耕地撂荒研究进展与展望

doi:10.11821/dlxb201603002

Abstract

Abstract:

More and more farmland has been abandoned in many developed countries since the 1950s, and then the abandoned land further evolved into a global land use phenomenon, which deeply changed the landscape in vast rural areas. "Land use change-driving mechanism-impacts & consequences-policy response" in global farmland abandonment were reviewed and the results indicated that: (1) Farmland abandonments mainly occurred in developed countries of Europe and North America, but the extent to which varied distinctly. (2) Socio-economic factors were the primary driving forces for the farmland abandonment. And land marginalization was the root cause of land abandonment, which was due to the drastic increase of farming opportunity cost, while the direct factor of abandonment was the decline of agricultural labor forces. (3) Whether to abandon, to what extent and its spatial distributions were finally dependent on combined effect from the physical conditions, labor characteristics, farming and regional socio-economic conditions at village, household and parcel scales. Farmland abandonment was more likely to occur in mountainous and hilly areas except for Eastern Europe due the unfavorable farming conditions. (4) Ecological and environmental effects should be the focus on the study of farmland abandonment, while which is positive or negative are still in dispute. (5) The increase of agricultural subsidies indeed will be conductive to slow down the farmland abandonment, but it is not the only and reasonable method.

Due to rapid urbanization in China, there will be a high probability of abandonment expansion in the near future. However, few researches focused on this rapid land-use trend in China, leading to inadequate understandings of dynamic mechanism and consequences of this phenomenon. Thus, in the end of the paper, some directions of future research in China were presented: regional and national monitoring of abandonment dynamics, trend and risk assessment, social-economic effects assessment and informed policymaking.

Key words: farmland abandonment, farmland marginalization, LUCC, research progress and prospect

Shengfa LI, Xiubin LI. Progress and prospect on farmland abandonment[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(3): 370-389.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Typical drivers of farmland abandonment in main research areas

研究地区	地形	撂荒驱动力/原因	研究时间	文献
西班牙东北部	山区	人口减少,生计变化	1984-2007年	[48]
葡萄牙东南部	丘陵	欧盟共同农业政策(CAP)的实施,农村人口外迁,耕地利用边际化	1985-2000年	[34]
法国庇里牛斯山	山区	市场需求变化,耕地利用边际化	1950-2000年	[49]
法国中南部	山区	人口减少	1975-1998年	[50]
瑞士山区	山区	人口外迁,农户兼业化比例上升	1980s-1990年	[51]
俄罗斯西部	平原	社会经济体制变革,补贴停止	1984-2010年	[52]
阿尔巴尼亚东部	山区	大量低价农产品进口,导致农产品收益的下降,促使大规模的农民就业非农化和人口迁出	1988-2003年	[53]
波罗的海北部	平原	苏联解体,中央政府停止农业补贴	1989-1998年	[54]
喀尔巴阡山区	山区	社会经济体制变革,土地制度改革	1986-2000年	[55]
拉脱维亚中部	丘陵	农业劳动力缺失,土地私有化	1990年以后	[56]
斯洛伐克	山区	市场经济条件下进口增加导致本地农产品需求和价格的下降,引起耕地利用边际化;其他次要原因包括青年劳动力缺失,劳动力老龄化,生计多样化等.	1990-2010年	[57]
乌克兰西部	山区	政治体制崩溃,不完全的土地制度改革,务工机会增加	1989-2008年	[29,58]
波兰南部	山区	农业经济转型	1823-2001年	[31]
美国山麓地区南部	山地丘陵	土地边际化(贫瘠土地需要大量肥料,成本过高)	1935-1975年	[35]
泰国北部	山区	土地退化,林业承包到户政策,经济体制改革,取消粮食省内自给自足政策	1990s以后	[5, 59]
拉丁美洲	山区	二,三产业快速发展,农村人口外迁,农业劳动力非农化,平原地区农业现代化和规模化,国际贸易发展	1980s以后	[22]
波多黎各	山区	沿海地区工业化和航空业发展促进大量农业劳动力流向沿海和北美地区的非农产业部门	1950-1990年	[60]
智利Acud岛	丘陵	城镇化和工业化	1985-2007年	[15]
日本本州岛西部	山区	青年劳动力外出务工,人口减少	1950s-1990s	[61]
菲律宾巴拉望岛	山区	沿海平原地区水田灌溉技术发展提高了复种指数,能够提供更高的工资,导致山区农民务农机会成本上升	1990s	[23]
尼泊尔喜马拉雅南麓	山区	交通条件改善,非农就业机会增加,农村人口大量外迁导致农业劳动力不足,家庭务工收入比重增加降低对土地依赖,边际土地比较收益偏低,土壤肥力下降,土地改革法案修正案实施妨碍土地流转	1970s-2000年	[62]
川西大渡河上游	山区	土地制度改革,农业劳动力外出务工,耕地利用边际化	1967-2000年	[63]
宁夏南部	山区	务农机会成本上升,农业劳动力析出,耕地利用边际化	~2008年	[64]
重庆	山区	务农机会成本上升,农业劳动力析出	~2010/2012年	[21, 65]
江西省	-	务农机会成本上升,农业劳动力析出	1990-2005年	[66]
贵州省毕节市	山区	农业收益低下,生产条件差,农业劳动力不足	~2012年	[67]

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Tab. 2

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空间尺度	劳动力特征	农业生产条件	社会经济状况
区域/村镇尺度	农业劳动力数量(-) 劳动参与率(-) 劳均耕地面积(+) 非农劳动力占比(+) 全职农场/农户比重(-)	机械化水平(-) 平均高程(+) 平均坡度(+) 气温(~) 降水(~) 日照(~) 破碎化程度(+) 户均地块数量(+) 农田基础设施条件(-) 土壤平均质量(-) 平均通勤距离 (+) 地块到公路平均距离(±) 地块到森林边缘平均距离(-) 野生动物影响(+) 耕地平均产出(-)	务农机会成本(+) 务工收入(+) 非农就业比重(+) 非农产业产值占比(+) 人均GDP(+) 劳动力/人口变化速率(+) 城镇化率(+) 到最近行政中心距离(±) 道路密度(+) 土地流转率(-) 农业补贴政策(-)
农户/农场尺度	农业劳动力数量(-) 劳均耕地面积(+) 劳动力平均年龄(+) 老年劳动力比重(+) 男性劳动力比重(-) 农场主/户主年龄(+) 家庭抚养比(+) 兼业程度(+) 受教育水平(±) 农户类型	农业机械拥有数量(-) 地块数量(+) 地块平均面积(-) 耕作半径(+) 耕地质量(-) 耕地平均产出 (-)	人均收入(+) 农业收入(-) 非农收入(+) 非农收入比重 (+)
地块尺度		地块大小(-) 地块形状指数(+) 地块坡度(+) 地块高程(+) 土壤质量(-) 耕地产出 (-) 地块通勤距离(+) 地块到公路距离(±) 地块到森林边缘距离(-)

Progress and prospect on farmland abandonment

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