Heavy Metals Concentrations and Seasonal Variations in Snow of Mount Qomolangma Region
Received date: 2006-09-01
Revised date: 2006-10-18
Online published: 2007-01-25
Supported by
Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX3-SW-344; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40501014
The concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co in snow pit collected in September, 2005 from the accumulation area of the East Ronbuk Glacier (a.s.l. 6523 m), which lies on the northern slope of Mt Qomolangma, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), concentrations (pg/ml) of heavy metals vary from Ba2-227, Co2.8-15.7, Cu10-120, Zn29-4948, and Pb14-142, respectively. And δ18O determined by MAT-252, the time period of the snow pit spanning from autumn 2005 to summer 2004. Seasonal variations of the concentrations and δ18O are observed, of which Pb, Cu, Zn and Co are much lower in summer monsoon season than that in non summer monsoon season, suggesting that different sources of heavy metals contributed to the site. EFc (crustal enrichment factors) is Co 3.6, Cu 27, Pb 33 and Zn 180, respectively. Higher EFc values of Pb, Cu and Zn suggest that Pb, Cu especially Zn mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources.
Key words： heavy metals; concentration; seasonal variations; Mount Qomolangma region
DUAN Jianping, REN Jiawen, QIN Xiang, LI Yuefang . Heavy Metals Concentrations and Seasonal Variations in Snow of Mount Qomolangma Region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007 , 62(1) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200701003
[1] Jenkins M, James D. Chemical composition of fresh snow on Mount Everest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1987, D9: 10999-11002.
[2] Hou S G, Qin D H, Zhang D Q et al. Comparison of two ice core chemical records recovered from the Qomolangma (Mount Everest) region. Annals of Glaciology, 2002, 35: 266-272.
[3] Kang S C, Mayewski P A, Qin D H et al. Glaciochemical records from a Mt. Everest ice core: relationship to atmospheric circulation over Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36 (21): 3351-3361.
[4] Zhang Dongqi, Qin Dahe, Ren Jiawen et al. Chemical characteristics of fresh snow in Mount Everest Region. Environment Science, 2001, 22(2): 123-125.
[张东启, 秦大河, 任贾文等. 珠穆朗玛峰地区新降雪的化学特征研究. 环境科学, 2001, 22(2): 123-125.]
[5] Xie Zichu, Su Zhen. The development condition, quantity and distribution of glacier in Mount Qomolangma. In: Modern Glacier and Geomorphology. Beijing: Science Press, 1975. 1-13.
[谢自楚, 苏珍. 珠穆朗玛峰地区冰川的发育条件、数 量及分布. 见: 现代冰川与地貌. 北京: 科学出版社, 1975. 1-13.]
[6] Hou S G, Qin D H, Zhang D Q et al. A 154 a high-resolution ammonium record from the Rongbuk Glacier, north slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), Tibet-Himal region. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(5): 721-729.
[7] Candelone J P, Hong S. Post-industrial revolution changes in large-scale atmospheric pollution of the north hemisphere by heavy metals as documented in central Greenland snow and ice. Geophys. Res., 1995, 100(8): 16605-16616.
[8] Vallelonga P, Velde K Van de et al. The lead pollution history of Law Dome, Antarctic, from isotopic measurements on ice core: 1500AD to 1989AD. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 204: 291-306.
[9] Barbante C, Schikowski M, Doering T et al. Historical record of European emissions of heavy metals to the atmosphere since the 1650s from alpine snow/ice cores drilled near Monte Rosa. Environmental and Science & Technology, 2004, 38: 4084-4090.
[10] Planchon F A M, Boutron C F, Barbante C et al. Changes in heavy metals in Antarctic snow from Coats Land since the mid-19th to the late-20th century. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 200: 207-222.
[11] Boutron C F, Gorlach U, Candelone J P et al. Decrease in anthropogenic lead, cadmium, and zinc in Greenland snows since 1960's. Nature, 1991, 353: 153-156.
[12] Boyle E A, Sherrell R M, Bacon M P. Lead variability in the western North Atlantic and central Greenland ice: Implications for the search for decadal trends in anthropogenic emissions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1994, 58: 3227-3238.
[13] Van de Velde K, Boutron C F, Ferrari C et al. Seasonal variations of heavy metals in the 1960s alpine ice: source versus meteorological factors. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1998, 164: 521-533.
[14] Schikowski M, Barbante C, Doering T et al. Post-17th-century changes of European lead emissions recorded in high-altitude alpine snow and ice. Environmental and Science & Technology, 2004, 38: 957-964.
[15] Barbante C, Cozzi G, Capodaglio G et al. Trace element determination in alpine snow and ice by double focusing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with microconcentric nebulization. J. At. Spectrom., 1999, 14: 1433-1438.
[16] Hong S, Boutron C F, Edwardw R et al. Heavy metals in Antarctic ice from Law Dome: initial results. Environmental Research, 1998, 78: 94-103.
[17] Hong S et al. A clean protocol for determining ultralow heavy metals concentrations: its application to the analysis of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mn in Antarctic snow. Korean J. Polar Res., 2000, 11(1): 35-47.
[18] Dansgaard W. Stable isotope in precipitation. J Tellus, 1964, 14(4): 436-168.
[19] Wushiki H. Deuterium content in the Himalayan precipitation at Khumbu district, observed in 1974/1975. Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, 1977, 39(special issue): 50-56.
[20] Qin D H, Mayewski P A, Wake C P et al. Evidence for recent climate change from ice cores in the Himalayas. Annals of Glaciology, 2000, 31: 153-158.
[21] Zhang Dongqi, Qin Dahe, Hou Shugui et al. Chemical characteristic study of snow and snow pit in Mount Qomolangma region. Journal of Lanzhou University, 2002, 38(4): 119-124.
[ 张东启, 秦大河, 侯书贵等. 珠穆朗玛峰 地区新降雪和雪坑样品的化学特征研究. 兰州大学学报, 2002, 38(4): 119-124.]
[22] Rosman K J R, Chisholm W, Boutron C F et al. Seasonal variations in the origin of lead in snow at Dye 3, Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1998, 160: 383-389.
[23] Planchon F A M, Velde K Van de, Rosman K J R et al. A 150 year record of lead isotopes in Antarctic snow from Coats Land. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2001, 67: 693-708.
[24] Wedepohle K H. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica Acta, 1995, 59: 1217-1232.
[25] Berg T, Royset O, Steinnes E. Trace metals in atmospheric precipitation at Norwegian background stations (1989-1990) measured by ICP-MS. Atmospheric Environment, 1994, 28(21): 3519-3536.
[26] Veysseyre A, Moutard K, Ferrari C et al. Heavy metals in fresh snow collected at different altitudes in the Chamonix and Maurienne valleys, French Alps, initial results. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35: 415-425.
[27] Kang S C, Mayewski P A, Qin D H et al. Seasonal differences in snow chemistry from the vicinity of Mt. Everest, central Himalayas. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38: 2819-2829.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |