中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局

doi:10.11821/dlxb202011009

Abstract

Abstract:

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China, the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in China's pasture regions directly affects grassland degradation and restoration, thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage, forage supply, and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in China's pasture regions from 2000 to 2015. We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration, and livestock-carrying pressure. Over the last 16 years, the total grassland area in China's pasture regions decreased by 16,000 km², with vegetation coverage degraded in 6.7% of grasslands but significantly restored in 5.4% of grasslands. The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/hm², but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously. The livestock-carrying pressure index (without any supplementary feeding) reached as high as 3.8. Apart from the potential livestock carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau, that in most parts of China's pasture regions is currently overburdened. Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season, the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1, with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. Assuming full supplemental feeding in the cold season, livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9, thus significantly alleviating pressure in Inner Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Based on these data, we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions, namely nature reserves, pastoral areas, semi-farming and semi-pastoral areas, and farming areas, according to prevailing patterns of grassland ecological protection.

Key words: grassland degradation and restoration, forage supply, livestock-carrying pressure, grassland ecosystem conservation, China's pasture regions

HUANG Lin, ZHAI Jun, ZHU Ping, ZHENG Yuhan. Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of livestock-carrying pressure in China and its implications for grassland ecosystem conservation pattern[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(11): 2396-2407.

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草地类型	覆盖度变化(%)		退化与恢复类型	草地类型	覆盖度变化(%)		退化与恢复类型
温性草原类	减少	10~20	轻度退化	高寒草原类	减少	10~20	轻度退化
		20~40	中度退化			20~30	中度退化
		≥ 40	重度退化			≥ 30	重度退化
	增加	10~20	轻微好转		增加	10~20	轻微好转
		20~40	明显好转			20~40	明显好转
		≥ 40	极显著好转			≥ 40	极显著好转
温性草甸类	减少	10~20	轻度退化	高寒草甸类	减少	10~20	轻度退化
		20~40	中度退化			20~40	中度退化
		≥ 30	重度退化			≥ 40	重度退化
	增加	10~20	轻微好转		增加	10~20	轻微好转
		20~40	明显好转			20~40	明显好转
		≥ 30	极显著好转			≥ 40	极显著好转
温性荒漠类	减少	5~15	轻度退化	高寒荒漠类	减少	5~10	轻度退化
		15~40	中度退化			10~20	中度退化
		≥ 40	重度退化			≥ 20	重度退化
	增加	5~15	轻微好转		增加	5~10	轻微好转
		15~40	明显好转			10~20	明显好转
		≥ 40	极显著好转			≥ 20	极显著好转

区域	草地转入(其他类型转换为草地)					草地转出(草地转换为其他类型)
区域	森林	农田	湿地	荒漠	其他	森林	农田	湿地	荒漠	其他
西藏	1216	66	323	181	0	267	780	61529	22640	4929
新疆	22143	56263	75557	70652	741	11544	1145914	73374	19090	54571
内蒙古	69309	173376	68247	366845	6307	181639	292424	63375	312295	184080
青海	2078	7702	1635	30443	214	563	14951	42912	84229	24563
甘肃	7579	89126	5638	40042	495	38003	62720	4768	13877	16394
合计	102325	326533	151400	508163	7757	232016	1516789	245958	452131	284537

草地类型	合计			西藏			内蒙古
草地类型	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)
高寒草原类	18.97	0.11	0.01	15.38	-0.21	-0.06	14.69	0.35	0.11
高寒草甸类	53.35	-0.32	-0.06	45.86	-0.58	-0.13	53.27	1.74	0.35
高寒荒漠类	7.68	0.34	0.06	6.34	0.29	0.05	-	-	-
温性草原类	43.62	1.59	0.28	36.78	-1.16	-0.24	45.03	2.13	0.36
温性草甸类	75.88	-0.99	-0.19	67.58	-1.31	-0.23	85.27	0.54	0.07
温性荒漠类	9.41	0.52	0.10	6.03	-0.34	-0.06	4.68	0.21	0.05
草地合计	9.40	0.53	0.10	28.50	-0.37	-0.09	29.41	1.33	0.23
草地类型	新疆			甘肃			青海
草地类型	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)	均值(%)	均值变化(%)	趋势(%/a)
高寒草原类	25.77	-0.09	-0.04	17.05	1.19	0.24	29.45	1.14	0.24
高寒草甸类	51.60	-0.76	-0.17	75.32	-0.05	0	59.85	0.13	0.01
高寒荒漠类	5.41	0.38	0.07	16.67	0.93	0.2	16.75	0.49	0.10
温性草原类	43.71	-1.19	-0.22	40.94	3.34	0.67	37.48	2.03	0.42
温性草甸类	76.41	-2.82	-0.55	80.17	0.77	0.15	65.60	0.66	0.16
温性荒漠类	13.70	0.67	0.13	7.29	0.75	0.13	9.58	0.77	0.16
草地合计	28.17	-0.11	-0.02	35.07	1.19	0.23	35.07	1.19	0.23

草地退化/ 恢复类型	合计		西藏		内蒙古		新疆		甘肃		青海
草地退化/ 恢复类型	面积(hm²)	比例(%)	面积(hm²)	比例(%)	面积(hm²)	比例(%)	面积(hm²)	比例(%)	面积(hm²)	比例(%)	面积(hm²)	比例(%)
重度退化	44400	0.02	30200	0.03	4700	0.01	7100	0.01	0	0.00	2400	0.01
中度退化	582000	0.21	331500	0.38	145400	0.18	70300	0.14	9400	0.05	25400	0.07
轻度退化	17709300	6.51	6751400	7.65	6602300	8.38	2599400	5.07	542600	3.14	1210100	3.32
退化合计	18335700	6.74	7113100	8.06	6752400	8.57	2676800	5.22	552000	3.19	1237900	3.40
轻微恢复	11927000	4.38	1562500	1.77	3278400	4.16	5324500	10.38	1182900	6.84	574800	1.58
明显恢复	2147100	0.79	326600	0.37	208000	0.26	1411800	2.75	159500	0.92	40400	0.11
极显著恢复	487900	0.18	62900	0.07	17000	0.02	386900	0.75	13800	0.08	7200	0.02
恢复合计	14562000	5.35	1952000	2.21	3503400	4.45	7123200	13.89	1356200	7.84	622400	1.71

草地类型	全研究区		西藏		内蒙古		新疆		甘肃		青海
草地类型	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)	均值(kg/hm²)	趋势(kg/hm²·a)
高寒草原类	20.23	0.13	19.72	0.1	20.52	0.56	12.04	-0.02	10.82	0.02	28.78	0.43
高寒草甸类	49.98	0.33	44.04	0.17	48.19	0.79	25.41	-0.23	78.97	0.71	57.69	0.57
高寒荒漠类	15.79	0.13	16.07	0.2	-	-	9.41	0.11	13.22	-0.18	22.29	-0.24
温性草原类	42.75	0.43	36.41	-0.03	44.7	0.54	34.06	-0.12	46.92	0.68	43.37	0.8
温性草甸类	48.2	0.37	61.75	0.16	55.84	0.54	35.43	0.1	63.57	0.68	37.22	0.35
温性荒漠类	14.8	0.15	11.33	0.07	12.38	0.14	17.24	0.14	12.93	0.15	16.8	0.22
草地合计	33.38	0.27	28.37	0.13	37.62	0.43	23.89	0.04	38.13	0.44	45.99	0.5

Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of livestock-carrying pressure in China and its implications for grassland ecosystem conservation pattern

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