中国城市群城市用地扩张时空动态特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb202003010

Abstract

Abstract:

Comprehensive analysis of the characteristics, quality, and ecological effects of urban land expansion would be extremely valuable in high-quality development planning and decision-making. Using data of ten urban agglomerations of China from 1990 to 2015 at varying levels of urban development, this study analyzed the degree of urban land expansion based on the "human-land" synergistic relationship and examined the spatio-temporal characteristics and landscape ecological effects of urban development. Various development indexes for population, economy, and urban land were evaluated, including the urban land expansion intensity index, the intensity differentiation index, the landscape expansion index, and the pattern index. The results of the study are as follows: (1) From 1990 to 2015, the built-up areas in the urban agglomerations expanded continuously, while the expansion intensity showed a fluctuating trend. The highest values of expansion intensity for developed urban agglomerations appeared before 2010, while for the developing areas, the highest values came after 2010. (2) Overall, there was an asymmetrical urban growth among the agglomerations, and the areas with high urban expansion were mainly distributed along the coastal zones. At the national level, the epicenter of rapid urban growth moved from east to west, with the urban expansion in eastern China being much faster compared with the central, western, and northeastern regions. (3) The evolution in urban land use displayed two main spatial patterns, namely edge expansion and outlying, which varied based on the level of urban development. The spatial pattern in the developed urban clusters was more stable, while in the developing areas, the spatial structure started to take shape but have yet to be formed. (4) Urban expansion sprawling over suburban and rural areas resulted in relatively high degrees of fragmentation and structural complexity and instability of the landscape pattern. (5) The man-land synergy in these urban agglomerations increased gradually over time while the economy-land interaction was generally high, indicating an improvement in the overall quality of urban growth. The results of this study highlight the need to have stricter supervision of urban expansion particularly in the early stages of city development, to foster the development of small and middle-sized cities, and to propose a more balanced approach in urban land expansion. The findings here provide valuable lessons for high-quality development of land use in urban agglomerations of China.

Key words: urban agglomerations, urban land expansion, man-land synergy, landscape ecological effects

OUYANG Xiao, ZHU Xiang. Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban land expansion in Chinese urban agglomerations[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(3): 571-588.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Relationship between landscape pattern indexes and urban land expansion

景观格局指数	单位	公式	生态学意义	与城市用地扩张的关系
斑块数量(NP)	个	$NP = ∑ i = 1 n N i$	斑块的数量	衡量城市用地离散程度。随着城市用地快速发展,斑块数呈上升趋势,随着城市用地的集聚,斑块数可能会下降。
景观类型比例 (PLAND)	%	$PLAND = ∑ j = 1 n a ij A × 100 %$	斑块类型所占景观面积比例	反映城市用地的规模。值越大,城市用地扩张强度越大。
最大斑块指数(LPI)	%	$LPI = Max (a 1, a 2, ? a n) A × 100 %$	最大斑块在整个景观中所占比例	反映城市用地斑块的优势度。值越大,城市用地扩张越集聚。
景观形状指数(LSI)	-	$LSI = 0.25 E A$	斑块形状复杂程度	反映城市用地斑块周边的复杂性。值越大,景观的形状越不规则。
斑块密度(PD)	个/hm²	$PD = NP A$	单位面积斑块数量	反映城市用地斑块的数量。值越大,城市用地破碎程度越高。

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 3

Fig. 5

References 61

[1]	Schneider A, Woodcock C E . Compact, dispersed, fragmented, extensive? A comparison of urban growth in twenty-five global cities using remotely sensed data, pattern metrics and census information. Urban Studies, 2008,45(3):659-692.
[2]	Tayyebi A, Perry P C, Tayyebi A H . Predicting the expansion of an urban boundary using spatial logistic regression and hybrid raster-vector routines with remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2014,28(4):639-659.
[3]	Song W, Deng X Z . Effects of urbanization-induced cultivated land loss on ecosystem services in the North China Plain. Energies, 2015,8(6):5678-5693.
[4]	Liu Y S, Li Y H . Revitalize the world's countryside. Nature, 2017,548(7667):275-277.
[5]	Pijanowski B C, Tayyebi A, Delavar M R , et al. Urban expansion simulation using geospatial information system and artificial neural networks. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2009,3(4):493-502.
[6]	Xu H Q, Ding F, Wen X L . Urban expansion and heat island dynamics in the Quanzhou region, China. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2009,2(2):74-79.
[7]	Hu X F, Zhou W Q, Qian Y G , et al. Urban expansion and local land-cover change both significantly contribute to urban warming, but their relative importance changes over time. Landscape Ecology, 2017,32(4):763-780.
[8]	Liu M L, Tian H Q, Chen G S , et al. Effects of land-use and land-cover change on evapotranspiration and water yield in China during 1900-2000. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2008,44(5):1193-1207.
[9]	Su S L, Ma X Y, Xiao R . Agricultural landscape pattern changes in response to urbanization at ecoregional scale. Ecological Indicators, 2014,40:10-18.
[10]	Liu Y Q, Song W, Deng X Z . Understanding the spatiotemporal variation of urban land expansion in oasis cities by integrating remote sensing and multi-dimensional DPSIR-based indicators. Ecological Indicators, 2019,96:23-37.
[11]	Xu X L, Min X B . Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in China using remote sensing data. Cities, 2013,35:104-113.
[12]	Fang C L, Yu D L . Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017,162:126-136.
[13]	Wang Cuiping, Wang Haowei, Li Chunming , et al. Analysis of the spatial expansion characteristics of major urban agglomerations in China using DMSP /OLS images. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012,32(3):942-954.
	[ 王翠平, 王豪伟, 李春明 , 等. 基于DMSP/OLS影像的我国主要城市群空间扩张特征分析. 生态学报, 2012,32(3):942-954.]
[14]	Hamidi S, Ewing R . A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014,128:72-82.
[15]	Shaw R, Das A . Identifying peri-urban growth in small and medium towns using GIS and remote sensing technique: A case study of English Bazar urban agglomeration, West Bengal, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2018,21(2):159-172.
[16]	Sahana M, Hong H Y, Sajjad H . Analyzing urban spatial patterns and trend of urban growth using urban sprawl matrix: A study on Kolkata urban agglomeration, India. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,628/629:1557-1566.
[17]	Kovács Z, Farkas Z J, Egedy T , et al. Urban sprawl and land conversion in post-socialist cities: The case of metropolitan Budapest. Cities, 2019,92:71-81.
[18]	Bagheri B, Tousi S N . An explanation of urban sprawl phenomenon in Shiraz Metropolitan Area (SMA). Cities, 2018,73:71-90.
[19]	Huang Jinchuang, Lin Haoxi . Spatial evolution analysis and multi-scenarios simulation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Geographical Research, 2017,36(3):506-517.
	[ 黄金川, 林浩曦 . 京津冀城市群多情景空间演化模拟. 地理研究, 2017,36(3):506-517.]
[20]	Ou Weixin, Zhang Zhen, Tao Yu . Multi-scale correlation analysis of urban landscape pattern and PM_2.5 concentration in the Yangtze River Delta. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(7):11-18.
	[ 欧维新, 张振, 陶宇 . 长三角城市土地利用格局与PM_2.5浓度的多尺度关联分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(7):11-18.]
[21]	Shen Wei, Lu Fengxian, Qin Yaochen , et al. Analysis of temporal-spatial patterns and influencing factors of urban ecosystem carrying capacity in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019,39(11):3937-3951.
	[ 沈威, 鲁丰先, 秦耀辰 , 等. 长江中游城市群城市生态承载力时空格局及其影响因素. 生态学报, 2019,39(11):3937-3951.]
[22]	Shui Li, Pan Hongyi, Zhang Qiuyue , et al. Spatial-temporal coupled coordination of urban and cultivated land use efficiency in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017,37(6):261-268.
	[ 税丽, 潘洪义, 张秋月 , 等. 成渝城市群城市土地—耕地利用效率时空耦合研究. 水土保持通报, 2017,37(6):261-268.]
[23]	Zhou Chunshan, Jin Wanfu, Shi Chenyi . Development strategy of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration under the current socioeconomic situation. Progress in Geography, 2015,34(3):302-312.
	[ 周春山, 金万富, 史晨怡 . 新时期珠江三角洲城市群发展战略的思考. 地理科学进展, 2015,34(3):302-312.]
[24]	Xu Yunlu, Lei Guoping . Study on evolution of urban land structure in Liaozhongnan city groups. Economic Geography, 2018,38(1):69-77.
	[ 许芸鹭, 雷国平 . 辽中南城市群城市用地结构的时空演变分析. 经济地理, 2018,38(1):69-77.]
[25]	Zhang Suwen, Yang Qingshan . The core-periphery structure and the growth stage of Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018,38(10):1699-1706.
	[ 张苏文, 杨青山 . 哈长城市群核心—外围结构及发展阶段判断研究. 地理科学, 2018,38(10):1699-1706.]
[26]	Wang Wantong, Sun Ting, Wang Jinxia . et al. Annual dynamic monitoring of regional ecosystem service value based on multi-source remote sensing data: A case of Central Plains urban agglomeration region. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019,39(4):680-687.
	[ 王万同, 孙汀, 王金霞 , 等. 基于多源遥感数据的区域生态系统服务价值年际动态监测: 以中原城市群为例. 地理科学, 2019,39(4):680-687.]
[27]	Yang Yong, Ren Zhiyuan, Fan Xinsheng . Land use comprehensive evaluation and regionalization in Zhongyuan urban agglomeration. Economic Geography, 2017,37(9):177-184.
	[ 杨勇, 任志远, 樊新生 . 中原城市群土地利用综合评价与分区研究. 经济地理, 2017,37(9):177-184.]
[28]	Fang Chuanglin, Gao Qian, Zhang Xiaolei , et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the expansion of an urban agglomeration and its effect on the ecoenvironment: Case study on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains. Science China Terrae, 2019,49(9):1413-1424.
	[ 方创琳, 高倩, 张小雷 , 等. 城市群扩展的时空演化特征及对生态环境的影响: 以天山北坡城市群为例. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2019,49(9):1413-1424.]
[29]	Wang Chenggang, Ning Xiaogang, Wang Hao , et al. Spatial pattern change of China urban agglomerations using nighttime light data. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2019,44(6):176-186.
	[ 王成港, 宁晓刚, 王浩 , 等. 利用夜间灯光数据的城市群格局变化分析. 测绘科学, 2019,44(6):176-186.]
[30]	Yang Yang, Li Jingya, He Chunyang , et al. A comparative study on spatiotemporal dynamics of city size distribution among three urban agglomerations in Bohai Rim: Based on the analysis and perspective of nighttime light data from 1992 to 2012. Economic Geography, 2016,36(4):59-69.
	[ 杨洋, 李雅静, 何春阳 , 等. 环渤海地区三大城市群城市规模分布动态比较: 基于1992—2012年夜间灯光数据的分析和透视. 经济地理, 2016,36(4):59-69.]
[31]	Fang Chuanglin . Important progress and future direction of studies on China's urban agglomerations. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(8):1130-1144.
	[ 方创琳 . 中国城市群研究取得的重要进展与未来发展方向. 地理学报, 2014,69(8):1130-1144.]
[32]	Wang Liwei, Feng Changchun . Spatial expansion pattern and its driving dynamics of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region: Based on nighttime light data. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(12):2155-2169.
	[ 王利伟, 冯长春 . 转型期京津冀城市群空间扩展格局及其动力机制: 基于夜间灯光数据方法. 地理学报, 2016,71(12):2155-2169.]
[33]	Blaschke T, Hay G J, Weng Q , et al. Collective sensing: Integrating geospatial technologies to understand urban systems-An overview. Remote Sensing, 2011,3(12):1743-1776.
[34]	Yang X J . Integration of remote sensing with gis for urban growth characterization//Jiang B, Yao X. Geospatial Analysis and Modelling of Urban Structure and Dynamics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010: 223-250.
[35]	Wang Jing, Fang Chuanglin . Growth of urban construction land: Progress and prospect. Progress in Geography, 2011,30(11):1440-1448.
	[ 王婧, 方创琳 . 城市建设用地增长研究进展与展望. 地理科学进展, 2011,30(11):1440-1448.]
[36]	Zhao Danyang, Tong Lianjun, Qiu Fangdao , et al. Eco-environment effect of urban expansion in Songhua River Basin. Geographical Research, 2017,36(1):74-84.
	[ 赵丹阳, 佟连军, 仇方道 , 等. 松花江流域城市用地扩张的生态环境效应. 地理研究, 2017,36(1):74-84.]
[37]	Deng X Z, Huang J K, Rozelle S , et al. Growth, population and industrialization, and urban land expansion of China. Journal of Urban Economics, 2008,63(1):96-115.
[38]	Deng X Z, Huang J K, Rozelle S , et al. Impact of urbanization on cultivated land changes in China. Land Use Policy, 2015,45:1-7.
[39]	Li J M, Han X L, Li X , et al. Spatiotemporal patterns of ground monitored PM_2.5 concentrations in China in recent years. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 2018,15(1):1-15.
[40]	Fang Chuanglin, Yao Shimou, Liu Shenghe , et al. China Urban Cluster Development Report. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.
	[ 方创琳, 姚士谋, 刘盛和 , 等. 中国城市群发展报告. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.]
[41]	The State Council of the People's Republic of China. National Main Function Zone Planning. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2015.
	[ 国务院. 全国主体功能区规划. 北京: 人民出版社, 2015.]
[42]	Fang C L, Wang Z B, Ma H T . The theoretical cognition of the development law of China's urban agglomeration and academic contribution. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(4):651-665.
	[ 方创琳, 王振波, 马海涛 . 中国城市群形成发育规律的理论认知与地理学贡献. 地理学报, 2018,73(4):651-665.]
[43]	Liu X P, Hu G H, Chen Y M , et al. High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using Landsat images based on the Google Earth Engine Platform. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2018,209:227-239.
[44]	Liu Jiyuan, Kuang Wenhui, Zhang Zengxiang , et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(1):3-14.
	[ 刘纪远, 匡文慧, 张增祥 , 等. 20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局. 地理学报, 2014,69(1):3-14.]
[45]	Bureau of Statistics of China. China City Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
	[ 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国城市统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社.]
[46]	Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
	[ 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社.]
[47]	Wang Haijun, Zhang Bin, Liu Yaolin , et al. Multi-dimensional analysis of urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(6):1076-1092.
	[ 王海军, 张彬, 刘耀林 , 等. 基于重心—GTWR模型的京津冀城市群城镇扩展格局与驱动力多维解析. 地理学报, 2018,73(6):1076-1092.]
[48]	Guan Xingliang, Fang Chuanglin, Zhou Min , et al. Spatial and temporal characteristics of spatial expansion of urban land in Wuhan urban agglomeration. Journal of Nature Resources, 2012,27(9):1447-1459.
	[ 关兴良, 方创琳, 周敏 , 等. 武汉城市群城镇用地空间扩展时空特征分析. 自然资源学报, 2012,27(9):1447-1459.]
[49]	Xu C, Liu M S, Zhang C , et al. The spatiotemporal dynamics of rapid urban growth in the Nanjing metropolitan region of China. Landscape Ecology, 2007,22(6):925-937.
[50]	Liu X P, Li X, Chen Y M , et al. A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multi-temporal remotely sensed data. Landscape Ecology, 2010,25(5):671-682.
[51]	Riitters K H, O'Neill R V, Hunsaker C T , et al. A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecology, 1995,10(1):23-29.
[52]	Seto K C, Fragkias M . Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban land-use change in four cities of China with time series landscape metrics. Landscape Ecology, 2005,20(7):871-888.
[53]	Zhang Lin, Wang Yahui, Guo Yuna . A research on the coordination of land urbanization and economic urbanization in China. East China Economic Management, 2016,30(6):111-117.
	[ 张琳, 王亚辉, 郭雨娜 . 中国土地城镇化与经济城镇化的协调性研究. 华东经济管理, 2016,30(6):111-117.]
[54]	Yang Yanzhao, Feng Zhiming, Zhao Yande , et al. Coordination between urban land expansion and population growth in China. Geographical Research, 2013,32(9):1668-1678.
	[ 杨艳昭, 封志明, 赵延德 , 等. 中国城市土地扩张与人口增长协调性研究. 地理研究, 2013,32(9):1668-1678.]
[55]	Xu Xueshuang, Bao Anming, Chang Cun , et al. Characteristics of urban built-up expansion and coordination of man-land allocation in the major cities in Xinjiang. Economic Geography, 2017,37(10):92-99.
	[ 许雪爽, 包安明, 常存 , 等. 新疆重点城市建设用地扩张与人地配置协调性分析. 经济地理, 2017,37(10):92-99.]
[56]	The State Council of the People's Republic of China. National Urban System Planning (2016-2030). Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2016.
	[ 国务院. 全国城镇体系规划(2016-2030). 北京: 人民出版社, 2016.]
[57]	Ye Yumin, Chen Bingxin . Development status and dynamic characteristics of urban agglomeration in China. Urban Problems, 2014(4):9-16.
	[ 叶裕民, 陈丙欣 . 中国城市群的发育现状及动态特征. 城市问题, 2014(4):9-16.]
[58]	Wang Deli, Yang Qingshan . Rationality diagnosis and evolution characteristics of urban agglomeration scale structure in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018,28(9):123-132.
	[ 王德利, 杨青山 . 中国城市群规模结构的合理性诊断及演变特征. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2018,28(9):123-132.]
[59]	Zhu Zhijun . Procedure and methods of modern technology in the urban overall planning stage of new editor of Urban Planning Establishment Means. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2007(4):12-15.
	[ 朱志军 . 新版《城市规划编制办法》总体规划阶段的现代技术应对与方法. 上海城市规划, 2007(4):12-15.]
[60]	Xu J . Governing city-regions in China: Theoretical issues and perspectives for regional strategic planning. Town Planning Review, 2008,79(2/3):157-186.
[61]	Lin G C S, Yi F X . Urbanization of capital or capitalization on urban land? Land development and local public finance in urbanizing China. Urban Geography, 2011,32(1):50-79.

城市群	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年	1990—2015年
京津冀城市群	0.79	0.91	0.95	0.57	0.55	0.81
长三角城市群	1.12	1.40	4.54	2.33	2.19	2.87
珠三角城市群	1.54	2.08	3.38	1.43	1.29	2.04
成渝城市群	1.11	3.00	4.07	2.22	1.54	2.99
中原城市群	0.31	0.46	0.77	1.67	1.61	1.05
长江中游城市	0.13	0.77	0.79	0.96	0.60	0.69
辽中南城市群	0.46	0.80	1.37	0.54	0.38	0.76
北部湾城市群	0.15	0.18	0.29	0.47	0.49	0.32
天山北坡城市群	0.60	0.49	0.77	0.36	2.37	0.99
哈长城市群	0.14	0.22	0.15	0.23	0.64	0.28

城市群	Ratio_POP					Land_GDP
城市群	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年
京津冀城市群	0.97	0.89	1.00	1.02	1.05	3.49	4.85	4.74	7.16	7.44
长三角城市群	0.94	0.95	0.94	0.97	0.96	1.62	2.85	1.35	2.31	3.37
珠三角城市群	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.90	1.02	1.23	2.55	1.63	2.77	3.19
成渝城市群	1.00	0.88	0.94	0.96	1.00	1.26	1.77	1.26	2.20	1.12
中原城市群	1.00	0.90	0.77	0.94	0.96	1.51	2.97	2.49	3.28	4.92
长江中游城市	0.93	0.90	1.00	0.95	0.98	4.52	5.54	3.97	5.19	7.11
辽中南城市群	0.93	0.93	0.96	0.85	0.92	4.63	5.56	3.19	2.58	1.98
北部湾城市群	1.24	0.94	1.00	0.91	1.14	8.29	9.09	6.28	7.89	8.04
天山北坡城市群	0.85	0.85	1.00	0.97	1.03	4.51	6.73	3.86	5.62	6.69
哈长城市群	0.95	0.75	1.00	0.97	1.06	5.32	6.83	7.13	6.41	3.83

Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban land expansion in Chinese urban agglomerations

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 61

Related Articles 11

Metrics

Comments

[1]	WANG Haijun, ZHANG Bin, LIU Yaolin, LIU Yanfang, XU Shan, DENG Yu, ZHAO Yuntai, CHEN Yuchen, HONG Song. Multi-dimensional analysis of urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(6): 1076-1092.
[2]	Yufei REN, Chuanglin FANG, Xueqin LIN. Evaluation of eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern coastal area of China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(11): 2047-2063.
[3]	FANG Chuanglin, ZHOU Chenghu, GU Chaolin, CHEN Liding, LI Shuangcheng. Theoretical analysis of interactive coupled effects between urbanization and eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(4): 531-550.
[4]	Chaolin GU, Ying WANG, Yuan SHAO, Jiang GU. Research on administrative divisions based on functional areas analysis: A case of Shaoxing metropolitan area [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(8): 1187-1201.
[5]	CHEN Hao, LU Lin, ZHENG Shanting. The Spatial Network Structure of the Tourism Destinations in Urban Agglomerations Based on Tourist Flow:A Case Study of the Pearl River Delta [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(2): 257-266.
[6]	CHEN Hao, LU Lin, ZHENG Shanting. The Tourism Spatial Pattern Evolution of the Pearl River Delta [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10): 1427-1437.
[7]	ZHUO Li, LI Qiang, SHI Peijun, CHEN Jin, ZHENG Jing, LI Xia. Identification and Characteristics Analysis of Urban Land Expansion Types in China in the 1990s Using DMSP/OLS Data [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(2): 169-178.
[8]	SONG Jitao,FANG Chuanglin,SONG Dunjiang. Spatial Structure Stability of Urban Agglomerations in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(12): 1311-1325.
[9]	ZHOU Guohua, HE Yanhua. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Urban Land Expansion in Changsha [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(11): 1171-1180.
[10]	FANG Chuanglin, SONG Jitao, ZHANG Qiang, LI Ming. The Formation, Development and Spatial Heterogeneity Patterns for the Structures System of Urban Agglomerations in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(5): 827-840.
[11]	WANG Xinsheng, LIU Jiyuan, ZHUANG Dafang, WANG Liming. Spatial-temporal Changes of Urban Spatial Morphology in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(3): 392-400.