Xinjiang is characterized by oasis economy with abundant resources including energy and vulnerable eco-environment. The promotion of harmonious development of new-type industrialization and urbanization in this region is an effective way to enhancing regional economy and achieving sustainable development of resources and environment. Based on the regional economic system composed of 12 oasis cities along the railway lines in this region, firstly, two sub-systems (new-type industrialization system and urbanization system) are constructed under the "urban-industry" system. This paper analyzes the interactive mechanism of two sub-systems. By building models of synchronism index, coupling factor and validity index, the harmonious degree was measured as follows: in-phase grade of development speed, system operating status and the contribution to regional economy. The paper also analyzes the spatial-temporal differentiation of harmonious degree for the years of 2000, 2004 and 2007, respectively. Besides, four types of harmonious degrees and their corresponding systemic characteristics of oasis cities are summarized in 2007. The results indicate that policies play a crucial part in the regional development, and that there are marked North-South differences in systemic harmonious degree, presenting a spatial pattern: "core cities (Urumqi, Karamay, Korle) at high-level harmonious degree, cities at average-level widely distributed and low-level occupying southern Xinjiang". At the same time, the number of low-level cities is decreased. From 2000 to 2007, synchronism index tends to be "1" and core cities are relatively good. The value of coupling factor is small in general but some lowest-level cities make extraordinary progress. And, on the whole, validity index is remarkable and rises steadily. In 2007, the types of systemic harmonious degree of 12 cities can be described as "one tip-top, three highs, six averages, and two lows", with each having its own basic characteristic.