喜马拉雅山脉中段土地覆被的垂直分异特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb202005004

Abstract

Abstract:

The Qomolangma Mountain region within the Central Himalayas is characterized by obvious altitudinal variation, habitat complexity, and land cover diversity. This region is therefore one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in the world. Besides, because this region has the most complete natural vertical spectrum in the world, it is ideal for studying the vertical structure of alpine land cover. Utilizing land cover data for 2010 (30 m resolution) along with digital elevation model outputs, three division methods were defined that encompass the northern and southern slopes of Qomolangma Mountain. These comprised the ridgeline method, the sample transect method, and the sector method. The study investigated altitudinal distributions, similarities and differences, and changes in the degree of land cover on the northern and southern slopes of the Himalayas area using the software ArcGIS and MATLAB tools and division models. The main results of this analysis are listed as follows:
Firstly, the distribution of land cover in mountainous areas was characterized by an obvious vertical spectrum structure, with the south-six and north-four pattern of vertical spectrum of land cover in the Central Himalayas marked by the influence of human activities. Secondly, zonal distribution was exhibited by forests, grasslands, sparse vegetation, barren land, glaciers, and snow covers from low to high altitudes. It was markedly different in the composition and structure of land cover vertical spectrum between the northern and southern slopes of this mountain area. The vertical spectrum of land cover types on the southern slope was complete and diverse, but it was relatively simple on the northern slope. The study shows that given the same land cover type, the amplitude of elevation distribution on the southern slope was wide, while that on the northern slope was narrow. The distribution of land cover types on the southern slope was low. Thirdly, the results show that the area distribution ratio of each land cover type varied with elevation according to change mode. Vertical distribution patterns of land cover types on the southern and northern slopes were therefore divided into four categories, with glaciers, snow, sparse vegetation, and grasslands conforming to unimodal distribution patterns. The bare land also followed a unimodal distribution pattern on the southern slope, but it followed a bimodal one on the northern slope. Fourthly, all kinds of vertical belt structures and land cover divisions on the southern slope were similar, but they were different from one another on the northern slope due to division methods. In comparison with field survey data, results reported here for the sector method were more in line with the actual situation.

Key words: land cover, altitudinal zonation, Central Himalayas, Mt. Qomolangma, Mt. Makalu, Mt. Cho Oyu

ZHANG Yili, WU Xue, ZHENG Du. Vertical variation of land cover in the Central Himalayas[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(5): 931-948.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Composition of area of land cover types on north and south slopes

类型	划分方法		南坡				北坡				南北面积比
类型	划分方法		面积(km²)		百分比(%)		面积(km²)		百分比(%)		南:北
农田	扇区法		374.20		44.94		5.66		1.05		66.11:1
	样带法—MM样带		304.75		27.24		23.35		2.08		13.05:1
	样带法—MQ样带		240.29		19.52		8.21		0.87		29.27:1
	样带法—MC样带		406.96		31.88		9.04		1.02		45.02:1
	脊线法^*		7917.95		26.91		243.64		0.99		32.50:1
森林	扇区法		342.38		41.12		-		-		-
	样带法—MM样带		516.34		46.16		-		-		-
	样带法—MQ样带		559.99		45.50		-		-		-
	样带法—MC样带		406.80		31.87		-		-		-
	脊线法		11177		37.99		262.54		1.08		42.60:1
灌丛	扇区法		13.62		1.64		-		-		-
	样带法—MM样带		38.65		3.45		10.41		0.93		3.71:1
	样带法—MQ样带		34.85		2.83		-		-		-
	样带法—MC样带		36.13		2.83		-		-		-
	脊线法		1433.42		4.87		660.56		2.69		2.17:1
草地	扇区法		22.17		2.66		340.08		62.99		0.07:1
	样带法—MM样带		41.97		3.75		553.23		49.38		0.08:1
	样带法—MQ样带		43.26		3.51		522.06		55.10		0.08:1
	样带法—MC样带		106.15		8.31		450.42		50.94		0.24：1
	脊线法		2041.39		6.94		11886.72		48.40		0.17：1
稀疏植被	扇区法		10.16		1.22		69.57		12.89		0.15：1
	样带法—MM样带		28.04		2.51		96.74		8.63		0.29：1
	样带法—MQ样带		28.56		2.32		72.77		7.68		0.39：1
	样带法—MC样带		66.06		5.17		35.49		4.01		1.86：1
	脊线法		1016.77		3.46		1073.82		4.37		0.95：1
水体	扇区法		9.50		1.14		0.01		0.00		950：1
	样带法—MM样带		9.67		0.86		6.90		0.62		1.40：1
	样带法—MQ样带		7.90		0.64		1.43		0.15		5.52：1
	样带法—MC样带		13.69		1.07		2.40		0.27		5.70：1
	脊线法		182.87		0.62		152.43		0.62		1.20：1
建设用地	扇区法		0.32		0.04		1.17		0.22		0.27：1
	样带法—MM样带		0.19		0.02		0.48		0.04		0.40：1
	样带法—MQ样带		-		-		-		-		-
	样带法—MC样带		-		-		-		-		-
	脊线法		13.68		0.05		0.79		0.00		17.30:1
裸地	扇区法		34.37		4.13		88.18		16.33		0.39:1
	样带法—MM样带		87.34		7.81		277.88		24.80		0.31:1
	样带法—MQ样带		176.45		14.34		192.32		20.30		0.92:1
	样带法—MC样带		145.79		11.42		203.95		23.06		0.71:1
	脊线法		4010.33		13.63		7750.94		31.56		0.52:1
	扇区法		3.18		0.38		14.93		2.77		0.21:1
沼泽湿地		样带法—MM样带		8.35		0.75		12.86		1.15		0.65:1
		样带法—MQ样带		9.07		0.74		22.95		2.42		0.40:1
		样带法—MC样带		11.91		0.93		81.77		9.25		0.15:1
		脊线法		279.49		0.95		787.95		3.21		0.36:1
冰川雪被^**		扇区法		22.83		2.74		20.26		3.75		1.13:1
		样带法—MM样带		83.27		7.44		138.51		12.36		0.60:1
		样带法—MQ样带		130.48		10.60		127.74		13.48		1.02:1
		样带法—MC样带		83.11		6.51		101.19		11.44		0.82:1
		脊线法		1355.58		4.61		1740.59		7.09		0.78:1
总计		扇区法		832.73		100.00		539.87		100.00		1.54:1
		样带法—MM样带		1118.57		100.00		1120.36		100.00		1.00:1
		样带法—MQ样带		1230.85		100.00		947.48		100.00		1.30:1
		样带法—MC样带		1276.59		100.00		884.27		100.00		1.44:1
		脊线法		29428.43		100.00		24559.97		100.00		1.20:1

Tab. 2

Fig. 4

Tab. 3

Altitudinal distribution range of land cover types on north and south slopes based on different division methods

类型	划分方法			南坡						北坡
类型	划分方法			海拔范围		核心分布带		优势带		海拔范围		核心分布带	优势带
农田	扇区法			100~4000		600~1700		100~1800		4000~4500		4100~4500	-
	样带法—MQ样带			100~4000		1100~2200		1000~1700		4200~4600		4200~4500	-
	样带法—MM样带			100~4000		700~1500		-		3900~4500		4300~4500	-
	样带法—MC样带			200~4000		500~1400		200~1400		4200~4500		4400~4500	-
	脊线法			96~4300		700~1700		100~1500		2300~4500		4100~4500	-
森林	扇区法			100~4000		500~2000		1800~3600		-		-	-
	样带法—MQ样带			100~4000		1700~3100		100~1000 1700~3900		-		-	-
	样带法—MM样带			100~4000		600~1900		100~3700		-		-	-
	样带法—MC样带			200~4000		700~2200		1400~3800		-		-	-
	脊线法			100~4000		1100~2600		1500~3800		2100~4000		3200~4000	2300~3900
灌丛	扇区法			1700~5100		3300~4200		3600~4000		-		-	-
	样带法—MQ样带			1700~5000		3200~4200		3900~4100		-		-	-
	样带法—MM样带			1600~5000		3700~4200		3700~4200		4300~5300		4500~5000	-
	样带法—MC样带			1600~5100		3500~4300		3800~4000		-		-	-
	脊线法			300~4800		3400~4600		3800~4200		2400~4800		4200~4800	3900~4100
草地	扇区法			1600~5900		4100~5100		4000~5000		4000~5100		4500~5000	4000~5100
	样带法—MQ样带			3000~5100		4600~5100		-		4200~5100		4400~4900	4200~5100
	样带法—MM样带			1500~5100		4100~5000		-		3900~5100		4400~5000	4000~5100
	样带法—MC样带			2500~5100		4300~5000		4000~5000		4200~5100		4300~4700	4400~5000
	脊线法			1400~5100		4400~5000		4400~5000		2500~5100		4400~5000	4100~5100
稀疏植被	扇区法			3000~5300		4400~5300		-		4600~5400		5000~5400	5100~5400
	样带法—MQ样带			3000~5300		4500~5300		-		4700~5300		5000~5300	5100~5300
	样带法—MM样带			3300~5300		4100~4800		-		4700~5300		5200~5300	5100~5300
	样带法—MC样带			3100~5300		4500~5200		-		4700~5300		5200~5300	5200~5300
	脊线法			2100~5300		4600~5300		-		4000~5400		5000~5400	5100~5400
水体	扇区法			100~2500 4200~5300		100~500		-		4200-4500 5000~5800		4200~4400	-
	样带法—MQ样带			100~800 1400-2200 4600~5400		4900~5400		-		4200~4400 5700~6100		4200~4300	-
	样带法—MM样带			100~900 3700~5300		100~500		-		4200~5300		4200~4300 4800~5000	-
	样带法—MC样带			200~1800 4200~5300		200~700		-		4200~4400 5500~5800		4300~4400	-
	脊线法			96~2900 3700~5300		200~700 4900~5300		-		2200~5300		4100~4600	-
建设用地	扇区法			1000~1700		1100~1300 1500~1600		-		4200~4400		4300~4400	-
	样带法—MQ样带			-		-		-		-		-	-
	样带法—MM样带			1500~1700		1500~1600		-		4200~4400		4300~4400	-
	样带法—MC样带			-		-		-		-		-	-
	脊线法			400~2400		1000~1600		-		4200~4400		4200~4400	-
裸地		扇区法	> 3000		4800~5900		5000~5700		> 4200		5100~5600			5400~6000
		样带法MQ样带	> 3000		5000~5900		4100~5500		> 4200		5000~5900			5300~6100
		样带法MM样带	> 3400		4300~5200		4200~5100		> 4300		5100~5700			5300~5900
		样带法MC样带	> 3100		5000~5500		5000~5900		> 4300		5000~5800			5000~5200 5300~6100
		脊线法	> 1100		4700~5700		4200~4400 5000~5700		> 3000		5000~5700			5400~6000
沼泽湿地		扇区法	< 2800		100~500		-		4000~5000		4200~4500			-
		样带法MQ样带	< 4900		100~1000		-		4200~5200		4200~4500			-
		样带法MM样带	100~4500		400~1100		-		3900~5300		4000~4400			3900~4000
		样带法MC样带	< 5200		200~1400		-		< 5500		4300~4400			-
		脊线法	< 5100		200~1400		-		3500~5300		4100~4400			-
冰川雪被		扇区法	> 4400		5200~5900		> 5700		> 5100		6000~6600			> 6000
		样带法MQ样带	> 4800		5100~5800		> 5500		> 5400		6000~6700			> 6100
		样带法MM样带	> 4100		5000~6000		> 5100		> 4300		5200~6300			> 5900
		样带法MC样带	> 4600		4700~5700		> 5900		> 5400		6000~6600			> 6100
		脊线法	> 4000		5100~5900		> 5700		> 3800		5400~6300			> 6000

Tab. 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Comparison of altitudinal distribution of land cover and vegetation on the slope of Mt. Qomolangma

	珠峰(扇区法)土地覆被类型垂直分布^a								珠峰植被垂直分带^b
	分布范围 (m)		核心分布 (m)		优势带 (m)		土地覆被类型及构成信息		分布范围 (m)		植被类型及组成
南坡	100~4000		600~1700		100~1800		农田 < 1000 m,农田—常绿阔叶林交错分布。 1400~1800 m,农田—常绿落叶阔叶混交林交错分布。农作物主要有水稻、玉米、小麦、黍类、土豆。		< 1000(1200)		季雨林带娑罗双树季雨林带的上限一般在海拔1000 m左右,局部达1200 m。
	100~4000		600~1700		100~1800				1000~2500		常绿阔叶林带通常海拔2000 m以下以印栲、木荷为主,2000 m以上中国境内被铁椆、粗穗石柯替代,尼泊尔境内被L.spicata为主的山地常绿阔叶林替代。
	100~4000		500~2000		1800~3600		森林常绿落叶阔叶混交林		1000~2500
									2500~3000 (3100)				山地针叶阔叶(常绿、落叶)混交林带局部上限达海拔3100m,是整个南坡植被垂直带谱中幅度较窄的一个带。主要由铁杉和高山栎的纯林或混交林组成。
									3000~3800 (4100)				亚高山针叶林带主要由冷杉林构成。阴坡分布冷杉林和糙皮桦林,阳坡高山栎林、还有桧柏梳林和灌丛。
	1700~5100		3300~4200		3600~4000		灌丛优势种以钟花杜鹃、高山柏和刚毛杜鹃等为主。		3800(4100)~4500		高山灌丛南坡以扁芒草禾草草甸和桧柏灌丛为主。北坡以杜鹃为主的小叶矮灌丛。
	1600~5900		4100~5100		4000~5000		草地伴有撂荒地。		4500~5200		高山草甸冰草苔原和多种垫状植物、杂草类的高山草甸。
	3000~5300		4400~5300				稀疏植被		4500~5200		高山草甸冰草苔原和多种垫状植物、杂草类的高山草甸。
	> 3000		4800~5900		5000~5700		裸地		5200~5500 (5600)		地衣砾石带地面覆盖砾石、冰碛物,表面生有地图黄绿衣、粗糙碟衣、鸡皮衣、裂叶石耳、红橙衣、菊叶梅衣印等。
	> 4400		5200~5900		> 5700		冰川雪被		> 5500(5600)		永久冰雪带
	100~2500 4200~5300		100~500				水体河流与湖泊
	< 2800		100~500				沼泽湿地
	1000~1700		1100~1300 1500~1600				建设用地
北坡	4000~4500		4100~4500		4000~5100		草地以高寒草地分布为主,在河谷中分布农田。		3900~4400		草原带以白草、固砂草草原为主。
北坡	4000~5100		4500~5000		4000~5100		草地高寒草原,以藏沙蒿,藏白蒿,细裂叶莲蒿,固沙草等为主。		4400~5000		高山草原带以紫花针茅草原为主。
北坡		4600~5400		5000~5400		5100~5400		稀疏植被主要植物为垫状点地梅,山地蚤缀,绢毛棘豆。		5000~5700		高山草甸与稀疏垫状植被带分布冰川苔原、嵩草草甸,并且杂有多种垫状植物。
		> 4200		5100-5600		5400~6000		裸地		5000~5700
		> 4200		5100-5600		5400~6000		裸地		5700~5800 (6200)			地衣、砾石带
		> 5100		6000~6600		> 6000		冰川雪被		>5800~6200		永久冰雪带
		4200~4500 5000~5800		4200~4400				水体河流与湖泊
		4000~5000		4200~4500				沼泽湿地
		4200~4400		4300~4400				建设用地

Tab. 5

References 23

[1]	Haberl H, Erb K H, Krausmann F . et al. Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007,104(31):12942-12945.
[2]	Pitman A, Avila F, Abramowitz G , et al. Importance of background climate in determining impact of land-cover change on regional climate. Nature Climate Change, 2011,1(9):472-475. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1294
[3]	He F, Vavrus S, Kutzbach J , et al. Simulating global and local surface temperature changes due to Holocene anthropogenic land cover change. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014,41(2):623-631. doi: 10.1002/2013GL058085
[4]	Mooney H, Duraiappah A, Larigauderie A . Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013,110:3665-3672.
[5]	Walter H . Vegetation of the earth in relation to climate and the eco-physiological conditions. London: The English Universities press Ltd., 1973.
[6]	Dullinger S . Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: Relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invisibility. Journal of Ecology, 2004,92:241-252. doi: 10.1111/jec.2004.92.issue-2
[7]	Allan N J R . Accessibility and altitudinal zonation models of mountains. Mountain Research & Development, 1986,6(3):185-194.
[8]	Callaway R M . Positive interactions in plant communities and the individualistic-continuum concept. Oecologia, 1997,112(2):143-149. doi: 10.1007/s004420050293
[9]	Grabherr G, Gottfried M, Paull H . Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature, 1994,369(6480):448.
[10]	Mu Changcheng . Succession of Larix olgensis and Betula platyphlla-marsh ecotone communities in Changbai Mountain. Chinese Journal of Applied ecology, 2003,14(11):1813-1819.
	[ 牟长城 . 长白山落叶松和白桦—沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律研究. 应用生态学报, 2003,14(11):1813-1819.]
[11]	Beniston M . Climatic change in mountain regions: A review of possible impacts. Climatic Change, 2003,59(1/2):5-31. doi: 10.1023/A:1024458411589
[12]	Gian-Reto W, Eric P, Peter C , et al. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 2002,416(6879):389-395. doi: 10.1038/416389a
[13]	Liang E, Wang Y, Piao S , et al. Species interactions slow warming-induced upward shifts of treelines on the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016,113(16):4380-4385.
[14]	Xu Juan, Zhang Baiping, Tan Jing , et al. Spatial relationship between altitudinal vegetation belts and climatic factors in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mountain in Reserach, 2009,27(6):663-670.
	[ 许娟, 张百平, 谭靖 , 等. 青藏高原植被垂直带与气候因子的空间关系. 山地学报, 2009,27(6):663-670.]
[15]	Yao Yonghui, Xu Mei, Zhang Baiping . Implication of the heating effect of the Tibetan Plateau for mountain altitudinal belts. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(3):407-419. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201503005
	[ 姚永慧, 徐美, 张百平 . 青藏高原增温效应对垂直带谱的影响. 地理学报, 2015,70(3):407-419.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201503005
[16]	Li X X, Liang E Y, Gricar J , et al. Critical minimum temperature limits xylogenesis and maintains treelines on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Science Bulletin, 2017,62(11):804-812. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.025
[17]	Liang E Y, Wang Y F, Piao S L , et al. Species interactions slow warming-induced upward shifts of treelines on the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016,113(16):4380-4385.
[18]	Cidanlunzhu . Survey of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve. China Tibetology, 1997(1):3-22.
	[ 次旦伦珠 . 珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区概况. 中国藏学, 1997(1):3-22.]
[19]	Zhang Y L, Gao J G, Liu L S , et al. NDVI-based vegetation changes and their response to climate change from 1982 to 2011: A case study in the Koshi River Basin in the middle Himalayans. Global and Planetary Change, 2013,108:139-148. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.06.012
[20]	Wu X, Gao J G, Zhang Y L , et al. Land cover status in the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas, Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2017,8(1):10-19. doi: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2017.01.003
[21]	Mount Qomolangma Group of Nanjing Institute of Soil Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The characteristics of soil geographical distribution in the Mount Qomolangma area//Tibet Scientific Expedition Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. A Report on the Scientific Investigation of the Mount Qomolangma Area. Beijing: Science Press, 1975.
	[ 中国科学院南京土壤研究所珠峰组. 珠穆朗玛峰地区土壤地理分布特点//中国科学院西藏科学考察队. 珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察报告. 北京: 科学出版社, 1975.]
[22]	Zhang Jingwei, Jiang Shu . A primary study on the vertical vegetation belt of Mt. Jolmo-Lungma (Everest) Region and its relationship with horizontal zone. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1973,15(2):221-236.
	[ 张经炜, 姜恕 . 珠穆朗玛峰地区的植被垂直分带及其与水平地带关系的初步研究. 植物学报, 1973,15(2):221-236.]
[23]	Nie Yong, Zhang Yili, Liu Linshan , et al. Monitoring glacier change based on remote sensing in the Mt. Qomolangma National Nature Preserve, 1976-2006. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010,65(1):13-28. doi: 10.11821/xb201001003
	[ 聂勇, 张镱锂, 刘林山 , 等. 近30年珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区冰川变化的遥感监测. 地理学报, 2010,65(1):13-28.] doi: 10.11821/xb201001003

南北坡划分		高程范围(m)			类型组成			无分布的主要类型
南北坡划分		南坡	北坡		南坡	北坡		南坡	北坡
脊线法		96~8844	2100~8844		一级类型10个二级类型21个	一级类型10个二级类型20个			常绿阔叶林
样带法	珠峰样带	146~8844	4167~8844		一级类型9个二级类型20个	一级类型7个二级类型10个		建设用地	森林、灌丛和建设用地
	马卡鲁峰样带	115~8463	3962~8460		一级类型10个二级类型21个			一级类型9个二级类型13个	湖泊	森林
	卓奥友峰样带	228~8200	3962~8200	一级类型9个二级类型20个		一级类型7个二级类型10个	建设用地		森林、灌丛和建设用地
扇区法		96~8844	4000~8844	一级类型10个二级类型21个	一级类型8个二级类型11个		森林、灌丛

珠峰气候垂直带^a				珠峰土壤垂直带^a			珠峰(扇区法)土地覆被优势带^b
海拔(m)		垂直气候带类型		海拔(m)	垂直土壤带类型		优势带	土地覆被类型
南坡	1600~2500	山地亚热带		1600~2500	山地黄棕壤		100~1800	农田
	2500~3100	山地暖温带		2400~3100	山地酸性棕壤		1800~3600	森林
	3100~3900	山地寒温带		3100~4100	山地漂灰土		3600~4000	灌丛
	3900~4700	亚高山寒带		4100~4500	亚高山灌丛草甸土
				4100~4500	亚高山草甸土			4000~5000	草地
				4500~4800	高山草甸土
	4700~5500	高山寒冻带		4800~5600	高山寒漠土		5000~5700	裸地
	> 5500	高山冰雪带		> 5600	冰和雪		> 5700	冰川雪被
北坡	4000~5000	高原寒冷带	4400~4700	亚高山草原土	4000~5100		草地
	5000~6000	高山寒冻带	4700~5200		高山草甸草原土	5100~5400		稀疏植被
	5000~6000	高山寒冻带	5200~5500	高山寒漠土	5400~6000	裸地
	> 6000	高山冰雪带	> 5500		冰和雪	> 6000		冰川雪被

Vertical variation of land cover in the Central Himalayas

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References 23

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

[1]	RUAN Hongwei,YU Jingjie. Changes in land cover and evapotranspiration in the five Central Asian countries from 1992 to 2015 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(7): 1292-1304.
[2]	BAI Yan, FENG Min. Data fusion and accuracy evaluation of multi-source global land cover datasets [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(11): 2223-2235.
[3]	Lingling ZHAO, Changming LIU, Xiaoxiao WU, Lihong LIU, Zhonggen WANG, SOBKOWIAK Leszek. A review of underlying surface parametrization methods in hydrologic models [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(7): 1094-1104.
[4]	Xuezhen ZHANG, Jiyuan LIU, Zhe XIONG, Hongwen ZHANG. Simulated effects of agricultural development on surface air temperature over Central and Eastern China in the late 20th century [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1423-1433.
[5]	Yong XU, Xiaoyi SUN, Qing TANG. Human activity intensity of land surface: Concept, method and application in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1068-1079.
[6]	ZHOU Wei, GANG Chengcheng, LI Jianlong, ZHANG Chaobin, MU Shaojie, SUN Zhenguo. Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(1): 15-30.
[7]	ZHAI Jun, LIU Ronggao, LIU Jiyuan, ZHAO Guosong. Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7): 875-885.
[8]	LIU Yue, Shintaro Goto, ZHUANG Dafang, KUANG Wenhui. Urban Surface Heat Flux Inversion Based on Infrared Remote Sensing and the Relationship with Land Cover [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(1): 101-112.
[9]	LIU Zhenhuan, WANG Yanglin, PENG Jian, XIE Miaomiao, LI You. Using ISA to Analyze the Spatial Pattern of Urban Land Cover Change: A Case Study in Shenzhen [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(7): 961-971.
[10]	HOU Yuting, WANG Shugong, NAN Zhuotong. A Rule-based Land Cover Classification Method for the Heihe River Basin [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(4): 549-561.
[11]	YU Qiangyi, WU Wenbin, TANG Huajun, YANG Peng, CHEN Zhongxin, CHEN Youqi. Complex System Theory and Agent-based Modeling: Progresses in Land Change Science [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(11): 1518-1530.
[12]	NIE Yong1; 2; ZHANG Yili1; LIU Linshan1; ZHANG Jiping1; 2(1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101; China; 2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Beijing 100049; China). Monitoring Glacier Change Based on Remote Sensing in the Mt. Qomolangma National Nature Preserve,1976-2006 [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(1): 13-28.
[13]	TANG Huajun, WU Wenbin, YANG Peng, CHEN Youqi, Peter H. VERBURG. Recent Progresses of Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) Models [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(4): 456-468.
[14]	ZHAO Ruifeng,CHEN Yaning,LI Weihong,ZHANG Lihua,WU Shixin,HUANG Qing. Land Cover Change and Landscape Pattern in the Mainstream of the Tarim River [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(1): 95-106.
[15]	ZHANG Xiaoping, ZHANG Lu, MU Xingmin, LI Rui. The Mean Annual Water Balance in the Hekou- Longmen Section of the Middle Yellow River : Testing of the Regional Scale Water Balance Model and Its Calibr ation [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(7): 753-763.