YANG Xin,TANG Guo-an,LIU Xue-jun,LI Fa-yuan,ZHU Shi-jie . Digital Terrain Analysis: Theory,Method and Application[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009 , 64(9) : 1058 -1070 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200909004

[1] Zhou Qiming, Liu Xuejun. Digital Terrain Analysis. Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
[周启鸣, 刘学军. 数字地形分析. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006.]

[2] Liu Xuejun. On the accuracy of the algorithms for interpreting grid-based digital terrain model
[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2002.
[刘学军. 基于规则格网数字高程模型解译算法误差分析与评价
[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2002.]

[3] Tang Guoan. A Research on the Accuracy of Digital Elevation Models. Beijing: Science Press, 2000.

[4] Li Zhilin, Zhu Qing. Digital Elevation Model. Wuhan: Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, 2000.
[李志林, 朱庆. 数字高程模型. 武汉: 武汉测绘科技大学出版社, 2000.]

[5] Florinsky I V. Accuracy of local topographic variables derived from digital elevation models. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1998, 12(1): 47-61.

[6] Wang Jiayao, Cui Tiejun, Miao Guoqiang. Digital elevation model and data structure. Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, 2004, 24(3): 1-4.
[王家耀, 崔铁军, 苗国强. 数字高程模型及其数据结构. 海洋测绘, 2004, 24(3): 1-4.]

[7] Wang Chun. Research on features preserved-DEM and its construction methods
[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2008.
[王春. 特征嵌入式数字高程模型F-DEM及其构建研究
[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2008.]

[8] http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp

[9] http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/

[10] Tang Guoan, Liu Xuejun, Lu Guonian. Digital Elevation Model and Principles and Methodology in Geographical Analysis. Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
[汤国安, 刘学军, 闾国年. 数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006.]

[11] Zou Baojun. Principles of Small Geomorphology. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1985.
[邹豹君. 小地貌学原理. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1985.]

[12] Zhou Qiming, Liu Xuejun. Analysis of errors of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties. Computers & Geosciences, 2004, 30(4): 369-378.

[13] Liu Xuejun, Gong Jianya, Zhou Qiming et al. Research on error of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2004, 12(6): 1-6.
[刘学军, 龚健雅, 周启鸣 等. DEM结构特征对坡度坡向的影响分析. 地理与地理信息科学, 2004, 12(6): 1-6.]

[14] Qin Chengzhi, Zhu Axing, Li Baolin et al. Taxonomy of slope positions and quantification of their spatial distribution information. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2009, 34(3): 374-378.
[秦承志, 朱阿兴, 李宝林 等. 坡位的分类及其空间分布信息的定量化. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2009, 34(3): 374-378.]

[15] Tu Hanming, Liu Zhendong. Study on relief amplitude in China. Acta Geodaetic et Cartographica Sinica, 1991, 20(4): 311-319.
[涂汉明, 刘振东. 中国地势起伏度研究. 测绘学报, 1991, 20(4): 311-319.]

[16] Zhou Yanlian, Sun Xiaomin, Zhu Zhilin. Comparative research on four typical surface roughness length calculation methods. Geographical Research, 2007, 26(15): 887-896.
[周艳莲, 孙晓敏, 朱治林. 几种典型地表粗糙度计算方法的比较研究. 地理研究, 2007, 26(15): 887-896.]

[17] Zhang Qian. A research on terrain information capacity of different spatial scales DEMs in Loess Plateau
[D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2006.
[张茜. 黄土高原不同空间尺度DEM的地形信息量研究
[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2006.]

[18] Wang Lei, Tang Guoan, Liu Xuejun et al. Terrain complexity index and its derivation from DEMs. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 24(4): 55-58.
[王雷, 汤国安, 刘学军 等. DEM地形复杂度指数及提取方法研究, 水土保持通报, 2004, 24(4): 55-58.]

[19] Li Fayuan, Tang Guoan. DEM based research on the terrain driving force of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. In Geoinformatics 2006: Geospatial Information Science, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6420.

[20] Jiao Chaowei, Zhao Mudan. Study and prospect of orographic factor of regional soil and water loss. Yellow River, 2006, 28(4): 58-60.
[焦超卫, 赵牡丹. 区域水土流失地形因子的研究与展望. 人民黄河, 2006, 28(4): 58-60.]

[21] Yang Qinke, Zhao Mudan, Liu Yongmei et al. Application of DEMs in regional soil erosion modeling. Geomatics World, 2009, 2(1): 25-31, 45.
[杨勤科, 赵牡丹, 刘咏梅 等. DEM与区域土壤侵蚀地形因子研究. 地理信息世界, 2009, 2(1): 25-31, 45.]

[22] Wood J D. The geomorphological characterisation of digital elevation models. University of Leicester, UK, Doctoral Thesis, http: //www.soi.city.ac.uk/~jwo/phd.

[23] Luo Mingliang. Research on terrain feature point cluster based on DEMs
[D]. Chengdu: Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, 2008.
[罗明良. 基于DEM的地形特征点簇研究
[D]. 成都: 中科院成都山地灾害与环境研究所, 2008.]

[24] Qu Junhao, Cheng Jiulong, Cui Xianguo et al. Automatic extraction for ridge and valley by vertical sectional method. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2007, 32(5): 30-31, 93.
[曲均浩, 程久龙, 崔先国 等. 垂直剖面法自动提取山脊线和山谷线. 测绘科学, 2007, 32(5): 30-31, 93.]

[25] Yang Zuqiao, Guo Qingsheng, Niu Jiping et al. A study on multi-scale DEM representation and topographic feature line extraction. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2005, 34(2): 134-137.
[杨族桥, 郭庆胜, 牛冀平 等. DEM多尺度表达与地形结构线提取研究. 测绘学报, 2005, 34(2): 134-137.]

[26] Tang Guoan, Liu Xuejun, Bian Lu et al. Landform skeleton reconstruction from unorganized points. Second International Conference on Space Information Technology, SPIE, 2007, 6795: 67953C, DOI: 10.1117/12.774017.

[27] Wu Yanlan, Hu Peng, Wang Lehui. Extracting terrain feature lines based on map algebra. Journal of Geomatics, 2006, 31(2): 15-17.
[吴艳兰, 胡鹏, 王乐辉. 基于地图代数的山脊线和山谷线提取方法. 测绘信息与工程, 2006, 31(2): 15-17.]

[28] Liu Xuejun, Jin Bei, Wang Yanfang. Similarity analysis of flowrote algorithms for extracting drainage network from grid-based terrain model. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(6): 1347-1357.
[刘学军，晋蓓，王彦芳. DEM流经算法的相似性分析. 地理研究, 2008, 27(6): 1347-1357.]

[29] Zhu Ying. Key technique issues in constructing of meshfree DEM
[D]. Nanjing: Nangjing Normal University, 2009.
[朱莹. 无网格数字高程模型构建关键技术研究
[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2009.]

[30] Ai Tinghua, Zhu Guorui, Zhang Genshou. Extraction of landform features and organization of valley tree structure based on delaunay triangulation model. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2003, 7(4): 292-299.
[艾廷华, 祝国瑞, 张根寿. 基于Delaunay三角网模型的等高线地形特征提取及谷地树结构化组织. 遥感学报, 2003, 7(4): 292-299.]

[31] Zhu Hongchun, Tang Guoan, Zhang Youshun et al. Thalweg in loess hill area based on DEM. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 23(5): 43-45.
[朱红春, 汤国安, 张友顺 等. 基于DEM提取黄土丘陵区沟沿线. 水土保持通报, 2003, 23(5): 43-45.]

[32] Lu Guonian, Qian Yadong, Chen Zhongming. Study of automated extraction of shoulder line of valley from grid digital elevation data. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1998, 18(6): 567-573.
[闾国年, 钱亚东, 陈忠明. 基于栅格数字高程模型自动提取黄土地貌沟沿线技术研究. 地理科学, 1998, 18(6): 567-573.]

[33] Liu Pengju, Zhu Qingke. Automated extraction of shoulder line of valleys based on flow paths from grid Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(4): 72-76.
[刘鹏举, 朱清科. 基于栅格DEM与水流路径的黄土区沟缘线自动提取技术研究. 北京林业大学学报, 2006, 28(4): 72-76.]

[34] Xiao Chenchao, Tang Guoan. Classification of valley shoulder line in loess relief. Arid　Land　Geography, 2007, 30(5): 646-653.
[肖晨超, 汤国安. 黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分. 干旱区地理, 2007, 30(5): 646-653.]

[35] Liu Xuejun, Lu Huaxing, Bian Lu et al. Comparison of algorithms for extracting drainage network from grid based digital elevation model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(9): 1134-1141.
[刘学军, 卢华兴, 卞璐 等. 基于DEM的河网提取算法的比较. 水利学报, 2006, 37(9): 1134-1141.]

[36] Liu Xuejun, Bian Lu, Lu Huaxing et al. The accuracy assessment on slope algorithms with dem error spatial autocorrelation. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2008, 37(2): 200-207.
[刘学军, 卞璐, 卢华兴 等. 顾及DEM误差自相关的坡度计算模型精度分析. 测绘学报, 2008, 37(2): 200-207.]

[37] Li Shuangcheng, Gao Weiming, Zhou Qiaofu et al. Multi-scale spatial analysis on NDVI and topographical factors using wavelet transform. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(12): 4198-4203.
[李双成, 高伟明, 周巧富 等. 基于小波变换的NDVI与地形因子多尺度空间相关分析. 生态学报2006, 26(12): 4198-4203.]

[38] Chen Yao, Xu Xiao, Zhang Deran et al. Correlations between vegetation distribution and topographical factors in the northwest of Longmen Mountain, Sichuan Province. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2006, 25(9): 1052-1055.
[陈瑶, 胥晓, 张德然 等. 四川龙门山西北部植被分布与地形因子的相关性. 生态学杂志, 2006, 25(9): 1052-1055.]

[39] Zhang Ting, Tang Guoan, Wang Chun et al. Correlation of quantitative terrain factors in gully hill areas of China Loess Plateau. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 467-471.
[张婷, 汤国安, 王春 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区地形定量因子的关联性分析. 地理科学, 2005, 25(4): 467-471.]

[40] Tang Guoan, Zhao Mudan, Li Tianwen et al. Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels: A case study in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2003, 13(4): 387-394.

[41] Yang Qing, Shi Yuguang, Yuan Yujiang et al. Temperature and precipitation series in the tianshan mountains calculated based on DEM. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2006, 28(3): 337-343.
[杨青, 史玉光, 袁玉江 等. 基于DEM 的天山山区气温和降水序列推算方法研究. 冰川冻土, 2006, 28(3): 337-343.]

[42] Zhu Lifen, Tian Yongzhong, Yue Tianxiang et al. Simulation of solar radiation on ground surfaces based on 1 km grid-cells. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2005, 21(5): 16-20.
[朱莉芬, 田永中, 岳天祥 等. 基于1 km 栅格DEM的地表太阳辐射模拟. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(5): 16-20.]

[43] Wang Jinglei, Sun Jingsheng. A method for evaluation crop water requirements based on digital elevation model (DEM). Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2005, 24(5): 36-39.
[王景雷, 孙景生. 基于DEM的作物需水量估算方法. 灌溉排水学报, 2005, 24(5): 36-39.]

[44] Sun Jianguang, Li Baoguo, Lu Qi. Temporal-spatial analysis of water and cause of desertification in gonghe basin in qinghai province. Resources Science, 2004, 26(6): 55-61.
[孙建光, 李保国, 卢琦. 青海共和盆地水分的时空变化及其荒漠化成因分析. 资源科学, 2004, 26(6): 55-61.]

[45] Zhu Kui, Zhang Xiangwei, Xia Jun et al. Simulation of groundwater level distribution in a large area using digital elevation model as auxiliary information. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, (11): 15-22.
[朱奎, 张祥伟, 夏军 等. 利用DEM作为辅助信息推定大区域地下水初始流场. 水利学报, 2004, (11): 15-22.]

[46] Tang Guoan, Li Fayuan, Liu Xuejun et al. Research on the slope spectrum of the Loess Plateau. Science in China: Series E, 2008, 51(1): 175-185.

[47] Qumu Weizhen. Research on watershed boundary spectrums and their spatial variance based on DEMs: Taking loessial landform as a case study
[D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2008.
[曲木威振. 基于DEM的流域边界谱及空间分异研究: 以在黄土地貌的研究为例
[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2008.]

[48] Liu Changshun, Du Lijuan. Application of Arcview for calculating earthwork in land consolidation project. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2003, 19(2): 224-226.
[柳长顺, 杜丽娟. Arcview 在土地整理项目土方量计算中的运用. 农业工程学报, 2003, 19(2): 224-226.]

[49] Mi Hongyan. Contrast and analysis of reservoir storage calculation methods. Surveying and Mapping of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2007, 23(2): 1-4.
[米鸿燕. 静库容计算方法的比较分析. 地矿测绘, 2007, 23(2): 1-4.]

[50] Ding Zhixiong. Method for flood submergence analysis based on GIS grid model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2003, 7(4): 56-61.
[丁志雄. 基于GIS格网模型的洪水淹没分析方法. 水利学报, 2003, 7(4): 56-61.]

[51] Wei Li, Yin Jianmin, Huang Shu'e et al. Remote sensing investigation of environmental resources and comprehensive climate division. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2003, 14(6): 715-723.
[魏丽, 殷剑敏, 黄淑娥 等. 贵溪市植被资源遥感调查和综合气候区划. 应用气象学报, 2003, 14(6): 715-723.]

[52] Duan Sibo, Yan Guangjian, Mu Xihan et al. DEM based remotely sensed imagery topographic correction method in mountainous areas. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2007, 23(6): 18-22.
[段四波, 阎广建, 穆西晗 等. 基于DEM 的山区遥感图像地形校正方法. 地理与地理信息科学, 2007, 23(6): 18-22.]

[53] Zhang Ting, Liu Jun, Luo Huiqin. The Facture of 1:10000 DEM and Orthorectification of SPORT-5 Satellite Data. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2004, 19(5): 420-423.
[张婷, 刘军, 骆慧琴. 1:1万DEM的生成及SPOT-5卫星数据正射校正. 遥感技术与应用, 2004, 19(5): 420-423.]

[54] Li Zhilin. Sampling strategy and accuracy assessment for digital elevation modelling
[D]. Scotland, UK: University of Glasgow, 1990.

[55] L?仵pez C. Locating some types of random errors in digital terrain models. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1997, 11(7): 677-698.

[56] Wang Guangxia, Zhu Changqing, Shi Wenzhong et al. The further study on the accuracy of DEM terrain representation. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2004, 33(2): 168-173.
[王光霞, 朱长青, 史文中 等. 数字高程模型地形描述精度的研究. 测绘学报, 2004, 33(2): 168-173.]

[57] Liu H, Jezek K C. Investigating DEM error patterns by directional variograms and fourier analysis. Geographical Analysis, 1999, 31(3): 249-266.

[58] Wang Yaoge, Wang Zhiwei, Zhu Changqing. Analysis of digital terrain error based on spatial autocorrelation. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(12): 1259-1262.
[王耀革, 王志伟, 朱长青. DEM误差的空间自相关特征分析. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2008, 33(12): 1259-1262.]

[59] Wang Zhiwei. The study and application of DEM error model based on the reconstructed contours
[D]. Zhengzhou: PLA Information Engineering University, 2007.
[王志伟. 基于重构等高线的DEM误差模型研究及应用
[D]. 郑州: 解放军信息工程大学, 2007.]

[60] Wang Yaoge, Zhu Changqing, Wang Xin. The propagation error analysis of grid DEM based on many points. Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 2008, 25(6): 436-439.
[王耀革, 朱长青, 王鑫. 基于多点的规则格网DEM的传递误差分析. 测绘科学技术学报, 2008, 25(6): 436-439.]

[61] Kraus K. Local accuracy measures for digital terrain models. The Photogrammetric Record, 2006, 21(116): 342-354.

[62] Zhu Changqing, Wang Zhiwei, Liu Haiyan. Accuracy evaluation model of DEM based on reconstructed contours. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(2): 153-156.
[朱长青, 王志伟, 刘海砚. 基于重构等高线的DEM精度评估模型. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2008, 33(2): 153-156.]

[63] Zhao Mei. A research on quality evaluation system for the terrain simulation model
[D]. Zhengzhou: PLA Information Engineering University, 2007.
[赵美. 地形仿真模型质量评价体系的研究
[D]. 郑州: 解放军信息工程大学, 2007.]

[64] Liu Xuejun, Lu Huaxing. Scale issues in digital terrain analysis and terrain modeling. Geographical Research, 2007, 26(3): 433-442.
[刘学军, 卢华兴. 论DEM地形分析中的尺度问题. 地理研究, 2007, 26(3): 433-442.]

[65] Kienzle S. The effect of DEM raster resolution on first order, second order and compound terrain derivatives. Transactions in GIS, 2004, 8(1): 83-111.

[66] Erskine R H, Green T R, Ramirez J A et al. Digital elevation accuracy and grid cell size: Effects on estimated terrain attributes. Soil Science Society of America, 2007, 71(4): 1371-1380.

[67] Wu Xianfeng, Liu Changming, Wang Zhonggen. Effect of horizontal resolution of raster DEM on drainage basin characteristics. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(2): 148-154.
[吴险峰, 刘昌明, 王中根. 栅格DEM的水平分辨率对流域特征的影响分析. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(2): 148-154.]

[68] Yi Weihua, Zhang Jianming, Kuang Yongsheng et al. Effect of horizontal resolution on the watershed features derived from DEM. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2007, 23(2): 34-38.
[易卫华, 张建明, 匡永生 等. 水平分辨率对DEM流域特征提取的影响. 地理与地理信息科学, 2007, 23(2): 34-38.]

[69] Chaubey I, Cotter A S, Costello T A et al. Effects of DEM data resolution on SWAT output uncertainty. Hydrological Processes, 2005, 19: 621-628.

[70] Thompson J A, Bell J C, Bulter C A. Digital elevation model resolution: Effects on terrain attribute calculation and quantitative soil-landscape modeling. Geoderma, 2001, 100: 67-89.

[71] Ren Xiyan, Zhang Xuesong, Hao Fanghua et al. Effects of DEM resolutions on simulated runoff and sediment yield. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 11(1): 1-4.
[任希岩, 张雪松, 郝芳华 等. DEM分辨率对产流产沙模拟影响研究. 水土保持研究, 2004, 11(1): 1-4.]

[72] Wu S, Li J, Huang G. An evaluation of grid size uncertainty in empirical soil loss modeling with digital elevation models. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 2005, 10: 33-42.

[73] Hutchinson M F. A locally adaptive approach to the interpolation of digital elevation models//NCGIA. Proceeding of the Third International Conference Integrating GIS and Environmental Models, Santa Fe, New Mexico, Santa Barbara, CA: University of California, National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1996.

[74] Yang Qinke, Zhang Caixia, Li Lingtao et al. Optimizing DEM resolution with information content analysis. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2006, 23(5): 21-28.
[杨勤科, 张彩霞, 李领涛 等. 基于信息含量分析法确定DEM分辨率的方法研究. 长江科学院院报, 2006, 23(5): 21-28.]

[75] Florinsky I V, Kuryakova G A. Determination of grid size for digital terrain modeling in landscape investigations. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2000, 14(8): 815-832.

[76] Hengl T. Find the right pixel size. Computer & Geosciences, 2006, 32(9): 1283-1298.

[77] Yang Qinke, David Jupp, Guo Weiling et al. Generalizing the Fine Resolution DEMs with Filtering Method. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 28(6): 58-62.
[杨勤科, Jupp D, 郭伟玲 等. 基于滤波方法的DEM尺度变换方法研究. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28(6): 58-62.]

[78] Firkowski H, Carvalho C A P, Sluter C R. Regular grid DEM generalization based on information theory. CD-Rom Proceeding of 21 International Cartographic Conference Durban, South Africa, 2003.

[79] Wu Fan, Zhu Guorui. Multi-scale representation and automatic generalization of relief based on wavelet analysis. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2001, 26(2): 170-176.
[吴凡, 祝国瑞. 基于小波分析的地貌多尺度表达与自动综合. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2001, 26(2): 170-176.]

[80] Liu Chun, Wang Jialin, Liu Dajie. Generalization of DEM grid data based on multi-band wavelet analysis. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2004, 9(3): 340-344.
[刘春, 王家林, 刘大杰. 多尺度小波分析用于DEM网格数据综合. 中国图象图形学报, 2004, 9(3): 340-344.]

[81] Fei Lifan, He Jin, Ma Chenyan et al. Three dimensional Douglas-Peucker algorithm and the study of its application to automated generalization of DEM. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2006, 35(3): 278-284.
[费立凡, 何津, 马晨燕 等. 3维Douglas-Peucker算法及其在DEM 自动综合中的应用研究. 测绘学报, 2006, 35(3): 278-284.]

[82] Zhang Xiaoyang, Drake N A, Wainwright J et al. Comparison of slope estimates from low resolution DEMs: Scaling issues and a fractal method for their solution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 1999, 24(9): 763-779.

[83] Chen Yan, Tang Duo'an, Qi Qingwen. Analysis of slope change atlas drawing from digital elevation models of different spatial scales. Journal of Huaqiao University (Natural Science), 2004, 25(1): 79-82.
[陈燕, 汤国安, 齐清文. 不同空间尺度DEM 坡度转换图谱分析, 华侨大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 25(1): 79-82.]

[84] Yang Xin. Scale effect and scaling model of topographic index based on DEMs
[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, Doctoral Thesis, 2007.
[杨昕. 基于DEM地形指数的尺度效应与尺度转换
[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2007.]

[85] Pradhan N R, Tachikawa Y, Takara K. A downscaling method of topographic index distribution for matching the scales of model application and parameter identification. Hydrological Processes, 2006, 20: 1385-1405.

[86] Hammond E H. Analysis of properties in landform geography: An application to broad-scale landform mapping. Annals of Association of American Geographers. 1964, 54(1): 11-19.

[87] Brabyn L. GIS analysis of macro landform/SIRC. The 10th Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre New Zealand: University of Otago, 1998. 35-48.

[88] Tu Hanming, Liu Zhendong. Demonstrating on optium statistic unit of relief amplitude in China. Journal of Hubei University: Natural Science, 1990, 12(3): 266-271.
[涂汉明, 刘振东. 中国地势起伏度最佳统计单元的求证. 湖北大学学报: 自然科学版, 1990, 12(3): 266-271.]

[89] Tang Fei, Chen Xi, Cheng Weimin et al. Relief amplitude in Junggar Basin and peripheral northwest mountains. Arid Land Geography, 2006, 29(3): 388-392.
[唐飞, 陈曦, 程维明 等. 基于DEM的准噶尔盆地及其西北山区地势起伏度研究. 干旱区地理, 2006, 29(3): 388-392.]

[90] Xiao Fei, Zhang Baiping, Ling Feng. DEM based auto extraction of geomorphic units. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(2): 459-467.
[肖飞, 张百平, 凌峰. 基于DEM 的地貌实体单元自动提取方法. 地理研究, 2008, 27(2): 459-467.]

[91] Dragut L, Blaschke T. Automated classification of landform elements using object-based image analysis. Geomorphology, 2006, 81: 330-344.

[92] Liu Aili, Tang Guoan. DEM based auto-classification of chinese landform. Geo-information Science, 2006, 8(4): 8-16,
[刘爱利, 汤国安. 中国地貌基本形态DEM 的自动划分研究. 地球信息科学, 2006, 8(4): 8-16.]

[93] Huang Xingyuan, Ma Jinsong, Tang Qin. Introduction to Geographic Information System. Beijing: China Higer Education Press., 2001.
[黄杏元, 马劲松, 汤勤. 地理信息系统概论. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001.]

[94] Prima O D A, Echigo A, Yokoyama R et al. Supervised landform classification of Northeast Honshu from DEM derived thematic maps. Geomorphology, 2006, 78: 373-386.

[95] Iwahashi J, Pike R J. Automated classifications of topography from DEMs by an unsupervised nested-means algorithm and a three-part geometric signature. Geomorphology, 2007, 86: 409-440.

[96] Zhang Yong. Research on the geomorphological classification based on 1:10000 DEM in Nanjing
[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2009.
[张勇. 基于1:10000DEM的南京市地貌类型划分研究
[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2009.]

[97] Zhu Mei, Yang Xin, Liu Bo. The division and mapping of plain/hill based on DEM in Jiangsu province. Geomatics World, 2009, 7(1): 14-18.
[朱梅, 杨昕, 刘波. 基于DEM的江苏省平原/丘陵分区与制图. 地理信息世界, 2009, 7(1): 14-18.]

[98] Yi Hongwei, Tang Guoan, Liu Yongmei et al. Stream runoff nodes and their derivation based on DEM. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 17(3): 108-111, 132.
[易红伟, 汤国安, 刘咏梅 等. 河网径流节点及其基于DEM的自动提取. 水土保持学报, 2003, 17(3): 108-111, 132.]

[99] Ren Liliang, Liu Xinren. Hydrological processes modeling based on digital basin. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2000, 9(4): 45-52.
[任立良, 刘新仁. 基于数字流域的水文过程模拟研究. 自然灾害学报, 2000, 9(4): 45-52.]

[100] Moore I D, Grayson R B. Terrain-based catchment partitioning and runoff prediction using vector elevation data. Water Resources Research, 1991, 27(6): 1177-1191.

[101] Jones K H. A comparison of algorithms used to compute hill slope as a property of the DEM. Computer and Geosciences, 1998, 24(4): 315-323.

[102] Onstad C A. Watershed simulation by the stream path analogy. Water Resources Research, 1968, 4(5): 965-971.

[103] O'Callaghan J F, Mark D M. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 1984, 28(3): 323-344.

[104] Meisels A. Skeletonizing a DEM into a drainage network. Computer and Geosciences, 1995, 21(1): 187-196.

[105] Liu Changming. The Calculation of the Rainstorm Runoff of Minor Watershed. Beijing: Science and Technology of China Press, 1998: 854-855.
[刘昌明. 小流域暴雨径流计算. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1998: 854-855.]

[106] Saunders W. Preparation of DEMs for use in environmental modeling analysis. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling Support with Geographic Information Systems, 2000, 29-51.

[107] Dietrich W E, Wilson C J, Montgomery D R et al. Analysis of erosion thresholds, channel networks and landscape morphology using a digital terrain model. The Journal of Geology, 1993, 101: 259-278.

[108] Biesemans J, Meirvenne M V, Gabriels D. Extending the RUSLE with the Monte Carlo error propagation technique to predict long-term average off-site sediment accumulation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, (1): 35-42.

[109] John Peter Wilson, John C Gallant. Terrain Analysis: Principles and Application. John Wiley & Sons., 2000.

[110] Liu Hongyi. Research on the application of DEM in area soil erosion. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 2004, 26(1): 73-76, 82.
[刘洪义. DEM在区域土壤侵蚀中的应用研究. 吉林农业大学学报, 2004, 26(1): 73-76, 82.]

[111] Skidmore A K, Ryan P J, Dawes W et al. Use of an expert system to map forest soils from a geographical information system. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1991, 5(4): 431-445.

[112] Barlow J, Martin Y, Franklin S E. Detecting translational landslide scars using segmentation of Landsat ETM+ and DEM data in the northern Cascade Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2003, 29(4): 510-517.

[113] Bal?觃zs Sz?伢kely, D?觃vid Kar?觃tson. DEM-based morphometry as a tool for reconstructing primary volcanic landforms: Examples from the B?觟rzso?觟ny Mountains, Hungary. Geomorphology, 2004, 63(1): 25-37.

[114] Van Westen, Enrique Castellanos et al. Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment:An overview. Engineering Geology, 2008, 102(3/4): 112-131.

[115] Hong Y, Adler R F, Negri A et al. Flood and landslide applications of near real-time satellite rainfall estimation. Natural Hazards, 2007, 43(2): 285-294.

[116] Demirkesen A C. Quantifying geological structures of the Nigde province in central Anatolia, Turkey using SRTM DEM data. Environmental Geology, 2009, 56(5): 865-875.

[117] Franklin I V, Kuryakova G A. Determination of grid size for digital terrain modeling in landscape investigations-exemplified by soil moisture distribution at a mirco-scale. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2000, 14(8): 815-832.

[118] Zeng Yan, Qiu Xinfa, Liu Changming et al. Distributed modelling of direct solar radiation of rugged terrain over the Yellow River Basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(4): 680-688.
[曾燕, 邱新法, 刘昌明 等. 基于DEM的黄河流域天文辐射空间分布. 地理学报, 2005, 60(4): 680-688.]

[119] Yang Xin. DEM based simulation on solar radiation and temperature and its application in agriculture
[D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2004.
[杨昕. 基于DEM的地面光热资源模拟及农业应用
[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2004.]

[120] Janet Franklin, Curtis E. Woodcock. Multi-attribute vegetation maps of forest service lands in California supporting resource management decisions. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 2000, 66(10): 1209-1217.

[121] Yang Xin, Tang Guoan, Xiao Chenchao et al. Terrain revised model for air temperature in mountainous area based on DEMs: A case study in Yaoxian County. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2007, 17(4): 399-408.

[122] Helen M. Poulos, Ann E. Camp, Richard G. A hierarchical approach for scaling forest inventory and fuels data from local to landscape scales in the Davis Mountains, Texas, USA, Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 244: 1-15.

[123] Andreas P, Petter P, Lars Eklundh et al. Spatial influence of topographical factors on yield of potatao (Solanum tubersum L.) in central Sweden. Precision Agriculture, 2005, 6(4): 341-357.

[124] Zhao Zhengyong, Thien Lien Chow, Herb W Rees et al. Predict soil texture distributions using an artificial neural network model. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2009, 65(1): 39-48.

[125] Zhang Jinfang, Li Lei, Wang Yuxin. Analysis of terrain visibility. Journal of System Simulation, 2005, 17(8): 1916-1921.
[张金芳, 李磊, 王宇心. 地形可视性分析. 系统仿真学报, 2005, 17(8): 1916-1921.]

[126] Ye Wei. Construction and application of uniform analysis model for terrain visibility based on DEMs. Geomatics World, 2009, 7(1): 19-24.
[叶蔚. DEM地形可视性分析的统一模型构建与应用. 地理信息世界, 2009, 7(1): 19-24.]

[127] Tang Guoan, Yang Weiying, Liu Yongmei. DEM based light and shade contour mapping. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2001, (7): 283-290.
[汤国安, 杨玮莹, 刘咏梅. 一种基于DEM的明暗等高线制图方法. 测绘通报, 2001, (7): 283-290.]

[128] Jiang Wenliang, Li Lin, Ying Shen. Visual effect enhancement in computer-aided hill-shading. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2007, 32(12): 1176-1180.
[姜文亮, 李霖, 应申. 计算机地貌晕渲效果增强方法研究. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2007, 32(12): 1176-1180.]

[129] He Zongyi. A facture of the multicolor relief shading method based on DEM. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2006, 31(6): 137-140.
[何宗宜. 基于DEM的彩色地貌晕渲的制作. 测绘科学, 2006, 31(6): 137-140.]

[130] Hu Peng, Yang Chuanyong, Wu Yanlan. New DEM Theory Methods Standards and Application. Beijing: SinoMap Press, 2007.
[胡鹏, 杨传勇, 吴艳兰. 新数字高程模型: 理论、方法、标准和应用. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2007.]

[131] Zhou Qiming, Lees Brian, Tang Guoan. Advances in Digital Terrain Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2008.