The Hsiang Kiang, one of the important tributaries of the Yangtze, has its head-water in North Kwangsi and flows across Hunan Province, with a total length of 870 km. The following problems are discussed in some detail in this paper.
In this paper, the writer introduces the formulae to convert the geographical latitude on the ellipsoid to the authalic or equivalent latitude on the authalic sphere (formula 13 of the Chinese text) and the isometric latitude on the isometric sphere (formula 25). These formulae are obtained by series expansion, of which the term rnntaining the 6th power of the eccentricity of the ellipsoid has been omitted. The maximum error by neglecting this term amounts respectively to 0".Ol for the authalic latitude and 0".006 for the isometric. Two tables, one for conversion of geographical to authalic latitude and the other to isometric latitude are appended at the end of paper. They are calculated for the ellipsoid of Kras-sowski.
1. Map-making has a long history. Its scope under-went a thorough change in the middle of the 20th century and at present, may be divided into the following branches:- 1) The theoretical study and technical aspects of maps; 2) The mathematical and geographyical analysis of maps and representation of surface phenomena on the map; 3) The study on improving the methods and equipments of preparing maps; 4) The historical research of cartography and the classification of maps.
1. The historic transportation routes connecting Shensi and Szechwan have well taken the topographical advantages in passing the Tsinling and the Ta-pa Shan mountains. Passes and valleys have been frequently used. To cross the Ta-pa Shan, the famous Chien Ke Tao (剑阁道)takes the Chien Meng Pass (剑门关).The Mi Tsang Tao(米食道)，follows partly the Pa Ho (west tributary) and the Lien Ho, as does the Yang Pa Tao(洋巴道}) partly the Pa Ho (east tributary) and the Yang Ho. Most routes crossing the Tsinling are named after the passes they go through or the valleys they follow.
