基于“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的中国国际航运网络演化

doi:10.11821/dlxb201712011

Abstract

Abstract:

The fundamental goals of building the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" are to construct a maritime transport channel and international maritime network and to enhance international relations and the interconnectedness of infrastructure. Using international shipping data from China's container ports for 1995, 2005 and 2015, this paper applies methodologies such as the graph theory model, the complex network method, and the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index. First, this paper analyses the spatial pattern of the international maritime network between China and other countries located along the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". Second, this paper identifies international maritime hub ports and discusses the status of domestic ports. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The range of the maritime network between China and other countries on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" expanded between 1995 and 2015. However, some ports, such as Singapore, Klang, Colombo, and Suez, built closer relations with Chinese ports, and ports in East Africa established few shipping routes connected to Chinese ports. These developments were affected by the condition of the ports' locations and by international trade. (2) It is clear that the hierarchy of China's ports proceeds from two hubs (Hong Kong and Shanghai) to four hubs (Shanghai, Ningbo, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong). Ningbo port developed very quickly, while the status of Hong Kong port underwent a relative decline. The four hubs can be divided into two models of adjacent ports. The high degree of overlap of shipping routes resulted in fierce competition between the ports of Ningbo and Shanghai. The ports of Shenzhen and Hong Kong have different radiation scopes, and consequently, their development has been dislocated. (3) There are four port clusters in China connecting to ports on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". The ports in the southwest port cluster disappeared in the later period of this study, and the status of the Pearl River Delta port cluster underwent a relative decline, while the status of the port cluster in the Yangtze River Delta improved. The Bohai port cluster gradually established direct connections with the countries on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". (4) Overall, the maritime network has experienced three stages of growth: the development stage, the hierarchical stage and the networking stage. Globalization, changes in transportation technology, and the evolution of geopolitics and the economy are the most important mechanisms driving the maritime network.

Key words: "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", maritime network, spatial pattern, hubs, China

Liehui WANG, Yan ZHU. The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12): 2265-2280.

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	1995年	2005年	2015年
前十位占中国国际航海运输比重(%)	13.5	23.9	29.7
前十位占“海丝之路”比重(%)	69.7	81.3	81.7
前三位占“海丝之路”比重(%)	37.1	43.3	44.6

	1995年	2005年	2015年
国外港口	0.0336	0.0409	0.0431
国内港口	0.2568	0.0922	0.0915

地区	1995年			2005年			2015年
地区	进出口总额(万美元)		比重(%)		进出口总额(万美元)	比重(%)	进出口总额(万美元)	比重(%)
东南亚	1951283	57.2		12902321	54.5		46899262	51.8
南亚	241549	7.1		2393760	10.1		9507579	10.5
西亚/中东	584780	17.2		4629585	19.6		15793749	17.4
大洋洲	478920	14.0		2993457	12.7		12531945	13.8
非洲东岸	153808	4.5		738102	3.1		5865992	6.5
合计	3410340	100.0		23657225	100.0		90598527	100.0

	首位联系国家				首位联系港口
地区	1995年		2005年	2015年	1995年	2005年	2015年
东南亚	新加坡	马来西亚	马来西亚		新加坡	巴生	新加坡
南亚	印度	印度	印度		科伦坡	科伦坡	科伦坡
西亚/中东	埃及	埃及	埃及		塞得	达米埃塔	苏伊士
大洋洲	澳大利亚	澳大利亚	澳大利亚		悉尼	布里斯班	布里斯班
非洲东岸	南非	南非	南非		德班	德班	开普敦

年份	1995年				2005年				2015年
港口分类	枢纽港		次级枢纽港		一般港口	枢纽港	次级枢纽港	一般港口	枢纽港	次级枢纽港	一般港口
港口名称	香港上海	深圳	天津北海青岛厦门大连防城		上海香港深圳	宁波厦门青岛天津	高雄大连广州丹东基隆福州南京连云港		上海深圳宁波香港	青岛厦门高雄天津大连	广州台北福州基隆泉州连云港汕头台中营口舟山

The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"

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1995年	数量(条)	联系度(%)	2005年	数量(条)	联系度(%)	2015年	数量(条)	联系度(%)
上海→新加坡	24	36.4	上海→巴生	44	14.4	深圳→新加坡	84	16.3
香港→新加坡	8	5.9	香港→新加坡	38	15.8	上海→新加坡	83	15.3
北海→海防	8	100.0	上海→新加坡	38	12.5	深圳→巴生	75	14.6
香港→马尼拉	7	5.2	深圳→巴生	34	16.0	宁波→新加坡	73	16.9
香港→亚历山大	7	5.2	宁波→巴生	30	20.3	上海→巴生	62	11.4
香港→塞得	6	4.4	深圳→新加坡	28	13.1	香港→新加坡	56	18.7
香港→悉尼	6	4.4	香港→马尼拉	23	9.6	宁波→巴生	53	12.3
香港→迪拜	6	4.4	香港→巴生	22	9.2	宁波→丹戎帕拉帕斯	35	8.1
上海→塞得	6	9.1	厦门→科伦坡	17	16.8	深圳→苏伊士	34	6.6
			宁波→新加坡	16	10.8	上海→苏伊士	33	6.1

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