Dynasty. Journal of Renmin University of China, 2001 (2): 111-117.
[刘凤云. 明清城市的坊巷与社区: 兼论传统文化在城市空间的折射. 中国人民大学学报, 2001(2): 111-117.]
[15] Deng Yi, Mao Qizhi. Quantification analysis of the formation of the community pattern in the old city of Beijing: Based on Qianlong Map. City Planning Review, 2004, 28(5): 61-67.
[邓奕, 毛其智. 北京旧城社区形态构成的量化分 析: 对《乾隆京城全图》的解读. 城市规划, 2004, 28(5): 61-67.]
[16] Skinner G W. The urban social structure in the Qing Dynasty. In: Skinner G W (ed.). The City in Late Imperial China. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2002. 565-593, 623-662.
[施坚雅. 清代中国的城市社会结构. 见: 施坚雅 主编, 中华帝国晚期的城市. 北京: 中华书局, 2002. 565-593, 623-662.]
[17] Belsky R. The urban ecology of late imperial Beijing reconsidered: The transformation of social space in China's late imperial capital city. Journal of Urban History, 2000, 27(1): 54-74.
[18] Edward J M. The chamber of commerce of Guangzhou in 1895-1911. In: Erwin M, Skinner G W (eds.). The Chinese City between the Two Worlds. California: Stanford University Press, 1974. 101-102.
[爱德华·J·M. 1895-1911 年的广 州商会. 见: 马克·埃尔文, 施坚雅. 两个世界之间的中国城市. 加利福尼亚: 斯坦福大学出版社, 1974. 101-102.]
[19] Dong Wei. The urban regime, urban renewal and danwei community: The market economy and the evolution of the urban regime in the contemporary China. Architectural Journal, 1996, (12): 40-43.
[董卫. 城市制度、城市更新与单 位社会: 市场经济以及当代中国城市制度的变迁. 建筑学报, 1996, (12): 40-43.]
[20] Zhang Hongyan. The general characteristics of the economical development in feudal Chinese city. Study of Chinese History, 1997, (3): 3-12.
[张鸿雁. 论中国封建城市经济发展的总体特点. 中国史研究, 1997, (3): 3-12.]
[21] Zeng Zhaoxuan, Pan Guofan. The historical geography of Guangzhou City before the Song Dynasty. Lingnan Culture and History, 1984, (1): 55-69.
[曾昭璇, 潘国璠. 宋代以前广州城历史地理. 岭南文史, 1984, (1): 55-69.]
[22] Zhu Xiaolei. A research approach of urban design with local characteristics. City Planning Review, 2002, 26(9): 72-76;84.
[朱小雷. 一种地域性城市设计的研究思路. 城市规划, 2002, 26(9): 72-76; 84.]
[23] Qiu Jie. Guangzhou merchant and Hong Kong in the late Qing Dynasty. Journal of Sun Yat-Sen University (Social Science Edition), 2002, 42(2): 15-24.
[邱捷. 清末的广州商人与香港. 中山大学学报(社会科学版), 2002, 42(2): 15-24.]
[24] Zhang Shen. Urban residential right for foreign merchants in the Song Dynasty. Open Times, 2002, (6): 62-68.
[章深. 宋代外商城市居住权探析. 开放时代, 2002, (6): 62-68.]
[25] Lower S. Inside Third World Cities. London: Croom Helm, 1986. 211-214.
[26] Fei Xiaotong. The Selected Works of Fei Xiaotong. Tianjin: Tianjin People's Press, 1988. 312.
[费孝通. 费孝通选集. 天津: 天津人民出版社, 1988. 312.]
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |