青藏高原地区城乡虚拟水贸易格局与影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlxb202007002

Abstract

Abstract:

It is essentially important to protect water resources and water eco-environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Asian water tower. Understanding water transfers through the trade of different products and services (i.e. virtual water transfers) and their influencing factors between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and external regions can aid in analyzing local water resources problems and making virtual water strategies. Based on the China multi-region input-output table in 2012, this study calculated the virtual water transferred between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other regions in China. The virtual water transfer network comprising urban and rural nodes was constructed. Influencing factors that determine net virtual water trade of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with other regions were analyzed using the Logarithmic mean Divisia index method. The results indicated that Qinghai-Tibet Plateau delivered a total of 0.23 billion m³ net virtual water to other regions in China. It delivered net virtual water to Southwest, North, Central, East and South China, and received net virtual water from Northwest and Northeast China. Intensive virtual water transfers between urban and rural regions were found. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, production-based water footprint was higher in rural areas, whereas consumption-based water footprint was higher in urban areas due to high population density and consumption level. The node strength in rural areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was higher than that in urban areas. In the plateau, the products transferred to other regions were dominated by agricultural products, which led to 1.27 billion m³ of virtual water export. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had a trade deficit with other regions, which resulted in 0.86 billion m³ of net virtual water export. Water use efficiency led to 0.18 billion m³ of virtual water export from the plateau. Water management policies were formulated towards sustainable water resources use. Irrigation water conservation needs to be implemented to reduce production-based agricultural water footprint, and urban inhabitants' consumption corresponding to a lower water footprint should be encouraged. In addition, net import of various products and water resources ecological compensation will be beneficial to water resources protection in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Key words: urban and rural virtual water trade, virtual water transfer network, water footprint, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Logarithmic mean Divisia index method

SUN Siao, WANG Jing, QI Wei. Urban-and-rural virtual water trade of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Patterns and influencing factors[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1346-1358.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

References 38

[1]	Immerzeel W, Stoorvogel J, Antle J. Can payments for ecosystem services secure the water tower of Tibet. Agricultural Systems, 2008,96:52-63.
[2]	Zhang L, Su F, Yang D, et al. Discharge regime and simulation for the upstream of major rivers over Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, 2013,118:8500-8518.
[3]	Lu Chunxia, Xie Gaodi, Cheng Shengkui, et al. The Tibetan Plateau as water tower. Journal of Mountain Science, 2004,22(4):428-432.
	[ 鲁春霞, 谢高地, 成升魁, 等. 青藏高原的水塔功能. 山地学报, 2004,22(4):428-432.]
[4]	Wang X, Zhong X, Pan G. A GIS-based decision support system for regional eco-security assessment and its application on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Environmental Management, 2010,91:1981-1990. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.006 pmid: 20627541
[5]	Yu C, Zhang Y, Claus H, et al. Ecological and environmental issues faced by a developing Tibet. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46:1979-1980. pmid: 22304386
[6]	Yao Tandong, Zhu Liping. The response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy. Advances in Earth Science, 2006,21(5):459-464.
	[ 姚檀栋, 朱立平. 青藏高原环境变化对全球变化的响应及其适应对策. 地球科学进展, 2006,21(5):459-464.]
[7]	Klein J A, Harte J, Zhao X Q. Experimental warming causes large and rapid species loss dampened by simulated grazing on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology Letters, 2004,7(12):1170-1179.
[8]	Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. China Water Resources Bulletin. 1997-2016.
	[ 中华人民共和国水利部. 中国水资源公报. 1997—2016.]
[9]	Sun Si'ao, Ren Yufei, Zhang Qiang. Multi-scale perspective on water scarcity assessment in Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2019,21(9):1308-1317.
	[ 孙思奥, 任宇飞, 张蔷. 多尺度视角下的青藏高原水资源短缺估算及空间格局. 地球信息科学学报, 2019,21(9):1308-1317.]
[10]	Zhuo Macuo, Feng Qi, Li Jinxiu. The study on water resources exploitation and regional economy of Hehuang areas in Qinghai. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007,21(2):95-99.
	[ 卓玛措, 冯起, 李锦秀. 青海河湟地区水资源综合开发与区域经济发展研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2007,21(2):95-99.]
[11]	Da Wa. Analysis of water resources utilization in Tibet. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2010,27(3):74-78.
	[ 达娃. 西藏地区水资源利用分析. 长江科学院院报, 2010,27(3):74-78.]
[12]	Zhao M, Kong Q, Wang H, et al. Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009,106:21230-21235.
[13]	Liu Tianchou, Qimeiduoji. Characteristics, development and utilization prospects of water resources of the international river area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999,54(Suppl.):11-20.
	[ 刘天仇, 其美多吉. 青藏高原国际河流区水资源特征及开发利用前景. 地理学报, 1999,54(增刊):11-20.]
[14]	Allan J A. Fortunately there are substitutes for water: Otherwise our hydropolitical futures would be impossible//Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management. London, UK: ODA, 1993.
[15]	Hoekstra A Y. Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, IHE Delft, The Netherlands, 12-13 February 2003.
[16]	Chapagain A K, Hoekstra A Y. The global component of freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water International, 2008,33(1):19-32.
[17]	Hoekstra A Y. Sustainable, efficient and equitable water use: The three pillars under wise freshwater allocation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviewers: Water, 2013,1(1):31-40.
[18]	Zhao Xu, Yang Zhifeng, Chen Bin. Study on Chinese virtual water trade and consumption in an input-output framework. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009,24(2):286-294.
	[ 赵旭, 杨志峰, 陈彬. 基于投入产出分析技术的中国虚拟水贸易及消费研究. 自然资源学报, 2009,24(2) : 286-294.]
[19]	Huang Min, Huang Wei. Measurement of virtual water trade and its impact factors in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2016,26(4):100-106.
	[ 黄敏, 黄炜. 中国虚拟水贸易的测算及影响因素研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016,26(4):100-106.]
[20]	Cao Tao, Wang Saige, Chen Bin. Virtual water analysis for the Jing-Jin-Ji region based on multiregional input-outputmodel. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018,38(3):788-799.
	[ 曹涛, 王赛鸽, 陈彬. 基于多区域投入产出分析的京津冀地区虚拟水核算. 生态学报, 2018,38(3):788-799.]
[21]	Hoekstra A Y, Chapagain A K, Aldaya M M, et al. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard. London, UK: Earthscan, 2011.
[22]	Hoekstra A Y, Mekonnen M M. The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012,109(9):3232.
[23]	Mekonnen M, Hoekstra A Y. National water footprint accounts: The green, blue and grey water footprint of production and consumption//UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands. Value of Water Research Report No.50. 2011.
[24]	Zhou Lingling, Wang Lin, Wang Jin. Review on study of water footprint theory. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering, 2013,24(5):106-111.
	[ 周玲玲, 王琳, 王晋. 水足迹理论研究综述. 水资源与水工程学报, 2013,24(5):106-111.]
[25]	Xu Zhongmin, Long Aihua, Zhang Zhiqiang. Virtual water consumption calculation and analysis of Gansu Province in 2000. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003,58(6):861-869.
	[ 徐中民, 龙爱华, 张志强, 等. 虚拟水的理论方法及在甘肃省的应用. 地理学报, 2003,58(6):861-869.]
[26]	Long Aihua, Zhang Zhiqiang, Xu Zhongmin, et al. Analysis of water footprint and consumption pattern in Gansu Province. Advances in Water Science, 2005,16(3):418-425.
	[ 龙爱华, 张志强, 徐中民, 等. 甘肃省水资源足迹与消费模式分析. 水科学进展, 2005,16(3):418-425.]
[27]	Guan D, Hubacek K. Assessment of regional trade and virtual water flows in China. Ecological Economics, 2007,61(1):159-170.
[28]	Zhang C, Anadon L D. A multi-regional input-output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China. Ecological Economics, 2014,100(2):159-172.
[29]	Sun S, Fang C. Factors governing variations of provincial consumption-based water footprints in China: An analysis based on comparison with national average. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,654:914-923. pmid: 30453261
[30]	Zhao X, Liu J, Liu Q, et al. Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015,112(4):1031-1035.
[31]	Liu Weidong, Tang Zhipeng, Han Mengyao, et al. The 2012 China Multi-Regional Input-Output Table of 31 provincial Units. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2018.
	[ 刘卫东, 唐志鹏, 韩梦瑶, 等. 2012年中国31省区市区域间投入产出表. 北京: 中国统计出报社, 2018.]
[32]	Sun Caizhi, Liu Shubin. Consumptionpatterns of urban and rural residents in China based on virtual water theory. Journal of Economics of Water Resources, 2017,35(4):1-8.
	[ 孙才志, 刘淑彬. 基于虚拟水视角的中国城乡居民消费特征分析. 水利经济, 2017,35(4):1-8.]
[33]	National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. China Economic Census Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2008.
	[ 国家统计局. 中国经济普查年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2008.]
[34]	Zhao C, Chen B. Driving force analysis of the agricultural water footprint in China based on the LMDI method. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(21):12723-12731. doi: 10.1021/es503513z pmid: 25289879
[35]	Zhang Chenjun, Zhang Hengquan, Zhang Lina. Analysis of water resources consumption change in China based on multilevel LMDI method. Statistics and Decision-making, 2016(3):98-102.
	[ 张陈俊, 章恒全, 张丽娜. 基于多层次LMDI方法的中国水资源消耗变化分析. 统计与决策, 2016(3):98-102.]
[36]	Liu Z, Davis S J, Feng K, et al. Targeted opportunities to address the climate-trade dilemma in China. Nature Climate Change, 2015(6):201-206.
[37]	Sun S, Fang C, Lv J. Spatial inequality of water footprint in China: A detailed decomposition of inequality from water use types and drivers. Journal of Hydrology, 2017,553:398-407.
[38]	Sun S. Water footprints in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei: A perspective from comparisons between urban and rural consumptions in different regions. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,647:507-515. pmid: 30086502

区域	省(市、区)范围界定
青藏高原	青海省、西藏自治区
西北	新疆自治区、甘肃省、宁夏自治区、陕西省
华北	北京市、天津市、河北省、山西省、内蒙古自治区
东北	黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省
西南	四川省、重庆市、云南省、贵州省
华中	河南省、湖北省、湖南省
华东	山东省、江苏省、上海市、安徽省、浙江省、福建省、江西省
华南	广东省、广西自治区、海南省

Urban-and-rural virtual water trade of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Patterns and influencing factors

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 38

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

[1]	HOU Guangliang, , ZHU Yan, PANG Longhui. Communication route and its evolution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the prehistoric time [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(5): 1294-1313.
[2]	HUANG Hai, TIAN You, LIU Jiankang, ZHANG Jiajia, YANG Dongxu, YANG Shun. The mechanism and sensitivity analysis of soil freeze-thaw erosion on slope in eastern Tibet [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(1): 87-100.
[3]	FENG Zhiming, LI Wenjun, LI Peng, XIAO Chiwei. Relief degree of land surface and its geographical meanings in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1359-1372.
[4]	LIANG Xinyue, XU Mengzhen, LYU Liqun, CUI Yifei, ZHANG Fengbao. Geomorphological characteristics of debris flow gullies on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1373-1385.
[5]	XU Jun, XU Yang, HU Lei, WANG Zhenbo. Discovering spatio-temporal patterns of human activity on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on crowdsourcing positioning data [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1406-1417.
[6]	WANG Nan, WANG Huimeng, DU Yunyan, YI Jiawei, LIU Zhang, TU Wenna. Spatiotemporal patterns of in- and out-bound population flows of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1418-1431.
[7]	GAO Xingchuan,CAO Xiaoshu,LI Tao,LV Minjuan. Evolution of accessibility spatial pattern of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 1976-2016 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(6): 1190-1204.
[8]	TIAN Yuan,YU Chengqun,ZHA Xinjie,GAO Xing,YU Mingzhai. Hydrochemical characteristics and factors controlling of natural water in the western, southern, and northeastern border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(5): 975-991.
[9]	SUN Si'ao, ZHENG Xiangyi, LIU Haimeng. Local and distant virtual water trades in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(12): 2631-2645.
[10]	FAN Zemeng,HUANG Yan,YUE Tianxiang. Scenarios simulation of vascular plant species abundance distribution on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(1): 164-176.
[11]	Shaohong WU, Dongsheng ZHAO, Yunhe YIN, Qinye YANG, Xueqin ZHANG. Continuation and innovation of integrated studies in physical geography [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9): 1484-1493.
[12]	Guangliang HOU, Guangchao CAO, Chongyi E, Xiaoyan REN, B Wuennemann, Fan LI. New evidence of human activities at an altitude of 4000 meters area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(7): 1231-1240.
[13]	LIU Chuang, SHI Ruixiang, CHEN Wenbo. Global change research data publishing and repository [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(s1): 3-11.
[14]	LIU Chuang, SHI Ruixiang, LV Tingting, CHEN Wenbo, ZHOU Xiang, WANG Zhengxing. Eco-regional boundary data of the Roof of the World [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(s1): 12-19.
[15]	LIU Chuang, SHI Ruixiang, LV Tingting, CHEN Wenbo, WANG Zhengxing, ZHOU Xiang. Elevation cluster dataset covering the eco-region of the Roof of the World [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(s1): 20-24.